O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para literatura empírica que avalia o impacto dos incentivos públicos à pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) com dados de firmas brasileiras. Em particular foi avaliado o impacto da Lei do Bem, instrumento de incentivo fiscal à atividade de pesquisa e desenvolvimento privado. Essa avaliação foi conduzida a partir de estimações de modelos econométricos com microdados de empresas industriais brasileiras. Foi aplicado a técnica de matching e realizadas estimações de modelos empíricos de investimento com dados em painel. O impacto foi avaliado considerando toda amostra de empresas industriais e por intensidade tecnológica, adicionalmente foi analisado o efeito de dosagem. Os resultados trazem evidências que existe impacto positivo no dispêndio em P&D nas firmas, rejeitando a hipótese de crowding-out. / The objective of this work is to contribute to the empirical literature that evaluates the effectiveness of public support on private R&D with Brazilian firms data. In particular was evaluated an instrument of fiscal incentive called ,,Lei do Bem\". The evaluation was conducted applying econometric approach using microdata of industrial firms. A matching was conducted and estimated empirical investment equation with panel data. The effect was evaluated in full sample and dividing by technological intensity, the dosage effect was also considered. The results indicate a positive impact on the expenditure in R&D, rejecting the crowding-out hypothesis.

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest domestic hunger safety net program in the United States. It has been shown that SNAP increases households' purchasing power. However, only a quarter of Americans follow recommended healthy eating patterns. Hence, there is a question whether the additional income from SNAP transfers to healthier eating. This paper addresses three questions. First, what factors explain SNAP participation of low-income individuals in addition to basic income eligibility requirements? Second, does SNAP participation increase fruit and vegetable consumption? Third, what effect does the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) in Arizona have on fruit and vegetable consumption for low-income households? The data used in this study were drawn from two waves of the Arizona Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. The study found people in Arizona ate fruits, on average 1.4 times per day and vegetables 1.6 times per day. Marital and household arrangement status significantly affected both SNAP participation and fruit and vegetable consumption, but effects for men and women differed. Distance from services assisting with SNAP enrollment appeared to have no negative effect on eligible respondent enrollment. People living in counties with more SNAP-Ed contractors per person below 125% of the poverty line consumed more fruits and vegetables, but the effect was only marginally significant. Future research should consider more geographically specific measures of SNAP-Ed reach.

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les liens entre prison, réinsertion et récidive. Chacun des quatre chapitres contribue au champ croissant de l’´economie du crime, en appliquant diverses méthodes économétriques sur des données françaises pour répondre à des questions essentielles pour les politiques publiques.Le Chapitre 1 explore la dynamique du risque de récidive après la sortie de prison. Cet article est le premier à documenter la forme du hasard de récidive dans le temps en France (une fonction rapidement décroissante) et `a explorer les déterminants individuels majeurs qui expliquent le niveau et la dynamique des risques dans le temps.Le Chapitre 2 étudie l’effet causal des réductions de peine sur la récidive. Cet article est le premier à tenir explicitement compte du rôle essentiel des anticipations et de l’adaptation des détenus. En exploitant la grâce collective française de Juillet 1996 comme une expérience naturelle, les résultats soutiennent l’importance du design concret des réductions de peine.Le Chapitre 3 propose la première évaluation des effets causaux d’une politique pénale majeure en France, l’introduction du Placement sous Surveillance Électronique (PSE) comme alternative aux courtes peines de prison fermes. En utilisant la mise en place progressive du PSE dans les tribunaux français, l’article trouve des effets significatifs bénéfiques du PSE sur la récidive, par rapport à l’incarcération.Enfin, le Chapitre 4 mesure l’effet dissuasif d’une incarcération plus ou moins rapide sur la délinquance future. Cet article est le premier à estimer les effets très bénéfiques de recourir à des procédures rapides pour prévenir la récidive après la libération. / This PhD dissertation investigates the linkages between prison, reentry and recidivism. Eachof the four chapters contributes to the growing field of the economics of crime, applying a series of econometric methods on French data to answer highly policy-relevant questions.Chapter 1 explores the dynamics of the risk of recidivism after prison release. This article is the first to document the shape of the hazard of recidivism over time in France (a fastlydiminishing function) and to explore the key individual characteristics explaining the level and dynamic of this risk over time.Chapter 2 investigates the causal effect of sentence reductions on recidivism. This article is the first to explicitely account for the key mediating role of anticipations and adaptation by prisoners. By exploiting the French collective pardon of July 1996 as a natural experiment, the article finds strong evidence supporting the importance of the concrete design of sentence reductions.Chapter 3 offers the first evaluation of the causal effects of a major penal policy in France, the introduction of Electronic Monitoring (EM) as an alternative to short prison sentences. Using the staged rollout of EM across courts and over time, the paper finds evidence of significant beneficial effects of EM on recidivism, compared to incarceration.Finally, Chapter 4 measures the deterrent effect of fast versus slower incarceration on future crime. This article is the first to estimate the large beneficial impact of using fast-track procedures, instead of longer procedures, on recidivism after release.

