South Africa and Zimbabwe are both well endowed with mineral resources. Both countries share a history of colonization by white settlers with Zimbabwe getting its independence in 1980, followed by South Africa in 1994. Like most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, they rely on their natural resources for sustenance. In their case, the mining industry has therefore contributed significantly to their development. This study has illustrated the different mineral legislation and regulatory mechanisms in place for managing this important sector. In addition, to its mining and mineral legislation, South Africa has developed the Mining Charter and its associated regulations, to regulate its mining industry. A comparative analysis of the mineral rights and tenure has been in the two jurisdictions has been made. Zimbabwe’s mineral regime has been found to be lagging behind not only South Africa, but to most of the region’s regimes. Issues of adhering to the rule of law and respecting international laws and covenants have been highlighted especially in the case of Zimbabwe. Black economic empowerment programmes in the two countries were discussed, with Zimbabwe again coming short. Recommendations for Zimbabwe following South Africa’s example were proffered. The same applies to environmental issues and sustainable development, Zimbabwe need to follow a more coherent path. Harmonisation of mineral regimes within the SADC region was recommended. Further recommendations to achieve this goal were put forward. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

Submitted by Michelle Holperin (mimoretz@gmail.com) on 2017-07-05T11:36:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 The Institutional Pluralism of the State.pdf: 4295867 bytes, checksum: 8d35c5e25d3078a289613f86df68e81b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2017-07-07T18:37:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 The Institutional Pluralism of the State.pdf: 4295867 bytes, checksum: 8d35c5e25d3078a289613f86df68e81b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T18:38:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 The Institutional Pluralism of the State.pdf: 4295867 bytes, checksum: 8d35c5e25d3078a289613f86df68e81b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-05 / What are the logics that public organizations enact in their daily activities? This doctoral dissertation investigated the institutional logics of the State. The institutional logic concept adopted was the one of Friedland and colleagues: institutional logics are 'stable constellations of practice', the necessary coupling of substances and material practices that constitutes the institutions’ organizing principles (Friedland et.al., 2014). The State is understood as one of the central institutions of society, composed by two dimensions. One is the bureaucratic dimension, permeated by different ideas about how things should be done in the State. The other is the capitalist dimension, permeated by different ideas about what should be done,i.e., what should be the role of the State. I have chosen a specific type of public organization to explore the logic of the State: the Brazilian independent regulatory agencies (IRAs). IRAs have diffused widely in the past years, and the literature suggests that they represent the 'appropriate model of governance' of the capitalist economy (Levi-Faur, 2005). They changed both how things were done - emphasizing the state's rule-making instruments - and what should be done - focusing on competition promotion and correcting market failures (Majone, 1994). In Brazil, IRAs were part of a broader process of State Reform, and represented an important innovation in terms of organizational design, based on autonomy, and role to be performed, based on competition promotion. However, the process of IRAs’ diffusion was largely impacted by the local context and despite being idealized as purely regulatory, their policies and activities indicate that they do much more than promoting competition. In fact, state policies in general, and regulatory policies in particular, 'are rooted in changing conceptions of what the state is, what it can and should do' (Friedland & Alford, 1991). To assess the institutional logics of the State, this research investigated over 9,000 press releases published by three formal independent regulatory agencies in Brazil between 2002 and 2016. Those press releases cover all the news they released since their creation. Press releases are frequently used by Brazilian IRAs, and they serve as a good proxy of the policies and activities conducted by these agencies. I applied a correlated topic model (CTM) to extract the main themes discussed by the agencies in the past years. Originating from the study areas of natural language processing and machine learning, topic models are probabilistic models that uncover the semantic structure of a collection of documents, or corpus (Blei, 2012; Blei, Ng & Jordan, 2003). Differently from other content analysis techniques, topic models are purely inductive and conform to the ‘relationality’ of meaning assumption of the institutional logics literature (DiMaggio, Nag & Blei, 2013). The results indicated that the logics enacted by independent agencies do not refer only to procedural correctness (Meyer & Hammerschmid, 2006) or democracy (Ocasio, Mauskapf & Steele, 2015). In fact, much of what they do is grounded on broader substantive values, reflecting developmental-, pro-competition- and social-oriented interpretations of the role of the State. Yet, the bureaucratic logic is very pervasive within IRAs: it permeates substantive logics, but also it stands up as a logic of its own. Regulatory agencies enact it more often when they are not able to perform their substantive mission. IRAs re-frame at their discretion the practices of administrative police (standards setting and inspections) and public participation (procedural fairness) during periods of crisis, in order to justify their actions. By doing so, they were able to legitimate their existence, gain a new sense of mission and avoid blame for their actions.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-21T12:04:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Silva Rezende - 2016.pdf: 1717834 bytes, checksum: 5371aecea467aa0ae1a74e33f466f22b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-21T13:36:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Silva Rezende - 2016.pdf: 1717834 bytes, checksum: 5371aecea467aa0ae1a74e33f466f22b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T13:36:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Silva Rezende - 2016.pdf: 1717834 bytes, checksum: 5371aecea467aa0ae1a74e33f466f22b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The conditional cash transfer programs are social policies that focus on vulnerable populations in order to assure income distribution and access to social services like public health and education. Such strategies against poverty have been adopted in several countries and they have found special receptiveness in Latin America, where they first originated as innovations in Brazil and Mexico, from which they have diffused. In Brazil the conditional cash transfer programs emerged from municipalities and they were later bottom-up incorporated to the national social aid system as Bolsa Escola and later as Bolsa Família. As the policy making isn’t neutral nor objective, the context involved in it deeply influences its results, making the understanding of the influencing factors a central issue. In this work the context of the Bolsa Família’s decision making process is analyzed using the policy regimes concept and identifying actors, ideas and institutions. The analysis of documents from the Conselho Nacional de Assistência Social and the Comissão de Seguridade Social e Família of the Chamber of Deputies, speeches of congressmen about the issue and newspaper articles about Bolsa Família in 2003 indicates that the previous existence of similar policies in municipalities and states across the country and the adoption of the program by an interim measure, with the decision making concentrated in the Presidency of Brazil, detracted its acceptance, but the policy regime was receptive to the CCTs, producing a negative choice and not changing the status quo. / Os programas de transferência condicionada de renda são políticas sociais focalizadas em populações vulneráveis utilizadas para distribuir renda e garantir o acesso a direitos e serviços sociais como educação e saúde. Tais estratégias de combate à pobreza têm sido implantadas em vários países e encontraram receptividade na América Latina, onde surgiram como inovações no Brasil e no México, a partir dos quais se difundiram. No Brasil, os programas de transferência condicionada de renda surgiram nos municípios, sendo mais tarde incorporados no sentido bottom-up à assistência social do governo federal, como Bolsa Escola e posteriormente como Bolsa Família. Como o policy making não é neutro nem objetivo, o contexto em que se faz uma política pública influencia profundamente nos seus resultados, tornando central a compreensão dos fatores influenciadores. Neste trabalho, se busca analisar, por meio do conceito de regime de políticas públicas, a tomada de decisão para a adoção do Programa Bolsa Família, identificando a relação entre atores, ideias e instituições durante o processo. A análise das atas das reuniões do Conselho Nacional de Assistência Social, do relatório da Comissão de Seguridade Social e Família da Câmara dos Deputados, dos discursos de deputados federais sobre a assistência social e de reportagens jornalísticas sobre o Bolsa Família em 2003 forneceu elementos para indicar que a existência de políticas similares em estados e municípios e a adoção do programa por medida provisória, com a tomada de decisão concentrada na Presidência da República, prejudicaram sua aceitação, mas o regime de políticas públicas era receptivo aos PTCRs, produzindo uma escolha negativa que não modificou o status quo.

