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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
291

Avaliação da atividade da invertase de Saccharomyces cerevisiae imobilizada em polianilina sobre o caldo de cana / Evaluation of the invertase activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in polyaniline on sugarcane

BARBOSA, Eduardo Fernandes 19 February 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:16:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Eduardo_Fernandes_Barbosa.pdf: 661327 bytes, checksum: 816b815568b664e6a1393b1196e634ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-19 / This work describes the immobilization of invertase on chemically synthesized polyaniline and activated with glutaraldehyde (PANIG) for production of invert syrup from sugarcane juice. Free invertase activity present in crude extract (E.B.) obtained from cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was characterized for an evaluation of interferents present in the extract on enzyme activity (optimum conditions: temperature 50 ° C, pH of 4.5 in sodium acetate buffer 0.1 mol L-1 and reaction time of 10 minutes, with an activity of 11.31 ± 0.36 EU mL-1). We tested some parameters optimization of enzyme immobilization, such as amount of enzyme, immobilization time, pH and temperature of immobilization. The optimal immobilization was obtained in buffer sodium acetate 0.1 mol L-1 pH 4.5, immobilization time of 1 hour at 50°C and 169.55 EU mg-1 PANIG. The efficiency of immobilization was 0.86. The stability of the system PANIG-Invertase was tested against the storage time and thermostability, and after 75 days storage in buffer sodium acetate 0.1 mol L-1 pH 4.5 was obtained for 94% of initial activity with only 17% retained for the free enzyme. The immobilized invertase didn t change the optimal conditions compared to the free, but the immobilized was more stable in adverse conditions such as pH below and above optimum conditions showed an increase in thermostability. Some features of the hydrolysis product were evaluated (water activity, viscosity and color), compared to the sugarcane juice in nature, showing that the reactors allowed changes in sugarcane juice that expand the possibilities for using syrup obtained in the production of sweets, ice cream and syrups rich in fructose. The high stability of the system tested, along with its high retention of activity strongly suggests the use of the system in reactors. / Este trabalho descreve a imobilização da enzima invertase em polianilina sintetizada quimicamente e ativada com glutaraldeído (PANIG) para produção de xarope de açúcar invertido a partir de caldo de cana. Atividade da invertase livre, presente no extrato bruto (E.B.), obtido a partir de células de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, foi caracterizada e estabelecida em temperatura de 50°C; pH de 4,5 em tampão acetato de sódio 0,1 mol L-1 e tempo de reação de 10 minutos, com uma atividade de 11,31 ± 0,36 UE mL-1. A partir da imobilização por ligação covalente, testou-se alguns parâmetros de otimização da imobilização enzimática, como quantidade de enzima, tempo de imobilização, pH e temperatura de imobilização. A imobilização ótima foi obtida em tampão acetato de sódio 0,1 mol L-1 pH 4,5, tempo de imobilização de 1 hora, temperatura de 50°C e 169,55 UE mg-1 de PANIG. A eficiência de imobilização foi de 0,86. A estabilidade do sistema PANIG-Invertase foi testada frente ao tempo de armazenamento e termoestabilidade, sendo que após 75 dias de armazenamento em tampão acetato de sódio 0,1 mol L-1 pH 4,5 obteve-se 94% da atividade inicial, com apenas 17% retidos para a enzima livre. A invertase imobilizada não apresentou variação nas condições ótimas em comparação à livre, porém a imobilizada apresentou-se mais estável em condições adversas, como pH abaixo e acima das condições ótimas e apresentou aumento da termoestabilidade. Algumas características do produto hidrolisado foram avaliadas (Atividade de água, viscosidade e coloração), em comparação ao caldo de cana in natura, mostrando que o sistema testado possibilita modificações no caldo de cana que ampliam as possibilidades de utilização do xarope obtido na produção de doces, sorvetes e xaropes ricos em frutose. A elevada estabilidade do sistema testado, junto à sua retenção elevada de atividade, sugerem a aplicação do sistema em reatores.
292

Caracterização espectroscópica de blendas condutoras de poli(anilina) e a sua aplicação para a proteção ativa contra a corrosão de metais / Spectroscopic characterization of polyaniline conductive blends and their application for the active protection against corrosion of metals

