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Étude de la toxicité vasculaire de l’activateur tissulaire du plasminogène recombinant (rt-PA) après une ischémie cérébrale / Vascular toxicity induced by recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) after cerebral ischemiaGarraud, Marie 27 November 2014 (has links)
Le seul traitement actuellement disponible pour les accidents vasculaires cérébraux d’origine ischémique est la thrombolyse par l’activateur tissulaire du plasminogène recombinant (rt-PA). Cependant, l’efficacité du rt-PA est souvent partielle ou absente, et des phénomènes de réocclusion du vaisseau peuvent être observés. Par ailleurs, l’administration de rt-PA est associée à un risque hémorragique. Il apparaît donc indispensable de rechercher les mécanismes à l’origine de la toxicité vasculaire du rt-PA, afin de pouvoir développer des stratégies capables de protéger le lit vasculaire. Parmi ces stratégies, notre équipe a montré dans des modèles expérimentaux que l’inhibition d’une enzyme nucléaire, la poly(ADP-ribose) polymérase ou PARP, permet de protéger la barrière hémato-encéphalique, de réduire les hémorragies et d’améliorer la reperfusion cérébrale suite à l’administration post-ischémique de rt-PA. Dans ce contexte, mon travail a consisté à étudier les mécanismes impliqués dans les altérations vasculaires associées à l’administration de rt-PA à la suite de l’ischémie. Mes travaux de recherche ont comporté un volet in vivo et un volet in vitro. Les études réalisées in vivo ont été menées dans un modèle murin d’ischémie cérébrale thrombo-embolique. Nos résultats indiquent que ni l’ischémie, ni le rt-PA, ni l’association au rt-PA d’un puissant inhibiteur de PARP, le PJ34, ne modifient à 24 heures la présence de dépôts de fibrine, marqueur d’hypoperfusion et de réocclusion. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à deux marqueurs endothéliaux d’inflammation : VCAM-1 et ICAM-1, et avons montré que leur expression, qui augmente 24 heures après l’ischémie, n’est pas modifiée par le rt-PA. Enfin, l’association du PJ34 au rt-PA réduit significativement l’expression post-ischémique de VCAM-1, ce qui suggère le rôle de la PARP dans l’expression de cette molécule d’adhésion. La seconde partie de mon travail a été réalisée in vitro sur une lignée de cellules endothéliales cérébrales murines (bEnd.3). Le rt-PA est à l’origine de changements caractéristiques au niveau de l’organisation et de la morphologie de ces cellules. Ces changements ne sont pourtant associés ni à une dégradation de l’expression des molécules de jonctions inter-endothéliales (occludine, VE-cadhérine), ni à une augmentation de l’expression des marqueurs endothéliaux pro-inflammatoires (VCAM-1, ICAM-1). Nous nous sommes également intéressés à d’autres marqueurs de dysfonction endothéliale, les microparticules endothéliales (MPE). Nos résultats montrent que le rt-PA est à l’origine d’une augmentation importante de la libération des MPE. L’utilisation d’un inhibiteur de la protéine p38, le SB203580, et d’un inhibiteur de PARP, le PJ34, permet de réduire cette augmentation, ce qui suggère que p38 et la PARP pourraient être impliquées dans la production de MPE induite par le rt-PA. En conclusion, l’ensemble de ce travail contribue à préciser les effets vasculaires du rt-PA. Parmi ces effets, la mise en évidence de la production de MPE, via la PARP, est particulièrement novatrice. / Thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is currently the only approved pharmacological strategy for acute ischemic stroke. However, the efficacy of rt-PA is rarely complete, and arterial reocclusion can be observed. Furthermore, administration of rt-PA increases the risk of hemorrhagic transformations. Therefore, it is essential to seek mechanisms underlying the vascular toxicity of rt-PA in order to develop strategies protecting the vascular bed. Among these strategies, our laboratory has previously shown that inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear enzyme, protects the blood-brain barrier, reduces hemorrhagic transformations and improves cerebral reperfusion following the post-ischemic administration of rt-PA. In this context, the aim of the present work was to establish the post-ischemic mechanisms of