Cette thèse propose quatre études empiriques consacrées à l'analyse du non-recours aux aides sociales sous conditions de ressources en France. Elle a été réalisée en utilisant différentes méthodes économétriques à partir de données récentes provenant d'enquêtes et d'expérimentations. Si la littérature internationale est maintenant fournie, peu d'études quantitatives ont été réalisées sur ce sujet en France. Nous proposons dans cette thèse d'apporter des éclairages sur certains points encore peu étudiés en France ou à l'étranger. Le premier chapitre s'intéresse au non-recours au RSA og socle seul fg~dont le non-recours particulièrement élevé au RSA og activité fg~avait éclipsé l'intérêt. L'analyse révèle l'importance du non-recours pour une population aux revenus très faibles et aux montants de droits élevés. Ce phénomène apparaît principalement s'expliquer par le manque de contact préalable de certains ménages avec la CAF. Le deuxième chapitre étend l'analyse à la population des sans-domicile qui était pour l'instant absente des études sur le non-recours en France comme à l'étranger. Cette population possède un taux de non-recours moins élevé que la population générale dû à une plus grande précarité. L'analyse révèle en revanche une forte hétérogénéité des situations et la prévalence d'un taux de non-recours élevé pour les sans-domicile les plus pauvres et aux conditions de logement les plus dégradées. Le troisième chapitre examine la présence d'effets spatiaux dans le non-recours à un dispositif d'aide à l'accès aux transports en commun. Il montre que les ménages les plus éloignés des transports en commun ont une plus forte propension à ne pas demander l'aide en raison d'une moins grande utilisation de ces transports. L'étude met également en évidence l'effet de la connaissance du voisinage sur la connaissance de l'existence du dispositif par un ménage. Le quatrième chapitre teste différentes actions visant à augmenter le suivi, par les bénéficiaires du RSA, du processus d'aide à l'insertion nécessaire à la poursuite du versement du RSA. Les résultats montrent qu'une simplification de l'information envoyée aux ménages n'a pas d'effet substantiel sur le suivi des étapes. L'ajout d'informations sur les avantages et les aides liés au bénéfice du RSA apparaît en revanche augmenter fortement le taux de suivi des jeunes hommes. / This thesis consists of three empirical studies on the analysis of non-take-up to means-tested social assistance benefits in France. Different econometric methods were used on recent survey and experimental data. International literature on this topic is now substantial but few quantitative studies have been conducted in France. We propose, in this thesis, to provide insights on some points which have been too few studied in the French or international literature until now. The first chapter studies the non-take-up to the French basic income support program which has been hidden by the particularly high level of non-take-up to the supplemental income support. The analysis shows the presence of a substantial level of non-take-up for a poor population entitled to important level of benefits. This phenomenon appears to be explained mainly by the lack of contact of some households with the administration in charge of providing the benefits. The second chapter extends the analysis to the population of homeless as this population was not studied by former french and international works. This population has a lower non-take-up rate than the general population because homeless are generally more in need of benefits. It appears however that this population is very heterogeneous. Poorer homeless and homeless suffering worst housing conditions have a particularly high level of non-take-up. The third chapter documents the presence of spatial effects in the non-take-up of a program that provides free public transportation. The chapter shows that the farer households are from public transportation the less they claim for the program because they are less in need of such transports. The analysis shows also that the probability to know the program is affected by the propensity of households who know the program in the neighborhood. The fourth chapter tests the effect of different mailing in the propensity, for an income support beneficiary, to follow the steps required to stay in the program. The results show that the simplified mailing has no substantial effect on the attendance. However, providing information on the advantages and helps that are linked to the receipt of the income support program increases significantly the attendance of young men.