José Eduardo Pereira da Silva 04 June 2003 (has links)
Esta Tese apresenta a caracterização espectroscópica, eletroquímica e espectroeletroquímica de blendas condutoras de polianilina. Na primeira parte do trabalho foi realizada a caracterização dos materiais através das espectroscopias vibracionais Raman e infravermelho. Os resultados obtidos através da espectroscopia Raman ressonante indicaram que a conformação e a estrutura química do polímero condutor não sofrem mudanças dentro ou fora das matrizes isolantes. Além disso, demonstra-se que as diferenças de intensidade relativa entre as bandas em 574 e 607 cm-1 da polianilina dopada fornecem o grau da interação física entre os constituintes da blenda, sendo realizado também um estudo da relação entre a intensidade das bandas citadas e a condutividade das diferentes blendas obtidas. Na segunda parte do trabalho foi realizada a aplicação de blendas condutoras de polianilina para a proteção contra a corrosão do ferro e da liga de alumínio A2024. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a boa eficiência das blendas para esta finalidade, conforme comprovado pelas curvas de potencial de circuito aberto e a técnica de voltametria cíclica. Verificou-se que a proteção contra a corrosão depende diretamente da formação de um complexo passivante entre a blenda e o material metálico. Por outro lado, deve-se considerar a presença da barreira física causada pelas blendas, superior à existente quando se utiliza o polímero condutor puro, e que evita a penetração de ânions que promovem a degradação do material metálico. / This work shows the spectroscopic, electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry characterization of conducting polyaniline blends. In the first part it was done the characterization of the materials by Raman and infrared vibracional espectroscopies. Using resonance Raman spectroscopy it can be observed that conducting polymer conformation and chemical structure does not changed inside or outside insulating matrices. It was also possible to check that the relative intensities of 574 and 607 cm-1 bands indicate the degree of physical interaction of polymers in the blends, moreover the relationship between intensity of mentioned bands and the conductivity was investigated. In second part it was studied the application of conducting blends for corrosion protection on iron and aluminum alloys A2024. Results obtained showed the good eficiency of these materials, proved by open circuit potential and cyclic voltammetry. It was observed that the protection depends on the formation passive of a film between the coating and the metallic material. On the other hand, the physical barrier of blends are better than pure conducting polymer and decreases the penetration of anions that promote the degradation of metallic materials.
293

Polímeros condutores aplicados a sistemas-modelo de liberação controlada eletroquimicamente de drogas / Conductive polymers applied to model systems of controlled release drug electrochemically

Luiz Marcos de Lira Faria 20 September 2006 (has links)
Este trabalho descreve a síntese, caracterização e aplicação de sistemas poliméricos baseados em polímeros condutores em sistemas de liberação controlada de drogas. Esta tese pode ser dividida em duas partes: na primeira se apresentam os resultados da aplicação de filmes de polianilina e polipirrol na liberação de drogasmodelo como a dopamina protonada e o ácido salicílico. Na liberação de salicilato utilizou-se um filme polianilina eletrosintetizado e dopado com íons cloreto. Já para a liberação de dopamina protonada (um cátion) a liberação foi conduzida a partir de um sistema bicamadas, com um filme de polianilina recoberta com uma camada de Náfion. É mostrada a liberação controlada nos dois casos, porém também se discutem limitaçãoes deste tipo de sistema que levaram ao estudo de uma forma alternativa de controle eletroquímico utilizando polímeros condutores. A segunda parte do trabalho mostra então esta nova metodologia que se baseia em compósitos de poianilina eletropolimerizada no interior de hidrogéis de poliacrilamida. É mostrado que este novo material é eletroativo e mantém as características de intumescimento dos hidrogéis, tanto necessárias ao desenvolvimento destes sistemas de liberação controlada. Mecanismos para o crescimento e distribuição da polianilina na matriz isolante e para a atuação do compósito no controle eletroquímico da liberação são propostos com base nos dados de microscopia de força atômica, Raman e eletrônica de varredura, além de testes de liberação controlada com moléculas de diferentes cargas. / This work describes the synthesis, characterization and application of polimeric systems based on contucting polymers for electrochemical release devices. The thesis is divided into two parts: frrst, results conceming the application of polyaniline and polypyrrole films in the controlled release of dopamine and salicilyc acid, are showed. An electrosyntetized polyaniline film doped with chloride ions was used in the salicilate release. On the other hand, for the controlled release of protonated dopamine, a bilayer system consisting of a polyaniline film recovered with Nafion was employed. The release control was reached in both cases, but this kind of actuator show serious limitations that lead to the conclusion that a new type of electrochemical control based in conducting polymers must be developped. The second part shows the new methodology based on composites of polyaniline grown inside polyacrylamide hydrogels. It\'s showed that this new material is electroactive and still maintains the hydrogel\'s swelling properties, which makes it an interesting and suitable material for drug delivery devices. Raman Microscopy, Scaning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy, and controlled release tests of different charged molecules were tools for the elucidation of polyaniline\'s growth and distribuition inside the hydrogels and for the mecanism of actuation in the controlled release.
294