rt-PA-induced vascular alterations. The research was divided into (1) in vivo experiments and (2) in vitro studies to examine the effect of rt-PA on the endothelium. The in vivo studies were performed in a mouse model of thrombo-embolic stroke induced by thrombin injection in the middle cerebral artery. Our results showed that neither ischemia, nor rt-PA, nor the association to rt-PA of the potent inhibitor of PARP PJ34 alter cerebral fibrin deposits, a marker of hypoperfusion and reocclusion, at 24 hours after ischemia. We then evaluated the expression of two endothelial markers of inflammation : VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1). Our results showed that their expressions increase 24 hours after ischemia and are not modified by rt-PA. Finally, the association of PJ34 to rt-PA significantly reduced the post-ischemic expression of VCAM-1, suggesting a role for PARP in the expression of this adhesion molecule. The second part of my work was carried out in vitro in cultures of mouse brain-derived endothelial cells bEnd.3. In the presence of rt-PA, the organization and the morphology of the endothelial cells radically changed. However, these changes were associated neither to a degradation of endothelial junction proteins (occludin, VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial-cadherin)), nor to an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory endothelial markers (VCAM-1, ICAM-1). We were also interested in a recently identified marker of endothelial dysfunction : endothelial microparticles (EMP). Our results showed that rt-PA induces a significant increase in the EMP released by bEnd.3 cells. The use of a p38 inhibitor, SB203580, and the PARP inhibitor, PJ34, reduced this increase, suggesting that p38 and PARP could be involved in the EMP production induced by rt-PA. In conclusion, this work helps to clarify the vascular effects of rt-PA. Among these effects, the highlight of EMP production, through PARP pathway, is particularly original.
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Implication de la poly(ADP-ribose)polymérase dans les effets délétères de l'activateur tissulaire du plasminogène recombinant sur la barrière hémato-encéphalique après une ischémie cérébrale / Implication of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase in the detrimental effects of the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) on the blood-brain barrier after cerebral ischemiaTeng, Fei 03 June 2013 (has links)
Les accidents vasculaires cérébraux (AVC) constituent un problème majeur de santé publique. Ils sont en majorité de type ischémique, c’est-à-dire liés à l’occlusion d’une artère cérébrale. Le seul traitement actuel de ces AVC ischémiques est la thrombolyse par l’activateur tissulaire du plasminogène recombinant (rt-PA). Cependant, ce traitement est associé à un risque élevé d’hémorragies intracérébrales post-ischémiques, encore appelées transformations hémorragiques (TH), qui contribuent à la dégradation neurologique des patients. Il apparaît donc indispensable de développer des stratégies à associer au rt-PA, afin de protéger le lit vasculaire et de réduire les TH. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’étudier l’implication d’une enzyme, la poly(ADP-ribose)polymérase ou PARP, dans les effets délétères du rt-PA, et plus particulièrement au niveau de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE). Nos travaux ont été menés dans un modèle d’ischémie cérébrale réalisé chez la souris. Dans ce modèle, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle de la PARP dans les TH induites par le rt-PA, grâce à deux techniques : le Western blot d’hémoglobine, permettant d’évaluer la quantité de sang présente dans le parenchyme cérébral, et l’Imagerie par Résonnance Magnétique. Afin de préciser les cibles de la PARP sous-tendant sa contribution aux TH post-thrombolyse, nous nous sommes intéressés à différents constituants de la BHE : la claudine-5, l’occludine et ZO-1 (zonula occludens-1), protéines des jonctions serrées, la VE-cadhérine des jonctions adhérentes et le collagène IV et la laminine, constituants de la lame basale. Nous avons montré que l’ischémie s’accompagne d’une dégradation de la claudine-5, de ZO-1, et de la VE-cadhérine qui