This dissertation focuses on Austrian housing policy measures and regional housing markets. It places the Austrian situation into a European context and evaluates singular housing policy measures in detail. The evaluation includes aspects of effectiveness, equity, costs, and efficiency. This contribution brings together three empirical essays, each of which has a different focus and addresses particular elements of housing policy. All three papers use empirical methods, but with adjusted approaches according to their underlining research questions: from state finance comparisons, to subsidy calculations for specific households, to hedonic apartment price index construction. Quantitative methods, mainly based on administrative and survey data, are accompanied by qualitative research in the form of expert interviews. Across the three papers, the level of analysis differs and increases in focus: from the level of nation states, to the nine Austrian regions, to the 117 (as of 2015) administrative districts into which the Austrian territory is divided. The first two papers focus on state housing policy measures and evaluate them in an international comparative framework. Both follow different levels of aggregation. The first one takes a very broad view and quantifies the sum of expenses on various state housing policy measures in six EU countries at the level of nation states (Austria, Czech Republic, Great Britain, France, The Netherlands, and Spain). It investigates the structure of state support for the housing sector and establishes numeric estimates of its components (supply-side subsidies, housing benefits, tax advantages and concessions). The second paper focuses on a particular housing policy instrument in Austria: means-tested, income-dependent housing benefits. It analyses the nine regional housing benefit schemes in the context of minimum income schemes. The paper applies a comprehensive residual income approach to housing affordability and identifies market segments and household types where affordability is at risk, in spite of existing benefit schemes. The third paper calculates regional price indexes for second-hand apartments in Austria at the level of administrative districts. It is based on state-of-the-art hedonic methods of house price index construction that control for the varying distribution of apartment characteristics and locations over time. The resulting indexes are an important improvement over indexes based on average prices. All three papers address specific elements of Austrian housing policy and identify areas for policy improvements and necessary future research activity.

The concept of behavioural additionality, which was originally associated with the question of 'what difference does policy make in the behaviour of the firms it supports?', has increasingly been used by scholars, evaluators and policy-makers not only in the field of evaluation of innovation policies but also within the context of fundamental discussions of policy rationales. A survey of the evaluation literature concludes that the concept lacks a clear definition and theoretical background as it does not have a unit of analysis. An empirical analysis of the current practice of innovation policy evaluation endorses this finding and outlines the uniqueness of behavioural additionality in terms of its evaluation. A survey of policy discussions around the concept reveals that behavioural additionality has been argued as the hallmark of an evolutionary view in respect of innovation policy. However, the thesis suggests that the concept also lacks an appropriate framework of analysis to accomplish this.The thesis argues that behavioural additionality should be redefined by using the concept of organisational routines as the unit of analysis and the evolutionary approach as the framework of analysis. To this end, a theoretical and generic approach that conceives behavioural additionality as the government-influenced evolution of organisational routines at the micro, meso and macro levels is devised. The thesis unfolds how behavioural additionality is created by reinforcing ostensive, performative and artefact aspects of routines within firms. The possibility, rationale and evaluation of behavioural additionality are also discussed. Empirically, the thesis applies a plausibility probe that employs two case studies of Turkish TIDEB and British Collaborative R&D programmes to illustrate the micro level of the approach developed.It is concluded that the proposed approach provides a better theoretical understanding for behavioural additionality, which would increase its impact on policy-making. This new approach also represents a concrete attempt to utilise the framework and unit of analysis of the evolutionary approach in the field of evaluation for the first time.