Estudo de processos de transporte eletrônico em dispositivos a base de semicondutores orgânicos / Investigation of electronic transport processes in organic semiconductor based devices

Fernando Araújo de Castro 25 March 2004 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi de estudar processos de transporte eletrônico em dispositivos a base de semicondutores orgânicos através de técnicas avançadas, como ressonância magnética detectada eletricamente (RMDE) e espectroscopia de impedância elétrica em corrente alternada. Além destas, medidas de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (RPE) convencional também foram realizadas de forma a complementar as medidas de RMDE. Os dispositivos e materiais estudados foram: (hole-only e PLED) de MEH-PPV, polianilina e OLED multicamadas de Alq3 e -NPD. A técnica de RMDE mede a variação de condutividade da amostra na condição de ressonância magnética, permitindo relacionar processos microscópicos com os seus efeitos nos processos de transporte eletrônico. Os estudos de RPE e RMDE em polianilina mostraram uma transição entre os tipos de spin observados em função da temperatura. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o sinal de RPE se deve principalmente a estados de superfície, enquanto a técnica de RMDE permite observarmos também estados do volume, dependendo da forma de preparação dos dispositivos e dos parâmetros utilizados nas medidas. O sinal de RMDE foi atribuído ao hopping de pólarons intercadeias poliméricas. Nos dispositivos de MEH-PPV, o sinal de RMDE apresenta duas componentes, uma foi atribuída à fusão de pólarons negativos para formar bipólarons negativos e a outra foi atribuída à fusão de pólarons positivos. A deficiência na emissão de luz de alguns dos PLEDs estudados foi atribuída ao desbalanceamento de injeção de cargas, que pode ser observado pela diferença de intensidade entre as componentes do sinal. Nos OLEDs a base de Alq3, medidas de espectroscopia de impedância elétrica em função da voltagem dc (Vdc) mostraram um acúmulo de cargas nas interfaces internas do dispositivo, em baixas tensões. Entretanto, para valores mais altos de Vdc, quando começa o processo de recombinação, foi observado um fenômeno pouco estudado na literatura, conhecido como capacitância negativa. Possíveis abordagens a este problema foram propostas / The subject of this work is the investigation of electronic transport processes in organic semiconductors based devices using advanced techniques, such as electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) and ac electrical impedance spectroscopy. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) measurements were also carried out to complement the EDMR results. The studied devices and materials were: MEH-PPV hole-only devices and PLEDs, polyaniline and multilayer Alq3 and -NPD based OLEDs. EDMR measures the sample conductivity variation during magnetic resonance condition, which allows relating microscopic processes to its effects on electronic transport processes. EPR and EDMR investigations on polyaniline showed a transition between two kinds of observed spins as a function of temperature. The results indicate that EPR probes especially surface paramagnetic states, while EDMR allows observing both surface and bulk paramagnetic states, depending on how devices are prepared and on some measurement parameters. The EDMR signal was assigned to interchain hopping of pólarons. On MEH-PPV devices, the EDMR signal was composed of two lines, one was attributed to negative pólarons fusion to form negative bipólarons and the other was assigned to positive pólarons fusion. The light emitting deficiency presented by some of the PLEDs investigated was assigned to a misbalanced charge injection, what could be observed by the difference between the intensity of the two components. Impedance spectroscopy measurements on Alq3 based OLEDs as a function of the dc voltage (Vdc) showed charge accumulation at the inner interfaces of the device at low Vdc values. However, at higher Vdc values, when recombination starts to take place, a strange phenomenon, usually called negative capacitance, was observed. Possible approaches were proposed
295

Estudo das propriedades eletrônicas e ópticas de filmes e dispositivos poliméricos. / Study of electronic and optical properties of polimeric films and polimeric devices.