est aggravée par le rt-PA ; l’administration d’un puissant inhibiteur de PARP, le PJ34, permet de s’opposer à la dégradation de ces protéines par le rt-PA. Une réduction de la dégradation de la laminine par le rt-PA a également été observée avec le PJ34. Grâce à une collaboration avec le Pr Bérézowski de Lens, nous avons pu montrer dans un modèle in vitro que le PJ34 est capable de traverser la BHE, à la fois dans des conditions « physiologiques » et dans des conditions mimant l’ischémie cérébrale (oxygen/glucose deprivation). Afin de déterminer les voies de signalisation modulées par la PARP conduisant à la dégradation de la BHE et aux TH, nous avons travaillé sur un modèle in vitro de cultures de cellules endothéliales (lignée bEnd.3). Sur ce modèle, nous avons d’ores et déjà pu mettre en évidence une mort cellulaire après un stress excitotoxique et le rôle de la PARP dans cette mort. L’ensemble de ces travaux a permis de démontrer le rôle de la PARP dans la dégradation de différents constituants de la BHE par le rt-PA à la suite de l’ischémie cérébrale. Les futures études in vitro sur cultures cellulaires devraient nous permettre d’explorer les mécanismes mis en jeu dans cette situation pathologique. Une meilleure connaissance de ces mécanismes renforcera l’intérêt des inhibiteurs de PARP pour la prévention des TH post-thrombolyse chez les patients victimes d’AVC ischémiques. / Stroke is a leading public health problem, the majority of which is ischemic, i.e. caused by the occlusion of a cerebral artery. The only pharmacological approved treatment for acute ischemic stroke is thrombolysis by recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). However, this treatment increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhages, also called hemorrhagic transformations (HT), which contribute to the neurologic aggravation of the patients. It therefore appears essential to develop strategies protecting the vascular bed after cerebral ischemia in order to reduce these HT. The aim of the present work was therefore to study the implication of a nuclear enzyme, the poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) in the vascular effects of rt-PA , with special concern for the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Focal cerebral ischemia was performed in mice by permanent endovascular occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. In this model, we demonstrated the role of PARP in the rt-PA induced HT by two methods: the Western blot of hemoglobin to evaluate the quantity of blood in the cerebral parenchyma, and magnetic resonance imaging. In order to clarify the targets of PARP underlying its contribution to post-thrombolysis HT, we studied several components of the BBB by Western blot: proteins of tight junctions [claudin-5, occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)], protein of adherens junction (VE-cadherin) and proteins of basal membrane (collagen IV and laminin). We demonstrated that ischemia induced a marked decrease of claudin-5, ZO-1 and VE-cadherin, which was aggravated by rt-PA. Administration of a potent PARP inhibitor, PJ34, counteracted the degradation of these proteins by rt-PA. A reduction of the degradation of the laminin by rt-PA was also shown with PJ34. Thanks to a collaboration with Pr Berezowski from Lens, we showed in an in vitro BBB model that PJ34 is able to cross the BBB in physiological condition and during oxygen and glucose deprivation, a condition that mimicks cerebral ischemia. In order to determine the molecular pathways modulated by PARP leading to the degradation of the BBB and to HT, we developed an in vitro model of endothelial cell culture (cell line bEnd.3). In this model, we have already shown a cell death after an excitotoxic stress and the role of PARP in this cell death. This work thus demonstrated the role of PARP in the degradation of different components of the BBB induced by rt-PA after cerebral ischemia. The future in vitro studies on cell culture will enable us to further understand the mechanisms implicated in this pathologic situation. A better knowledge of these mechanisms will increase the interest of the use of PARP inhibitors in the prevention of post-thrombolysis HT in patients suffering from ischemic stroke.