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a política de desoneração da folha de pagamentos da indústria de transformação por meio de uma abordagem metodológica alternativa e complementar ao método de diferenças em diferenças, que é usualmente utilizado em tais casos. Este tema é relevante na medida em que a perda de dinamismo do setor industrial brasileiro tem feito ressurgir o debate a respeito da hipótese de desindustrialização. Ainda que a ocorrência ou não deste fenômeno não seja consensual, este cenário levou o governo a retomar o uso de políticas industriais desde 2004, sendo a desoneração da folha de pagamentos uma das medidas mais relevantes tomadas recentemente para promover a recuperação do setor industrial. A medida ambiciona reduzir os custos trabalhistas para impulsionar o emprego e a produção do setor, além de melhorar sua competitividade, e se destaca pela grande quantidade de recursos empregada: entre 2011 e 2013 a renúncia fiscal associada à pollítica foi de R$ 20 bilhões. Para avaliar esta medida, a presente pesquisa considerou a tributação sobre a mão de obra como uma fonte de imperfeição no mercado de trabalho, a qual é estimada por meio da metodologia proposta por Petrin e Sivadasan (2013). Ao considerar que a política reduz tais imperfeições, foi possível estimar seu efeito no nível de emprego da indústria por meio de extensões ao modelo proposto pelos autores. Foram utilizados microdados da Pesquisa Industrial Anual (PIA-Empresa) em nível de firma entre os anos de 1996 e 2011. A variação no emprego das indústrias beneficiadas pela medida foi de apenas 0,84%, considerando somente as indústrias inicialmente beneficiadas pela política. Os efeitos da política aumentaram com sua expansão, o que ocorreu não somente como consequência do aumento no número de indústrias beneficiadas, mas também porque a medida passou a contemplar indústrias cujas elasticidades do emprego em relação aos tributos são maiores, fazendo com que o aumento no nível de emprego passasse para 5,14%. Além disso, os resultados mostraram que a variação no nível de emprego é maior para o trabalho do tipo blue collar do que para o trabalho do tipo white collar. Isto está em acordo com a teoria econômica sobre o mercado de trabalho porque um tipo de trabalho com atribuições mais específicas e que envolve maior aquisição de conhecimentos, como é o trabalho white collar, deve ser mais afetado por outras variáveis que não os tributos. / The Brazilian government and policy makers have been concerned about the industrial performance lately, which made industrial policies recover its relevance in the political agenda since 2004. One of the most important of such policies was the payroll tax exemption to some industries, which was created to reduce labor costs, and to stimulate the Brazilian industry production, employment and competitiveness. The high coverage of this policy resulted in an important reduction in the Social Security contribution: the policy has already reduced the contribution in BRL20 billion from 2011 to 2013. Both the program expenses and the perceived need to increase Brazilian industrial competitiveness are reasons to carry out a formal empirical evaluation. However, there are many factors to control in order to identify the policy effects by the Randomized Control Trials, which makes this approach hardly suitable. The methodology to estimate market imperfections developed by Petrin e Sivadasan (2013) is helpful in this case. These estimates represent any phenomena that moves the market away from competitive equilibrium, such as mark ups, firing and hiring costs, capital adjustment costs, taxes and subsides. Therefore, the payroll tax exemption can be treated as a decrease in the gap for industrial sector labor market equilibrium, and this relationship between policy and market imperfections allows the policy effects identification. The variables used are from the Annual Industrial Research - Enterprise (\"PIA - Empresa\"), and were studied at the firm level for the period between 1996 and 2011. The results suggest that the policy increased the employment level in 0.84% considering only industries selected at the policy\'s first stage. The estimated effect on employment level increases to 5.14% considering also industries benefited by the policy after its expansions, which is related to higher elasticity of employment with respect to taxes for the industries included. Besides that, results show that most of the jobs created are blue collar jobs, which is in accordance with previous expectations since white collar jobs usually requires more skilled workers and, therefore, reacts more to other factors than taxes.

