At the root of all new policing approaches is the ever-present quest to find best practices to prevent and reduce crime, to improve the safety of communities and individuals and to enhance the delivery of all kinds of police services to communities. Police practice and policy, inclusive of standing orders, force orders, directives and other forms of guidelines and instructions, have undergone many changes over the years, especially after the constitutional changes in 1994 when community policing and 'rights-based' policing became the foundation of democratic policing in South Africa. On 13 January 2014, an innovative policing approach, namely sector policing was officially 're'-introduced to police stations. National Instruction 3/2013: Sector Policing was rolled out to 1 138 police stations for implementation. Minimum implementation criteria were determined in an effort to assist all police stations to implement sector policing. As a fundamental part of community policing, sector policing is seen as the enabling mechanism which organises and mobilises individuals in communities to establish the driving force in providing a more effective and person-centred service to the community. As such, sector policing is also a step towards the development of a modern, democratic policing style to meet the safety and security needs of every inhabitant of South Africa at local level. Although research on sector policing in South Africa is scant, the available research can be divided into three eras: Era 1 concerns research on 'non-official' sector policing from 1998 to 2009; Era 2 concerns research on National Instruction 3/2009 on Sector Policing from 2009 to 2013 and Era 3 concerns research since the implementation of National Instruction 3/2013 on Sector Policing. The current study pioneered research in terms of National Instruction 3/2013 on Sector Policing. The researcher aimed to gauge the perceptions of South African Police Service (SAPS) officials responsible for sector policing in Limpopo province with regard to the official implementation of sector policing according to National Instruction 3/2013 guidelines. The qualitative research approach was used with the purpose of exploring and describing the phenomenon being studied. Basic research was conducted by using a qualitative collective case study design. The exploration of the cases took place through semi-structured interviewing, a detailed in-depth data collection method. The researcher used the semi-structured interview schedule as research instrument to guide interviews. The non-probability sampling design was used. The selection of the sample depended on the purposive sampling design. During critical case sampling, as a type of purposeful sampling, the researcher purposefully selected and obtained information from the 10 station commanders and 20 sector commanders, from five rural and five urban police stations situated in the five districts of Limpopo province. A rural and an urban station were selected from each district. Data was collected and then processed through analytical procedures, into an understandable, insightful, trustworthy and original analysis. The technique that was used to analyse interviews was interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Some of the data was also presented in a descriptive statistical form to support the qualitative presentation of the data. The current study originated from personal interest but, it was also deemed important by SAPS and the researcher was requested by the Division: Visible Policing to determine the level of implementation of sector policing in Limpopo province in terms of Sector Policing National Instruction 3/2013. In addition, the researcher wanted to determine the perceptions of station commanders and sector commanders regarding the value of sector policing, as a crime reduction strategy, in their relevant policing precincts. The recording of the implementation process, successes and failures as well as perceptions by police officers in this regard was helpful in constructing best practices, which might be used by provinces and police stations countrywide. The findings of the current study stimulate further research. On-going research to monitor implementation levels and to oversee the implementation of Sector Policing National Instruction 3/2013 is important to successfully implement sector policing in South Africa. The study contributed to new knowledge by describing progress made since the official inception of sector policing in South Africa. It ultimately increased literature on the topic and the body of knowledge on sector policing, especially regarding Era 3. Several recommendations for future research are made and the findings of the current study could contribute to the development of training material and the improvement of current implementation guidelines concerning sector policing in South Africa. / Onderliggend tot alle nuwe polisie benaderings is die soeke na die beste praktyk ten einde misdaad te voorkom en te verminder, die veiligheid van gemeenskappe