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In recent years, increased use of electronic devices and wireless operations resulted in unavoidable electromagnetic (EM) pollution which has a significant impact on civil and military sectors. Considering the foremost requirement, huge efforts were invested in the development of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. In this context, metals are usually preferred but design complexities like high density and susceptibility towards corrosion are limiting factors; additionally, the reflection of microwaves from the surface fails to serve as EM absorbers. The concern here is to minimize the reflection of the high frequency electromagnetic wave from the surface and to enhance the microwave absorption in GHz frequencies. In this thesis, we have made an attempt to design EMI shielding materials with exceptional absorption ability derived from Polycarbonate (PC)/ Poly styrene-co-acrylonitrile (SAN) based polymer blends. Herein, unique co-continuous micro-phase separated blend structures with selective localization of microwave active nanoparticles in one of the phases were realized to be most effective for microwave attenuation over just dispersing it in one polymer matrix (i.e. PC and SAN composites). The synergistic attenuation of electric and magnetic field associated with EM radiation was achieved through incorporation of various magnetic nanoparticles, however, dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles was a challenging task. Therefore, in order to localize magnetic nanoparticles in PC phase of the blends and to enhance the dispersion state, various modification strategies have been designed. In summary, we have developed a library of engineered nanoparticles to achieve synergistic attenuation of EM radiation mostly through absorption. For instance, the PC/SAN blends containing MWNTs and rGO-Fe3O4 nanoparticles manifested in exceptional EMI shielding, well above required shielding effectiveness value for most of the commercial applications, essentially through absorption. Taken together, the finding suggests that immiscible blends containing MWNTs and the decoration of magnetic nanoparticles (rGO-Fe3O4) on the surface of reduced graphene oxide sheets can be utilized to engineer high-performance EMI shielding materials with exceptional absorption ability.

Le travail présenté porte sur l’étude de la résistance à la rayure d’un vernis acrylate liquide à 100% d’extrait sec et photo-réticulable, en fonction des conditions de réticulation et d’application. Ce vernis est destiné à être appliqué sur des substrats thermoplastiques. Une première étude réalisée sur support polycarbonate a permis de mettre en évidence l’interaction entre le supporte et les monomères du vernis. La photo-polymérisation nécessite une source de rayonnement UV afin de former le réseau 3D. L’évolution de l’énergie (dose UV) et de la puissance (pic d’irradiance UV) a été décrite en fonction des différents paramètres de réglages (vitesse de défilement et position de l’échantillon sous la lampe, distance entre ces deux derniers, focalisation du rayonnement,). La résistance à la rayure des revêtements a été caractérisée par le test de microscratch qui permet de mettre en évidence la transition ductile/fragile, ainsi que le comportement élastique du système feuil/substrat et donne une information sur le travail d’adhésion, selon le mode de rupture. Ces analyses ont été complétées par la mesure du taux de conversion. Le réglage du rayonnement UV permet de modifier les propriétés finales du revêtement. Il existe également un lien entre l’angle d’incidence du rayonnement, l’épaisseur de vernis, et un préchauffage des matériaux avant l’application ou la réticulation, sur le taux de conversion et la résistance mécanique du film. La rhéologie du vernis, en vue d’une application au bol rotatif avec effet électrostatique, a été étudiée. Nous avons montré l’influence du chauffage du vernis sur la viscosité. Les essais en conditions semi-industrielles ont permis de mettre en évidence les paramètres procédés impactant l’aspect et le tendu de la pièce. / This research aimed to study the impact of the application and the curing process conditions on the UV-cured coating properties. The UV formulation is a high solid content clear-coat, containing acrylates oligomer and monomers, and developed for thermoplastics substrate, to protect them against scratches. The characterization of the coating and the polycarbonate substrate showed the interaction between the two polymers. UV irradiation is the key to create the polymer network. Several parameters can affect the evolution of its energy and intensity: the conveyor speed, the position of the sample under the bulb, the distance between the last two, and the focalisation of the UV rays. The coating is then analysed in terms of scratch resistance, by the microscratch test. This test gives information about the ductile/brittle transition, the elastic behaviour and the adhesion work. It is completed by the reticulation rate measure. These properties can be modified by the UV radiation setting and the process conditions, like the angle of the support, the coating thickness, and the thermic pre-treatment of the materials before the application or the curing. The clear coat is aimed to be sprayed by electrostatic rotary deposition. The study of the rheological behaviour of the liquid coating showed an impact of the heating on its viscosity. Semi-industrials tests allowed highlighting the process parameters in order to improve the coating levelling and appearance.