Cette thèse se compose de quatre travaux indépendants. Le premier concerne les modèles partiellement identifiés, c'est-à-dire des modèles dans lesquels la valeur du paramètre d’intérêt ne peut pas être déduite de la distribution des données et des hypothèses du modèle. Dans certaines situations, aucune ou au contraire plusieurs valeurs du paramètre d’intérêt sont compatibles avec les données et les hypothèses du modèle. Ce travail démontre entre autre que si l’ensemble des distributions de probabilités compatibles avec le modèle est convexe, alors les parties extrêmes de ce convexe caractérise l’ensemble des distributions compatibles avec le modèle. Le deuxième travail propose une méthode basée sur une condition d’exclusion pour corriger de l’attrition endogène dans les panels. Nous appliquons cette méthode pour estimer les transitions sur le marché du travail à partir de l’enquête emploi française. Le troisième travail propose une méthode simple pour estimer un modèle logistique avec effets fixes et dépendance d’état tel qu’étudié par Honoré et Kiriazidou. Il propose également un nouvel estimateur des écarts-types qui semble avoir de meilleures propriétés à distance finie. Le quatrième travail est une évaluation sur les collèges de la politique éducative des Réseaux-Ambition-Réussite lancée en 2006. Nous exploitons une discontinuité dans la sélection des collèges pour comparer entre eux certains collèges « identiques » avant la mise en place de la politique. Les résultats de cette évaluation laissent place à peu d’optimisme concernant l’efficacité de cette politique. / This work consists of four independent chapters. The first deals with partially identified models, i.e. models in which the parameter of interest is not uniquely identified from the data and the model’s assumptions. In some cases, no value of the parameter of interest is compatible with the data and the model’s assumption. And conversely in some cases, many values are compatible with the data and the model’s assumptions. This work demonstrates among other things that if the set of probability distributions compatible with the model is convex, then this set is characterized by its the extreme parts. The second paper proposes a method based on an exclusion restriction to correct endogenous attrition in panels. We apply this method to estimate the transitions on the labor market from the French Labour Force Survey. The third paper proposes a simple method to estimate a Logit model with fixed effects and state dependence as studied by Honoré and Kiriazidou. It also proposes a new method for inference. The fourth work is an evaluation of a French educational policy, implemented in 2006 whose objective is to provide extra resource to a subset of junior high schools. We exploit a discontinuity in treatment selection to build a credible counterfactual. Our results indicate some adverse treatment effects.