en individue te bevorder en dienslewering aan die gemeenskap te verbeter. Polisiepraktyk en -beleid, met inbegrip van staande orders, magsorders, bevele, riglyne en instruksies, het die afgelope jare baie verander, veral ná die konstitusionele veranderings in 1994 toe gemeenskapspolisiëring en polisiëring wat op regte gefundeer is, die basis van demokratiese polisiëring in Suid-Afrika geword het. Op 13 Januarie 2014 is ? innoverende polisiërings-benadering, naamlik sektor polisiëring, amptelik weer by polisie-stasies ingestel. Sektorpolisiëring Nasionale Instruksie 3/2013 is na 1138 polisie-stasies uitgestuur vir implementering. Minimum implementerings-kriteria is vasgestel ten einde alle polisie-stasies behulpsaam te wees met die implementering van sektor- polisiëring. Sektor-polisiëring as ? fundamentele deel van gemeenskapspolisiëring, word beskou as ? meganisme waardeur individue in gemeenskappe georganiseer en gemobiliseer word om die dryfkrag te vestig vir die voorsiening van ? meer doeltreffende en mens gerigte diens aan die gemeenskap. Sektor-polisiëring is ook ? stap in die ontwikkeling van ? moderne, demokratiese polisiëring-styl met die doel om op plaaslike vlak in elke inwoner van Suid-Afrika se behoefte aan veligheid en sekuriteit te voorsien. Hoewel navorsing oor sektorpolisiëring in Suid-Afrika beperk is, kan die beskikbare navorsing in drie eras verdeel word: die eerste era sluit navorsing in oor 'nie-amptelike' sektor-polisiëring van 1998 tot 2009, die tweede era sluit navorsing in oor Sektorpolisiëring Nasionale Instruksie 3/2009 van 2009 tot 2013 en die derde era sluit navorsing in sedert die implementering van Sektorpolisiëring Nasionale Instruksie 3/2013. Die bestaande studie fokus op die derde era en het die weg gebaan rakende navorsing in terme van Sektorpolisiëring Nasionale Instruksie 3/2013. Die navorser het gepoog om die persepsies te bepaal van SAPD-beamptes wat verantwoordelik is vir die implementering van sektor-polisiëring in Limpopo-provinsie ingevolge die riglyne van Sektorpolisiëring Nasionale Instruksie 3/2013. Die kwalitatiewe navorsings-benadering is gebruik met die doel om die verskynsel wat bestudeer is te ondersoek en te beskryf. Basiese navorsing is onderneem met behulp van ? kwalitatiewe kollektiewe gevallestudie-ontwerp. Die ondersoek van die gevalle het plaasgevind met behulp van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoudvoering, ? deeglike data-insamelings-metode. Die navorser het die semi-gestruktureerde onderhoud-skedule as navorsings instrument gebruik om die onderhoude te rig. Die nie-waarskynlikheidsteekproefontwerp is gebruik. Die keuse van die steekproef het op die doelgerigte steekproef-ontwerp berus. As vorm van doelgerigte steekproefontwerk het die navorser 10 stasie-bevelvoerders en 20 sektor-bevelvoerders van vyf stedelike en vyf plattelandse polisie-stasies geleë in die vyf distrikte van die Limpopo-provinsie doelgerig uitgesoek. ? Stedelike en plattelandse polisie-stasie is uit elke distrik gekies. Data is versamel en in 'n verstaanbare, insiggewende, betroubare en oorspronklike analise verwerk. Die interpretatiewe fenomenologiese analitiese (IPA) tegniek is aangewend om die onderhoude te analiseer. Sommige van die data is ook in ? beskrywende, statistiese vorm aangebied om die kwalitatiewe aanbieding van die data te ondersteun. Die motivering vir die huidige navorsingstudie het ontstaan uit persoonlike belangstelling en dit was ook as belangrik beskou deur die SAPD en die navorser is derhalwe versoek deur die sigbare polisiëringsafdeling om die implementeringsvlak van sektor-polisiëring in Limpopo-provinsie ingevolge Sektorpolisiëring Nasionale Instruksie 3/2013 vas te stel. Dit was ook vir die navorser belangrik om stasie- en sektorbevelvoerders se persepsies van die waarde van sektorpolisiëring as misdaadvoorkoming-strategie in hul onderskeie polisiëringsgebiede vas te stel. Die optekening van sowel die implementasieproses, sukses en mislukkings as die persepsies van polisiebeamptes in hierdie verband het bygedra tot die formulering van beste praktyk wat gebruik kan word deur provinsies en polisiestasies landwyd. Die navorsings-bevindings van die onderhawige studie kan verdere navorsing stimuleer. Volgehoue navorsing om die vlak van implementering te monitor en oorsig van die implementering van Sektorpolisiëring Nasionale Instruksie 3/2013 is belangrik om sektor-polisiëring in Suid Afrika te implimenteer. Die navorsing het bygedra tot nuwe kennis ten opsigte van sektor-polisiëring deur die vordering wat reeds gemaak is sedert implementering in Suid Afrika, onder die loep te neem. Die studie dra by tot uitbreiding van literatuur en die inhoud oor sektor-polisiëring, veral ten opsigte van Era 3. Verskeie aanbevelings vir toekomstige naorsing word gemaak wat benut kan word vir die ontwikkeling van opleidings-materiaal en die verbetering van bestaande implementeringsriglyne rakende sektor-polisiëring in Suid Afrika. / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Social Work and Criminology / MSW / Unrestricted