Une étude expérimentale du vieillissement des matériaux vitreux,<br />basée sur l'analogie entre verres de spin et verres structuraux, a<br />été réalisée en introduisant une température effective Teff<br />pour ces systèmes faiblement hors équilibre. Cette nouvelle<br />observable se mesure via le rapport fluctuation dissipation.<br /><br />La mesure de Teff sur les propriétés diélectriques d'un verre<br />polymérique (polycarbonate) après une trempe sous la température<br />de transition vitreuse montre que le théorème fluctuation<br />dissipation est fortement violé. L'amplitude et la persistance<br />dans le temps de cette violation sont des fonctions décroissantes<br />de la fréquence. Autour de 1 Hz, elle persiste plusieurs heures.<br />L'origine de la violation semble être due à une dynamique<br />fortement intermittente caractérisée par de grandes fluctuations.<br />Cette intermittence semble dépendre de la vitesse de trempe et de<br />la température d'arrêt. Une interprétation théorique basée sur le<br />modèle en piège permet de rendre compte de cette dynamique.<br /><br />Un comportement intermittent très similaire a été observé pour un<br />verre colloïdal (Laponite) pendant la transition de l'état liquide<br />à l'état solide alors qu'aucune violation ou intermittence n'ont<br />été observées après une trempe lente réalisée sur un autre verre<br />polymérique, le poly(méthyl méthacrylate) (PMMA).<br /><br />Nous présentons également une mesure mécanique préliminaire de la<br />relation fluctuation dissipation sur une tige de polycarbonate à<br />l'aide d'un interféromètre de Nomarski à deux bras.

No description available.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un procédé de recyclage de mélanges ABS-PC issus des Déchets d'Equipements Electriques et Electroniques (DEEE) réels capable de s'affranchir des contraintes liées au recyclage des polymères.Ces contraintes sont liées, entre autre, à la présence d'impuretés (autres polymères) après l'étape de tri et au procédé de remise en forme. L'influence de la présence d'impureté dans un alliage ABS-PC sur ces propriétés mécaniques (résistance au choc et traction) a donc été étudiée en s'appuyant sur des observations morphologiques. Il s'est avéré que la présence d'impureté non miscible conduit à la dégradation des propriétés mécaniques de l'ABS-PC. L'ajout de compatibilisants a été étudié afin de masquer l'effet de l'impureté. Il a ainsi été montré que l'amélioration de la résilience du mélange (ABS-PC/impureté) est intimement liée à la modification de la morphologie et à la nature de l'adhésion aux interfaces. Il a ensuite été constaté que l'optimisation des paramètres de mise en oeuvre engendre une modification de la morphologie. Cette modification peut entrainer une augmentation de la résistance au choc.Ces deux méthodes ont ensuite été appliquées à un mélange d'ABS-PC ignifugé issu des DEEE contenant une impureté. L'ajout de compatibilisant et de la modification des paramètres de mise en oeuvre améliore la résilience. En revanche, cela a un effet néfaste sur le comportement au feu de l'alliage ABS-PC ignifugé.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Ramos Stellin Malagrino.pdf: 4441654 bytes, checksum: 6ca4cb745da024c77c96b57a51ae6f04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-26 / Polycarbonate, an amorphous engineering polymer, has excellent mechanical strength and although it s good chemical resistance, its interaction with some types of alkali and some organic solvents is weak. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of the inclusion of nanometric particle size of natural sodium clay (named Nanolite) and sodium clay treated with quaternary ammonium salt (named Cloisite 15A) in resin processing in order to investigate the variations in chemical properties, transparency and molecular structure. The characterization of nanocomposite was performed using methods of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Molar Mass Characterization by Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Melt Flow Rate (MFR), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Chemical Resistance obtained by the contact angle technique / Fowkes method. Optical, thermal, physical and chemical testing indicated that the molecular structure of PC after the inclusion of clays remained unchanged showing no irreversible degradation. The analysis of chemical resistance through the contact angle method showed significant improvement in the surface free energy of the nanocomposites when using the organoclay (Cloisite 15A) and partial improvement when used natural sodium