Rodrigo Fernando Bianchi 28 January 2002 (has links)
Nesse trabalho apresentamos o estudo das propriedades ópticas e elétricas de filmes e dispositivos eletrônicos de polímeros luminescentes, poli(p-fenilenovinilenos) - PPVs, semicondutores, polianilinas - PANI, e derivados desses dois polímeros. São apresentadas todas as etapas de preparação e caracterização dos dispositivos, desde as rotas de síntese dos polímeros, até a modelagem de dispositivos eletroluminescentes e de transistores de efeito de campo. Os filmes luminescentes foram caracterizados por propriedades de absorção e emissão ópticas, e função pseudo-dielétrica, mostrando dependência com a presença de grupos laterais. Filmes de PANI, por sua vez, foram caracterizados através de medidas de condutividade complexa, e os resultados obtidos mostram-se típicos de sistemas sólidos desordenados. Para interpretá-las, foi utilizado o modelo de distribuição aleatória de barreiras de energia livre (random free energy barrier model - RFEB) aplicado como ajuste aos resultados experimentais. Outra característica importante dos PPVs, estudada nessa tese, foi à degradação em condições ambientais sob iluminação. Esse efeito foi acompanhado por medidas de absorção óptica e de elipsometria, mostrando que a combinação dos efeitos do oxigênio e da luz é a principal responsável pela degradação desse material. Para explicar tal efeito, elaboramos um modelo baseado nas propriedades individuais dos cromóforos do polímero e na substituição de ligações vinílicas C=C por ligações carbonilas C=O, cuja comparação com os resultados experimentais forneceu uma estimativa para a fração degradada do polímero como função do tempo de iluminação. Foram caracterizados dispositivos emissores de luz de PPVs através de medidas corrente vs. tensão e de condutividade complexa, que através do ajuste por modelos de circuitos equivalentes e pelo modelo RFEB forneceu grandezas fundamentais como a resistividade e a constante dielétrica da camada polimérica. Finalizando, transistores de efeito de campo de poli(o-metoxianilina) - POMA (um derivado da PANI) apresentaram modulação pela tensão de porta, e um modelo baseado nas propriedades de condução da POMA levando-se em conta gradientes de mobilidade e de densidade de portadores ortogonais à superfície do polímero foi elaborado e se ajustou muito bem aos resultados experimentais. / In this thesis we report the electrical and optical characterization of polymeric thin-film and luminescent and electronic devices. The studied materials were the luminescent poly(p-phenylenevinylenes) - PPVs, semiconducting polyanilines - PANI and their derivatives. All the steps in the material preparation are described: the synthesis and the film preparation. Also, the technological details of the fabrication of the devices, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and field-effect transistor (FETs), are presented. Luminescent films were studied by optical absorption and emission and by ellipsometry measurements, giving emphasis on the influence of lateral groups. The PANI films were electrically investigated by the analysis of the complex conductivity, whose results were adjusted by the random free energy barrier model used for disordered solids. Another important investigation was related to the photodegradation of the luminescent polymers, a deleterious effect owing to a concomitant action of oxygen and light. To explain such effect we proposed a model based on the properties of individual cromophores of the molecules, and in the incorporation of ketone groups (C=O), cleaving the vinyl C=C bonds. The luminescent devices were electrically and optically characterized. The current density vs. voltage and complex impedance were fit by macroscopic models taking into account a hopping process, and an equivalent circuit was also used to study ITO/polymer/metal structures. Finally, the field-effect transistor made by poly(o-methoxyaniline) were experimentally studied and a model that assumes gradients of carrier density and mobility orthogonal to the film surface fit with good agreement the ISD vs. VSD for different gate voltages, VG.
296