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Mécanismes de réparation de l'ADN et de maintien de la stabilité génomique lors de la diversification des immunoglobulines / DNA repair and maintenance of genome stability during immunoglobulin diversificationGaudot, Léa 25 November 2016 (has links)
L’enzyme Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initie la diversification des immunoglobulines (Ig) par l’induction de dommages à l’ADN. Alors que les lésions induites aux gènes des Ig sont cruciales pour l’établissement de réponses immunes hautement spécifiques et adaptées, ce même type de lésions provoquées ailleurs dans le génome contribue à la transformation cellulaire et à l’apparition de cancer. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la protection de l’intégrité génomique des cellules B restent à définir. D’une part, nous avons développé une approche de protéomique locus-unique en couplant une technique d’identification de protéine par biotinylation de proximité avec l’outil d’édition du génome CRISPR/Cas9. Cette technique innovante, dont nous avons fait la preuve de principe pour des loci abondants, pourra être utilisée pour identifier le protéome des différentes cibles génomiques d’AID. D’autre part, nous avons caractérisé le rôle de Parp3, Parp9 et Med1, identifiées comme partenaires d’AID, éclairant ainsi les mécanismes qui contrôlent l’activité d’AID et la réparation des lésions induites par AID lors de la diversification des Ig. / Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification by inducing DNA damage. While on-target lesions are crucial for mounting highly specific and adaptive immune responses, off-target lesions contribute to malignant cell transformation. Despite its implications, the events following AID recruitment that enforce genome integrity in B cells remain poorly defined. It is not understood why multiple non-Ig loci bound by AID are not mutated or why AID-induced DNA lesions may lead to mutations or DNA breaks. To address this question, we developed a single-locus proteomic approach coupling proximity-dependent protein identification and genome editing (CRISPR/Cas9) to identify and compare the proteins recruited at individual genomic loci bound by AID. We performed the proof of principle of this innovative tool by identifying the proteome of abundant genomic loci. On the other hand, we functionally characterized Parp3, Parp9 and Med1, identified as AID partners, revealing novel mechanisms that tightly control AID activity and DNA repair during Ig diversification.
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Einfluss von (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallat auf den Lungenschaden im Rahmen des kardiopulmonalen Bypasses mittels Herz-Lungen-Maschine in einem Schweinemodell: Einfluss von (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallat auf den Lungenschaden im Rahmen des kardiopulmonalen Bypasses mittels Herz-Lungen-Maschinein einem SchweinemodellKasper, Bernhard 18 October 2016 (has links)
Background: Lung dysfunction constitutes a severe complication after major cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), substantially contributing to postoperative morbidity and mortality. The current possibilities of preventive and therapeutic interventions, however, remain insufficient. We, therefore, investigated the effects of intraoperative application of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on CPB-associated lung injury.
Materials and methods: Thirty piglets (8 - 15 kg) were divided into four groups: sham-operated and saline-treated control group (n = 7); sham-operated and EGCG-treated control group (EGCG-control group; n = 7); CPB group (n = 10); and CPB + EGCG group (n = 6). The CPB groups underwent 120 min of CPB followed by 90 min of recovery time. In the CPB + EGCG group, EGCG (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered intravenously before and after CPB. Hemodynamic monitoring, blood gas analysis, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry of lung tissue were performed.
Results: Histologic examination revealed thickening of the alveolar wall and enhanced alveolar neutrophil infiltration in the CPB group (P < 0.05) compared with those in the control group, which was prevented by EGCG (P < 0.05). In the CPB group, higher formation of poly(ADP-ribose) and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor were detected in comparison with those in the control group (P < 0.001), which were both reduced in the CPB + EGCG group (P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, the EGCG-control group
showed thickening of the alveolar wall and increased neutrophil infiltration (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: CPB leads to lung edema, pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, and presumably initiation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent cell death signaling in the lung. EGCG appears to attenuate CPB-associated lung injury, suggesting that this may provide a novel pharmacologic approach.