Dans le premier chapitre je montre que lorsque les minorités travaillent avec des managers plus biaisés contre leur type, leurs performances sont nettement moins bonnes, et ce sur une série d'indicateurs de performance. En revanche ils sont plus productifs quand ils travail avec des managers non-biaisés. C’est un fait empirique qui révèle une prophétie auto-réalisatrice selon laquelle les managers biaisés rendent les minorités moins productives et cela génère une discrimination statistique dans la politique d'embauche de l'entreprise. Le deuxième chapitre j’explore comment changer la valeur d'un poste vacant en offrant des services de recrutement gratuits aux entreprises a une incidence sur son offre d’emploi. En offrant des services gratuits de recrutement cela augmente fortement le nombre d’offres d'emploi postées sur Pôle emploi et génère une augmentation de création d’emploi en CDI. Ceci suggère que les politiques actives du marché du travail visant le processus de recrutement des entreprises peuvent avoir une valeur ajoutée substantielle sur le marché du travail. Dans le dernier chapitre, il est monté que les attentats de Charlie Hebdo ont provoqué une nette réduction aux efforts de recherche d'emploi des minorités par rapport à ceux issus de la majorité. Les employeurs réduisent également leurs efforts de recherche pour les minorités, mais seulement pour les CDI. Cette baisse est partiellement compensée par une augmentation des démarches des conseillers Pôle emploi après le choc, mais seulement dans les régions où la discrimination latente, mesurée grâce à la part des votes locaux pour le Front national, est relativement faible. / In the first chapter I study how the job performance of minorities changes depending on whether they work with managers who are more or less biased against their type. I show that when minorities work with more biased managers they perform significantly worse compared to majority workers on a range of performance indicators. Yet minority performance is higher when working with non-biased managers. We argue that this is evidence of a self-fulfilling prophecy whereby biased managers make minorities less productive and this generates statistical discrimination in the firm’s hiring policy. The second chapter explores how shocking the value of a vacancy through offering free recruiting services to firms affects their demand for labor. Offering free recruitment services leads to large increases in vacancy postings. Furthermore, this translates into significant increases in hires in permanent contracts. These results suggest that active labor market policies directed at generating firm labor demand may have substantial added value in the labor market. In the final chapter it is shown that the the Charlie Hebdo attacks significantly reduced Muslim minority job search effort. Frims also reduced their search for minority candidates, but only for the permanent contracts. This drop is partially offset by an increase in counselor matching effort made for minorities after the shock, but only in areas with low latent levels of discrimination, as measured by the local vote share for the Front National.

Cette thèse étudie la rencontre et l’appariement entre les entreprises françaises et leurs acheteurs sur les marchés internationaux. La constitution d'un portefeuille d'acheteurs à l'étranger est une composante cruciale de la croissance des exportateurs: les ventes vers de nouveaux acheteurs expliquent près de 50% des différences de taux de croissance à l’export entre les entreprises françaises à moyen terme. Pourtant, sur les marchés internationaux, l'éloignement géographique, les différences culturelles et institutionelles exacerbent les difficultés qu'ont les entreprise à trouver leurs acheteurs potentiels, Rauch (2001), Allen (2014) et Arkolakis (2010). Cette thèse étudie et quantifie l'effet des obstacles informationnels et contraintes financières auxquels les entreprises sont confrontées lorsqu'elles démarchent des acheteurs à l'étrangers.Cette thèse s'appuie sur des données exhaustives détaillant l'ensemble des exportations intracommunautaires françaises sur les vingt dernières années. En particulier pour chaque transaction, l'entreprise française exportatrice, le produit et le montant de la transaction ainsi que l'acheteur par son numéro de TVA introcommunautaire sont identifiés.Le premier chapitre examine comment les frictions de recherche sur les marchés internationaux des biens peuvent fausser la concurrence entre entreprises à productivité hétérogène. Le deuxième chapitre étudie le rôle des contraintes de liquidité dans la construction d’une base de clientèle à l’étranger. Le dernier chapitre étudie l’importance du réseau et des contacts des managers dans l’expansion des entreprises à l'export. / This thesis studies how firms meet and match with their potential buyers in international markets. Buyers accumulation abroad is a crucial component of exporters growth: sales to new buyers explain almost 50% of firms' export growth rate heterogeneity in the medium run. Yet, in international markets, heightened geographical and cultural distances exacerbate search and information frictions making it harder for firms to match with potential buyers. This thesis quantifies the role of search, financial, and network barriers faced by firms while willing to match with buyers abroad.To investigate this question this thesis relies on a unique data set covering the universe of intra-EU trade relationships of French firms in which buyers of French firms are identified. More precisely, for each transaction, the exporting firm, the product and value of the flow as well as the buyer through its European VAT number are recorded.The first chapter explores how search frictions in international good markets distort competition between firms of heterogeneous productivity. The second chapter studies the role of liquidity constraints in preventing firms from expanding their customer base. The last chapter paper investigates the role of managers' networks for the acquisition of buyers in international markets.