Creation and Evaluation of Polymer/Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Films for Structural Vibration Control and Strain Sensing Properties

lin, weiwei 10 November 2016 (has links)
Multifunctional materials both with damping properties and strain sensing properties are very important. They promise to be more weight-efficient, and provide volume-efficient performance, flexibility and potentially, less maintenance than traditional multi-component brass-board systems. The goal of this dissertation work was to design, synthesize, investigate and apply polyaniline/Multiwall carbon nanotube (PANI/MWCNT) and polyurethane (PU) /MWCNT composites films for structural vibration control and strain sensors using free layer damping methods and static and dynamic strain sensing test methods. The PANI/MWCNT was made by in situ polymerization of PANI in the presence of MWCNT, then frit compression was used to make circular and rectangular PANI/MWCNT composite films. PU/MWCNT composites were made by the layer-by-layer method. Free end vibration test results showed both of PANI/MWCNT and PU/MWCNT have better damping ratios than each of their components. Static sensing test indicated that though there appears to be residual strain in both composite sensors after the load is removed, both the sensor and the foil strain gage react linearly when re-engaged. A drift test of the sensor showed that it is stable. The dynamic sensing test results showed that over the range of 10-1000 Hz, the PANI/MWCNT composite sensor was consistently superior to foil strain gage for sensing purposes since the highest peak consistently corresponded to the input frequency and was much higher, for example, at 20 Hz, 820 times higher than those of the strain gage. Using the same criterion, the PU/Buckypaper composite sensor was comparable to or superior to the foil strain gage for sensing purposes over the range of 10 Hz to 200 Hz. The relationship of loss factor, η, and beam coverage length, L1/L, is discussed for single sided and double sided attachment. For both PANI/MWCNT and PU/MWCNT, the loss factor, η, was found to increase as coverage length, L1/L, increases. The loss factor, η, was found to have a maximum as with coverage length, L1/L, as the coverage length continues to increase. The trend for double sided attachment was found to follow the trends discussed by Rao (2004) and Levy and Chen (1994) for viscoelastic material constrained damping.
297

Caracterização espectroscópica de blendas condutoras de poli(anilina) e a sua aplicação para a proteção ativa contra a corrosão de metais / Spectroscopic characterization of polyaniline conductive blends and their application for the active protection against corrosion of metals

Silva, José Eduardo Pereira da 04 June 2003 (has links)
Esta Tese apresenta a caracterização espectroscópica, eletroquímica e espectroeletroquímica de blendas condutoras de polianilina. Na primeira parte do trabalho foi realizada a caracterização dos materiais através das espectroscopias vibracionais Raman e infravermelho. Os resultados obtidos através da espectroscopia Raman ressonante indicaram que a conformação e a estrutura química do polímero condutor não sofrem mudanças dentro ou fora das matrizes isolantes. Além disso, demonstra-se que as diferenças de intensidade relativa entre as bandas em 574 e 607 cm-1 da polianilina dopada fornecem o grau da interação física entre os constituintes da blenda, sendo realizado também um estudo da relação entre a intensidade das bandas citadas e a condutividade das diferentes blendas obtidas. Na segunda parte do trabalho foi realizada a aplicação de blendas condutoras de polianilina para a proteção contra a corrosão do ferro e da liga de alumínio A2024. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a boa eficiência das blendas para esta finalidade, conforme comprovado pelas curvas de potencial de circuito aberto e a técnica de voltametria cíclica. Verificou-se que a proteção contra a corrosão depende diretamente da formação de um complexo passivante entre a blenda e o material metálico. Por outro lado, deve-se considerar a presença da barreira física causada pelas blendas, superior à existente quando se utiliza o polímero condutor puro, e que evita a penetração de ânions que promovem a degradação do material metálico. / This work shows the spectroscopic, electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry characterization of conducting polyaniline blends. In the first part it was done the characterization of the materials by Raman and infrared vibracional espectroscopies. Using resonance Raman spectroscopy it can be observed that conducting polymer conformation and chemical structure does not changed inside or outside insulating matrices. It was also possible to check that the relative intensities of 574 and 607 cm-1 bands indicate the degree of physical interaction of polymers in the blends, moreover the relationship between intensity of mentioned bands and the conductivity was investigated. In second part it was studied the application of conducting blends for corrosion protection on iron and aluminum alloys A2024. Results obtained showed the good eficiency of these materials, proved by open circuit potential and cyclic voltammetry. It was observed that the protection depends on the formation passive of a film between the coating and the metallic material. On the other hand, the physical barrier of blends are better than pure conducting polymer and decreases the penetration of anions that promote the degradation of metallic materials.
298