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The role of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitors : prevention of non glutathione-dependent carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicityGrivas, Paul Christopher. January 2007 (has links)
Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2007. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 141 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Quantification of Poly(ADP-ribose) in Normal and in DNA-Damaged CellsSims, James L. 12 1900 (has links)
This work presents the development of a new highly sensitive and selective chemical assay for poly(ADP-ribose) which is routinely useful for the determination of polymer levels in vivo. This method was used to carefully measure poly(ADP-ribose) levels in normal and in DNA-damaged cells. The results of these studies strongly suggest that synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) is involved in some aspect of DNA repair. A review of the literature is presented in the
introduction of this work. Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis has
been implicated in aspects of transcription, in DNA syn
thesis, and in DNA repair largely based on evidence from in
vitro studies. It is apparent that current methodology has
not allowed the routine quantification of poly(ADP-ribose) in vivo, hence the lack of i^n vivo data concerning the function(s) of the polymer. The body of this work presents the development of two chemical methods for the quantification of poly(ADP-ribose) and the application of one of these methods to the measurement of polymer levels in normal and DNA-damaged cells. Preliminary studies are presented on the utilization of combined gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy for the selective quantification of nucleoside derivatives. A second method makes use of the unique chemistry of the polymer for quantification. The polymer was selectively adsorbed to dihydroxyboryl-sepharose which allowed the removal of most RNA, DNA, and protein from the samples. The polymer was hydrolyzed to the unique nucleoside 2'—^-l*'-ribosyladenosine by digestion with venom phosphodiesterase and bacterial alkaline phosphatase. The 1-N^-etheno derivative of ribosyladenosine was formed by reaction with chloroacetaldehyde and this derivative was seperated from other fluorescent species by reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography.
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Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP1) Expression in the Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and SuicideFulkerson, Ramona Faith 01 August 2024 (has links) (PDF)
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that has a complex pathophysiology. In this study we evaluate the expression of PARP1 and the downstream alarmin protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in two brain areas that have demonstrated pathology in MDD. MDD donors were compared to controls. MDD subgroups that died by suicide were also compared to those that did not die by suicide. Immunoblotting to determine PARP1 and HMGB1 protein expression was performed in white and grey matter from the frontal cortex and the hippocampus. In BA10 white and grey matter, PARP1 protein expression was significantly increased when comparing MDD donors to controls. There was no significant change of HMGB1 expression in white or grey matter. In the CA1 region, there was no significant change in PARP1 protein or gene expression. There was also no significant changes of inflammatory cytokine expression in BA10 white matter.
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Hepatocyte-specific deletion of TIPARP, a negative regulator of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, is sufficient to increase sensitivity to dioxin-induced wasting syndromeHutin, D., Tamblyn, L., Gomez, A., Grimaldi, Giulia, Soedling, H., Cho, T., Ahmed, S., Lucas, C., Kanduri, C., Grant, D.M., Matthews, J. 04 June 2018 (has links)
Yes / The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates the toxic effects of dioxin (2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TCDD), which includes thymic atrophy, steatohepatitis, and a lethal wasting syndrome in laboratory rodents. Although the mechanisms of dioxin toxicity remain unknown, AHR signaling in hepatocytes is necessary for dioxin-induced liver toxicity. We previously reported that loss of TCDD-inducible poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (TIPARP/PARP7/ARTD14), an AHR target gene and mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase, increases the sensitivity of mice to dioxin-induced toxicities. To test the hypothesis that TIPARP is a negative regulator of AHR signaling in hepatocytes, we generated Tiparpfl/fl mice in which exon 3 of Tiparp is flanked by loxP sites, followed by Cre-lox technology to create hepatocyte-specific (Tiparpfl/flCreAlb) and whole-body (Tiparpfl/flCreCMV; TiparpEx3−/−) Tiparp null mice. Tiparpfl/flCreAlb and TiparpEx3−/− mice given a single injection of 10 μg/kg dioxin did not survive beyond days 7 and 9, respectively, while all Tiparp+/+ mice survived the 30-day treatment. Dioxin-exposed Tiparpfl/flCreAlb and TiparpEx3−/− mice had increased steatohepatitis and hepatotoxicity as indicated by greater staining of neutral lipids and serum alanine aminotransferase activity than similarly treated wild-type mice. Tiparpfl/flCreAlb and TiparpEx3−/− mice exhibited augmented AHR signaling, denoted by increased dioxin-induced gene expression. Metabolomic studies revealed alterations in lipid and amino acid metabolism in liver extracts from Tiparpfl/flCreAlb mice compared with wild-type mice. Taken together, these data illustrate that TIPARP is an important negative regulator of AHR activity, and that its specific loss in hepatocytes is sufficient to increase sensitivity to dioxin-induced steatohepatitis and lethality. / This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) operating grants (MOP-494265 and MOP-125919), CIHR New Investigator Award, an Early Researcher Award from the Ontario Ministry of Innovation (ER10-07-028), an unrestricted research grant from the DOW Chemical Company, the Johan Throne Holst Foundation, Novo Nordic Foundation and the Norwegian Cancer Society to J.M.