This dissertation analyses the relationship between social work and social policy in Europe from a comparative historical perspective. Central to this analysis is the dynamic interplay of forces which led to the consolidation of the European nation state as a welfare state, including the current crisis of the welfare consensus. The role of social work emerges as central to the project of national cultural integration, a perspective which frequently gets overlooked from a purely national perspective. Social works enmeshment with this nation state project is revealed in the current transformation of the welfare states in the light of neo-liberal principles and in the context of globalization. This perspective underlines the need for the development of intercultural communicative competences and in particular a consistent anti-racist approach in social work. At the same time the particular position in relation to social policy requires the development of research methods specific to the discipline in the light of its hermeneutic tasks. / Die Arbeit behandelt die Beziehung zwischen Sozialer Arbeit und Sozialpolitik in Europa aus vergleichender historischer Perspektive. Untersucht wird die Dynamik des Nationalstaats und seine Konsolidierung als Wohlfahrtsstaat bis zur gegenwärtigen Krise des Wohlfahrtskonsenses. Dabei gewinnt die Rolle der Sozialen Arbeit in der Aufgabe kultureller Integration besondere Bedeutung, da dies aus rein nationaler Sicht oft nicht zu erkennen ist. Ihre Verkoppelung mit dem Nationalstaat wird besonders deutlich in der gegenwärtigen Transformation durch neo-liberale Prinzipien im Kontext der Globalisierung. Hieraus ergeben sich neue Aufgaben für die Soziale Arbeit, insbesondere in Bezug auf die Entwicklung interkultureller kommunikativer Kompetenzen und eines konsistenten antirassistischen Ansatzes. Gleichzeitig erfordert die besondere sozialpolitische Position die Entwicklung disziplinspezifischer Forschungsansätze im Lichte der hermeneutischen Bedeutung der Sozialen Arbeit.

This dissertation analyses the relationship between social work and social policy in Europe from a comparative historical perspective. Central to this analysis is the dynamic interplay of forces which led to the consolidation of the European nation state as a welfare state, including the current crisis of the welfare consensus. The role of social work emerges as central to the project of national cultural integration, a perspective which frequently gets overlooked from a purely national perspective. Social works enmeshment with this nation state project is revealed in the current transformation of the welfare states in the light of neo-liberal principles and in the context of globalization. This perspective underlines the need for the development of intercultural communicative competences and in particular a consistent anti-racist approach in social work. At the same time the particular position in relation to social policy requires the development of research methods specific to the discipline in the light of its hermeneutic tasks. / Die Arbeit behandelt die Beziehung zwischen Sozialer Arbeit und Sozialpolitik in Europa aus vergleichender historischer Perspektive. Untersucht wird die Dynamik des Nationalstaats und seine Konsolidierung als Wohlfahrtsstaat bis zur gegenwärtigen Krise des Wohlfahrtskonsenses. Dabei gewinnt die Rolle der Sozialen Arbeit in der Aufgabe kultureller Integration besondere Bedeutung, da dies aus rein nationaler Sicht oft nicht zu erkennen ist. Ihre Verkoppelung mit dem Nationalstaat wird besonders deutlich in der gegenwärtigen Transformation durch neo-liberale Prinzipien im Kontext der Globalisierung. Hieraus ergeben sich neue Aufgaben für die Soziale Arbeit, insbesondere in Bezug auf die Entwicklung interkultureller kommunikativer Kompetenzen und eines konsistenten antirassistischen Ansatzes. Gleichzeitig erfordert die besondere sozialpolitische Position die Entwicklung disziplinspezifischer Forschungsansätze im Lichte der hermeneutischen Bedeutung der Sozialen Arbeit.