Electro chemiluminescence and organic electronics of derivatised poly(aniline sulphonic acid) light-emitting diodes

Molapo, Kerileng Mildred January 2011 (has links)
>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Electrochemiluminescence (EeL) is applied for industrial applications that have considerable potential, such as clinical diagnostic, analytical chemistry, and light-emitting devices, due to selectivity, sensitivity for detection and quantification of molecules through generation of fluorescence light when electric current is applied on the materials. In EeL the electrochemical reaction allows for precise control over the time and position of the light emitting reaction. The control over time allows one to synchronise the luminescence and the biochemical reaction under study and control over position not only improves sensitivity of the instrument by increasing the signal to noise ratio, but also allows multiple analytical reactions in the same sample to be analyzed using an electrode array. The EeL generation fluorescent materials are based on inorganic semiconductor materials for light-emitting devices. Further progress in this EeL field mainly depends on discovery of new advanced materials, interfacial films and nanoparticle coatings, advances in microfluidics leading to total increase in EeL properties. There has been extensive use of polymers for enhancement of EeL properties. Electrochemiluminescent conjugated polymers constitute a new class of fluorescent polymers that emit light when excited by the flow of an electric current. These new generation fluorescent materials may now challenge the domination by inorganic semiconductor materials for the commercial market of light-emitting devices such as lightemitting diodes and polymer laser devices (PLDs).
299

Chromatografická charakterizace polyanilinem potažených stacionárních fází / Chromatographic characterization of polyaniline-coated stationary phases

Taraba, Lukáš January 2018 (has links)
(EN) This dissertation thesis is focused on physicochemical and chromatographic characterization of polyaniline-coated stationary phases. In the first part, surfaces of bare silica and octadecyl silica sorbents were modified by in-situ chemical polymerization of aniline hydrochloride and their subsequent systematic characterization was performed by using the linear solvation energy relationship approach in the HILIC mode of capillary LC. In addition, several common physicochemical techniques were used to characterize properties of these altered materials. The modified sorbents were then packed into capillary columns. The retention interactions taking place between solute and the separation system were evaluated on the basis of retention data of a number of various solutes. The results showed that polyaniline coating had a significant effect on the retention promoting interactions of both polyaniline-coated stationary phases. The assumed mixed-mode retention mechanism was proven for both the stationary phases. The second part dealt with investigation of the separation potential of polyaniline- coated silica stationary phase in different chromatographic modes. The retention factor curves of structurally similar solutes were constructed as a function of organic modifier portion in the mobile phase....
300

Organicko-anorganické polymery - syntéza a charakterizace hybridních polymerů a nanokompozitů / Organic-inorganic polymers - synthesis and characterization of hybrid polymers and nanocomposites

Depa, Katarzyna January 2017 (has links)
In the first part of this work, silica nanoparticles and alternative or additional filler phases were incorporated into hydrogels based on the temperature-sensitive poly(N- isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm). Nano-SiO2-filled porous PNIPAm hydrogels with an enhanced force response (up to 100 g) to temperature stimuli were obtained by increasing several times the pore wall thickness, which was achieved via reducing the solvent (porogen) content during the gels' cryo-synthesis. A similar optimization of the force response was also carried out for analogous gels reinforced by nano-TiO2, in which the reinforcing effect of the filler is weaker. Partial intercalation of amylopectin starch into divinyl-crosslinked bulk as well as porous PNIPAm gels several times improved their extensibility. In case of starch-rich bulk gels, a very fast and extensive one-way deswelling in response to increased temperature was achieved (re-swelling upon cooling is much slower), which is attributed to specific properties of the starch-PNIPAm interface. In doubly-filled bulk PNIPAm/nano-SiO2/starch gels, a very strong synergic reinforcing effect of both fillers is observed, due to specific hydrogen bridging between the three phases. Highly porous cryogels based on PNIPAm/nano- SiO2/starch displayed a highly improved extensibility...

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