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Efeito do inibidor de PARP em linf ´ocitos Th17 e Treg em modelo experimental de sepse / Effect of PARP inhibitor in Th17 andTreg lymphocytes in experimental model of sepsisVieira, Juliana de Camargo 22 April 2019 (has links)
Introdução: A sepse é causada por uma resposta desregulada a uma infecção cujo tratamento é de suporte, inexistindo alternativas imunomoduladoras. Linfócitos T reguladores são responsáveis por limitar a inflamação, mas podem causar imunossupressão e os Th17 são pró-inflamatórios e responsáveis pela imunidade de mucosas; ambos apresentam-se elevados nos pacientes com sepse. A PARP é uma enzima sensor de dano ao DNA que é continuamente ativada na sepse, sendo importante também na diferenciação¸ dos linfócitos T reguladores e como coativador de NF-kB. Neste estudo, avaliamos se o tratamento com inibidor de PARP é capaz de manter os linfócitos Th17 e T reguladores próximos aos valores basais, impedindo que ocorra a resposta exacerbada causada por estas células e servindo, portanto, como opção de tratamento imunomodulador. Métodos: Camundongos machos da linhagem C57Bl/6 com 7 semanas de idade e pesando entre 20-25 gramas foram submetidos à ligadura e punção cecal e receberam tratamento com olaparibe (10mg/Kg) após 30 minutos e após 8 horas da cirurgia. Baço, timo e sangue foram coletados e utilizados para análise das populações de linfócitos T reguladores e Th17, citocinas e miRNAs. Resultados: O modelo de ligadura e punção cecal foi capaz de mimetizar a linfopenia encontrada em pacientes e o aumento de linfócitos T reguladores e Th17. O tratamento com olaparibe reduziu os linfócitos T reguladores no baço tanto em porcentagem quanto em quantidade de células. Tanto o nível de IL-10 quanto a expressão do miRNA 146a-5p caíram em ambos os grupos CLP, sugerindo menor atividade supressora destes linfócitos. No sangue houve aumento dos linfócitos T reguladores, mas apenas o grupo não tratado apresentou alta de IL-10, sugerindo que o tratamento conteve o perfil supressor. No timo o tratamento parece agir por uma forma diferente; embora ocorra aumento dos linfócitos T reguladores, o grupo tratado teve aumento da expressão do miRNA 17a-5p, que reduz a atividade supressora desses linfócitos, mostrando que as células produzidas tem sua atividade supressora alterada, o que é corroborado pelo não aumento de IL-10 nesse grupo. Os linfócitos Th17, que são pró-inflamatórios, foram controlados com o tratamento no baço e no sangue. Isso possivelmente ocorreu pela ação da PARP que impediu o aumento de citocinas como IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alfa, IL-17A, INF-y, que estavam elevadas apenas no grupo não tratado. Além disso, a relação entre linfócitos Th17 e T reguladores foi controlada, sugerindo melhora no desfecho clínico. Conclusões: O tratamento com olaparibe se mostrou eficiente em reduzir as respostas inflamatória (causada pelo Th17) e supressora (causada pelo Treg) neste modelo, talvez pela alteração de citocinas e da expressão dos miRNA 17a-5p e 146a-5p / Introduction: Sepsis is caused by a dysregulated response to an infection whose treatment is supportive, and there are no immunomodulatory alternatives. Regulatory T lymphocytes are responsible for limiting inflammation but may cause immunosuppression and Th17 are proinflammatory and responsible for mucosal immunity; both are elevated in patients with sepsis. PARP is a DNAdamaging enzyme that is continuously activated in sepsis, also important in the di_erentiation of regulatory T lymphocytes and as a cofactor of NF-kB. In this study, we evaluated whether treatment with PARP inhibitor is able to keep the T regulatory and Th17 lymphocytes close to the baseline values, preventing the exacerbated response caused by these cells and therefore serving as an option for immunomodulatory treatment. Methods: C57Bl male mice at 7 weeks of age weighing between 20-25 grams were submited at cecal binding and puncture and received treatment with olaparib (10mg/kg) after 30 