clay (Nanolite). The decrease in surface free energy, indicates a likely improvement in the chemical resistance of the nanocomposites. / O Policarbonato, polímero de engenharia de estrutura amorfa, possui excelente resistência mecânica, e embora possua boa resistência química, deixa a desejar no que se refere ao contato com alguns tipos de álcalis e solventes orgânicos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi de estudar comparativamente o efeito da inclusão de partículas nanométricas de argila sódica natural (Nanolite) e argila sódica tratada com sal quaternário de amônio (Cloisite 15A), no processamento da resina a fim de investigar as variações ocorridas nas propriedades químicas e consequentemente, na transparência e estrutura molecular. A caracterização do nanocompósito foi realizada por meio de métodos de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), massa molar calculada pela equação de Mark-Houwink-Sakurada, Calorimetria Diferencial por Varredura (DSC), Índice de Fluidez (IF), Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Difração de Raios X (DRX) e Resistência Química calculada através da técnica de ângulo de contato / método de Fowkes. Os ensaios óticos, térmicos, físicos e químicos indicaram que a estrutura molecular do PC após a inclusão das argilas permaneceu inalterada, sem degradação irreversível. A análise da resistência química através do método de ângulo de contato apresentou significativa melhora na energia livre superficial dos nanocompósitos quando utilizada a argila organofílica (Cloisite 15A) e, melhora parcial quando utilizada a argila sódica natural (Nanolite). A queda da energia livre superficial, indica que existe uma provável melhora na resistência química dos nanocompósitos.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un procédé de recyclage de mélanges ABS-PC issus des Déchets d’Equipements Electriques et Electroniques (DEEE) réels capable de s’affranchir des contraintes liées au recyclage des polymères.Ces contraintes sont liées, entre autre, à la présence d’impuretés (autres polymères) après l'étape de tri et au procédé de remise en forme. L’influence de la présence d’impureté dans un alliage ABS-PC sur ces propriétés mécaniques (résistance au choc et traction) a donc été étudiée en s’appuyant sur des observations morphologiques. Il s’est avéré que la présence d’impureté non miscible conduit à la dégradation des propriétés mécaniques de l’ABS-PC. L’ajout de compatibilisants a été étudié afin de masquer l’effet de l’impureté. Il a ainsi été montré que l’amélioration de la résilience du mélange (ABS-PC/impureté) est intimement liée à la modification de la morphologie et à la nature de l’adhésion aux interfaces. Il a ensuite été constaté que l’optimisation des paramètres de mise en oeuvre engendre une modification de la morphologie. Cette modification peut entrainer une augmentation de la résistance au choc.Ces deux méthodes ont ensuite été appliquées à un mélange d’ABS-PC ignifugé issu des DEEE contenant une impureté. L’ajout de compatibilisant et de la modification des paramètres de mise en oeuvre améliore la résilience. En revanche, cela a un effet néfaste sur le comportement au feu de l’alliage ABS-PC ignifugé. / The aim of this PhD work was to propose a recycling process method of PC-ABS blend from real Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment deposit (WEEE) deposits. This recycling process has to be able to overcome the problematic related to polymer recycling.The main constraints about recycling process are the presence of polymeric impurities after sorting step as well as mechanical reprocessing (extrusion and injection molded). Firstly, the effect of impurities on the mechanical properties (tensile and impact strength) and morphology (SEM, TEM) of PC-ABS blends have been studied. The presence of immiscible impurity deteriorates the mechanical properties of PC-ABS. The addition of an appropriate compatibilizer enhances the interface between PC-ABS and the impurity. The compatibilizer improves the impact strength and changes the morphology of this blend. Secondly, the optimization of injection molding parameters generates a change in morphology. This change leads to an increase of the impact strength.Both methods were applied to a flame retardant PC-ABS from WEEE with an impurity. The addition of a compatibilizer and the modification of injection molding parameters improve the impact strength. The presences of an impurity and a compatibilizer have a negative effect on the flame retardant properties of the PC-ABS blend