Campus law enforcement agencies are an essential component of the campus community, and the greater criminal justice system. While policing research has focused on the activities and organizational structure of municipal police, much less attention has been given to campus agencies. This study builds on existing research by examining the activities and organizational structures of campus law enforcement agencies. The purpose of this quantitative nonexperimental study was to analyze the variation in emergency preparedness across campus law enforcement agencies using Meyer and Rowan's institutional theory. The research questions addressed the extent to which emergency preparedness was influenced by organizational structural, agency characteristics, wider campus characteristics, and community policing. Secondary data were collected from the 2011-2012 Bureau of Justice Statistics Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, the Office of Postsecondary Education, and the National Center for Education Statistics. Findings from multiple regression analyses indicated that agency organizational structure and agency characteristics are greater influences than campus characteristics on emergency preparedness activities than campus. Findings also showed that the number of community policing activities in which an agency engages in is the greatest predictor of emergency preparedness activities in campus law enforcement agencies. The findings have implications for social change by suggesting the integration of emergency preparedness with community policing initiatives. Collectively, this will create a holistic approach by campus law enforcement agencies.

Text in English / The study was designed to determine the influence of politics in policing in Ethiopia generally pre-1991 and post-1991 as this is the period that characterise the Ethiopian political system, which underwent tremendous changes taking along various initiatives in its move towards democratisation. It is important to note how policing was figured and reconfigured during this period in view of its critical role in the social and political system of the country. In fact, during turbulent and peaceful political changes in the country it was often used as an arm to safeguard or brutalise people. The study also indicates the extent to which the Ethiopian police as an institution has been mandated to maintain law and order while at the same time has undergone various structural and organisational changes in an attempt to move it away from undue political influence. Furthermore, the study indicates the extent to which policing is embedded into politics which by itself is a challenge because the police are expected to be professionally independent in order to uphold the rule of law while at the same time guaranteeing the safety and security of all the inhabitants of the country. This indicates the interconnectedness of policing and politics as the police are required to enforce the laws that are enacted by the government and influenced by the ruling party. Government policies are politically driven and formulated by the party in power, thus making politics to create and direct police institutions in the fulfilment of peace and security in the country. Despite the fact that the police should operate within certain degree of independence, they still have to take orders and direction from the politically established government. That is why the determination of the degree of influence is essential as it indicates whether there is undue influence or not. In view of the above inter-related issues, this thesis aims to analyse the influence of politics in policing in Ethiopia indicating how this has influenced policing in various eras. / Police Practice / D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether indigenous and modern policing can coexist in Ethiopia. The two case studies dealt with in this research indicate that customary administration which is based on indigenous customary law governs the lives of most communities in Ethiopia. Most of the civil and criminal cases are resolved through these mechanisms, although there are always operational tensions due to some contradictions between the modern and indigenous policing systems when crime is committed in indigenous areas. This is mainly because the modern police system wants to impose its way of resolving crime while the indigenous police system want crime to be solved in the traditional/indigenous manner that have been practiced for centuries. These fundamental differences have created two parallel institutions which are both rooted in providing safety and security to the community. The research also reveals that modern policing in Ethiopia can benefit tremendously from well researched experiences and practices of indigenous policing. This does not imply that indigenous policing system is democratic and all the experiences could be relevant to modern policing, but it simply means that the identification and the sharing of best practices from both sides could lead to mutual benefits of these systems. In its conclusion the research shows that Ethiopia has the potential to develop a unique policing system that reflects its distinctive cultural heritage and that meets the needs of its people. This potential is more likely to be actualized if the country preserves and incorporate the best practices of both these systems and use them as integral part of the Ethiopian modern policing. / Police Practice / D .Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether indigenous and modern policing can coexist in Ethiopia. The two case studies dealt with in this research indicate that customary administration which is based on indigenous customary law governs the lives of most communities in Ethiopia. Most of the civil and criminal cases are resolved through these mechanisms, although there are always operational tensions due to some contradictions between the modern and indigenous policing systems when crime is committed in indigenous areas. This is mainly because the modern police system wants to impose its way of resolving crime while the indigenous police system want crime to be solved in the traditional/indigenous manner that have been practiced for centuries. These fundamental differences have created two parallel institutions which are both rooted in providing safety and security to the community. The research also reveals that modern policing in Ethiopia can benefit tremendously from well researched experiences and practices of indigenous policing. This does not imply that indigenous policing system is democratic and all the experiences could be relevant to modern policing, but it simply means that the identification and the sharing of best practices from both sides could lead to mutual benefits of these systems. In its conclusion the research shows that Ethiopia has the potential to develop a unique policing system that reflects its distinctive cultural heritage and that meets the needs of its people. This potential is more likely to be actualized if the country preserves and incorporate the best practices of both these systems and use them as integral part of the Ethiopian modern policing. / Police Practice / D .Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