minutes and after 8 hours of the surgery. Spleen, thymus and blood cells have been used for analysis of T regulatory and Th17 lymphocytes populations, cytokines and miRNA. Results: The cecal ligation and puncture model was able to mimic the lymphopenia found in patients and the increase of T regulatory and Th17 lymphocytes. Treatment with olaparib reduced the T regulatory lymphocytes in the spleen in both percentage and number of cells. Both the IL-10 level and the 146a-5p miRNA expression fell in both CLP groups, suggesting lower suppressor activity of these lymphocytes. In the blood there was an increase in the T regulatory lymphocytes, but only the untreated group showed high IL-10, suggesting that the treatment contained the suppressor profile. In the thymus the treatment seems to act in a di_erent way; although there is an increase in the T regulatory lymphocytes, the treated group had increased expression of 17a-5p miRNA, which reduces the suppressive activity of these lymphocytes, showing that the cells produced have their supressor activity altered, which is corroborated by the non-increase of IL- 10 in this group. Th17 lymphocytes, which are proinflammatory, were controlled with treatment in the spleen and blood. This was possibly due to the action of PARP which prevented the increase of cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-17A, INF-y which were raised only in the group not treated. In addition, the ratio between Th17 and T regulatory lymphocytes was controlled, suggesting improvement in clinical outcome. Conclusions: The treatment with olaparib was e_cient in reducing inflammatory responses (caused by Th17) and suppressor (caused by Treg) in this model, perhaps due to the alteration of cytokines and the expression of miRNAs 17a-5p and 146a-5p
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Role of SIRT6 in Myofibroblast Cell DeathSubramanian, Veena January 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality. A common denominator across most of the cardiovascular diseases like diabetic cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction and dilated cardiomyopathy is the pathological remodelling of heart leading to fibrosis. Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by the excessive production and deposition of extracellular matrix components due to unwarranted proliferation of fibroblasts. Under normal conditions, following cardiac remodelling, my fibroblasts undergo programmed cell death. However, this does not happen under pathological conditions ultimately leading to fibrosis. Although the molecular events and signalling pathways that contribute to the development of cardiac fibrosis is well established, there are limited studies which try to understand the mechanisms by which fibroblasts persist and resist programmed cell death. Here we demonstrate that SIRT6, one of the members of sirtuin family of histone deacetylases, plays an important role in regulating my fibroblast cell death.
When we analysed the mice hearts and isolated fibroblasts deficient in SIRT6, we observed increased expression of my fibroblast markers, suggesting that SIRT6 deficient hearts might have a high proportion of resident my fibroblasts. Also, when SIRT6 deficient fibroblasts were subjected to genotoxic stress, they showed reduced cell death and impaired mitochondrial to nuclear AIF translocation as compared to WT controls. An important regulator of AIF mediated cell death is the protein PARP-1. When we checked the expression levels of this protein under SIRT6 deficient conditions, it was found to be low. PARP-1 was also found to degrade faster under SIRT6 deficient conditions. Further qPCR analysis revealed that the transcript levels of PARP-1 were unaffected by SIRT6 suggesting that the regulation might not be at the transcriptional level. When we studied the acetylation of PARP-1 under SIRT6 deficient conditions we found the protein to be hypo-acetylated indicating a more complex mechanism of regulation.
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