Polyethylene (PE) resins being non-polar in nature and having a high degree of crystallinity have limited miscibility and compatibility when blended with polar polymers. The miscibility and compatibility of these blends are generally worsened when they are prepared by direct injection moulding without a precompounding process. Such situations are commonly encountered in particular by polymer converters when blending colour and/or additive concentrates, commonly known as masterbatches. Typically, masterbatches are mixtures containing high loading of pigments and/or additives predispersed in a suitable solid vehicle (commonly known as carrier) such as a polyethylene resin. These masterbatches are usually used for the colouration of a wide range of polymers and the carrier used must therefore be compatible with these matrix (host) polymers. The preliminary stage of this study involved the investigation of the properties of blends based on high density polyethylene (HDPE) and a range of engineering thermoplastics (ABS, PC, PBT, PA6), prepared by injection moulding. Five different types of compatibilisers namely, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, ethylene-methyl acrylate (EMA) copolymer, ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate (E-GMA) copolymer, ethylene-methyl acrylateglycidyl methacrylate (E-MA-GMA) terpolymer and maleic anhydride grafted HDPE (HDPE-g-MAH) copolymer were evaluated with respect to their efficiencies in compatibilising HDPE with the four engineering polymers. The pre-compounded HDPE/compatibiliser binary blends at 2 different blend ratios (1:1 and 3:1) were added at 15 wt% concentration to each engineering thermoplastics and test samples were produced directly by injection moulding. Results of mechanical testing and characterisation of the blends showed that glycidyl methacrylate compatibilisers, E-MA-GMA, in particular have the most universal compatibilising effectiveness for a range of engineering thermoplastics including ABS, PC, PBT, and PA6. Blends compatibilised with E-MA-GMA compatibiliser had the best notched impact performance irrespective of matrix polymer type. The presence of an acrylic ester (methyl acrylate) comonomer in E-MA-GMA resulted in increased polarity of the ii compatibiliser leading to improved miscibility with the polar matrix polymers demonstrated by fine blend morphologies, melting point depression and reduction in crystallinity of the HDPE dispersed phase. The second stage of this study involved the reactive modification of HDPE using a low molecular weight di-functional solid diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy resin compatibilised with HDPE-g-MAH in an attempt to improve its compatibility with ABS, PBT and PA6. The maleic anhydride moieties in HDPE-g-MAH served as reactive sites for anchoring the epoxy moieties while the HDPE backbone was miscible with the HDPE resin. An excessive amount of reactive groups resulted in the formation of crosslinked gels while the addition of EVA co-compatibiliser helped in the reduction of gel content and further improved the dispersion of the epoxy. The effectiveness of epoxy grafted HDPE (with and without EVA co-compatibiliser) in compatibilising ABS/HDPE, PBT/HDPE, and PA6/HDPE was investigated by injection moulding of 5 wt% functionalised HDPE with these matrix polymers into test bars for mechanical testing, and characterisation by differential scanning calorimtery (DSC) and optical microscopy. The reactively functionalised HDPE blends, improved the mechanical properties of ABS and PA6 blends especially with EVA as co-compatibiliser. However, the mechanical properties of PBT blends were unmodified by the functionalised HDPE which was believed to be due to end-capping of the PBT chain-ends by ungrafted epoxy resins.

The theme of my diploma thesis is reconstruction of old exhibition hall “B” of BVV Trade Fairs Brno which is located at Křižkovského street near BVV gate no. 4. The exhibition hall is converted to multifunctional sports hall. This function is result of complex urban analysis, which was theme of winter semester thesis of the academic year 2017/2018. The exhibition hall gets a new curtain wall facade. Curtain wall sustains of steel construction and semi-transparent polycarbonate panels. The study converts rooms according to new usage of the hall. There are smaller halls for indoor sports, dividable central hall, tribunes, bars, locker rooms, roof wellness and outdoor multifunctional playgrounds at the roof of the hall. The study takes advantage of uncommon technical solutions of the hall. For example bridge crane which is newly used as carrying construction for LED multimedia cube.