Community policing is a joint community and police effort to reduce the incidents of crime, to the benefit of the basic human need of safety. Without community assistance, police alone cannot reduce the crime levels. Since 2012, there have been attempts to implement community policing in Westonaria. However, the success of the implementation thereof has proved to be problematic. The question arose as to what the reason for this limited success is. The researcher formulated research questions to determine the meaning of community policing, as well as the factors affecting the successful implementation thereof in the Westonaria policing precinct. To achieve the desired results, the researcher used different methodologies, and identified target groups and data collection techniques, which was analysed and interpreted. Literature and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Primary sources such as written materials of the South African Police Service (SAPS), National Development Plan 2030 and other documents that relate to community policing and crime prevention strategies were analysed. In addition, secondary sources such as dissertations and theses, newspaper articles and text books on community policing were also consulted. Interviews were conducted with SAPS members and local community members. The purposive sampling procedure was used to select participants who was knowledgeable and had experience on the research topic. This study gives an overall explanation of what community policing is, from the literature reviewed relevant to the study, with the aim to strengthen partnership between the SAPS and local community of Westonaria. Inhibiting factors in the police, as well as in the community, were identified and recommendations are made for the successful implementation of community policing in the area. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminal Justice)

The aim of this research was to establish whether sector policing had been integrated in the SAPS in the Limpopo Province, and to supply information to the SAPS and community members that may improve their ability to implement sector policing. The research question ”How members in the Limpopo Province perceive sector policing” is investigated in this research. A literature study on sector policing was completed and thereafter a questionnaire was developed. An empirical study was done by questionnaire on the status of sector policing in the SAPS in the Limpopo Province during March, April, May and June 2008. The sample involved 333 police and community members were used in the analysis. / Police Practice / M.A. (Police Science)

Prior literature on racial profiling indicates that African Americans have been mistreated, harassed, and discriminated against by law enforcement because of this controversial policing strategy. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to bridge the gap in knowledge by analyzing the impact of racial profiling on African American adults and discover whether it contributed to unintentional violence in racial and ethnic minority communities. The theoretical framework for this research study was critical race theory. The research question for this study was: How does racial profiling impact African Americans' perception of the police? This phenomenological research study used purposeful sampling to locate 7 African American participants that were interviewed regarding their lived experience with racial profiling. The data collected from the interviews were organized, sorted, and coded to reveal patterns and themes. The findings revealed that the participants believed that they were discriminated against, harassed, treated like criminals, and profiled by the police because of the color of their skin without just cause. Themes that were identified from the data collected and analyzed revealed that the perceptions of the police contributed to African Americans resentment of the police, which frequently results in violence and loss of human life. The implications for positive social change for this study includes the potential redesign of policing and the criminal justice system, the development of new crime fighting strategies that do not involve racial profiling, the creation of new federal and state laws prohibiting racial profiling, cultural awareness and cultural competency education for all police officers, and improved relationships between police and the African American community.

The aim of this research was to establish whether sector policing had been integrated in the SAPS in the Limpopo Province, and to supply information to the SAPS and community members that may improve their ability to implement sector policing. The research question ”How members in the Limpopo Province perceive sector policing” is investigated in this research. A literature study on sector policing was completed and thereafter a questionnaire was developed. An empirical study was done by questionnaire on the status of sector policing in the SAPS in the Limpopo Province during March, April, May and June 2008. The sample involved 333 police and community members were used in the analysis. / Police Practice / M.A. (Police Science)

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