Neste trabalho analisamos e propomos a utilização de TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) nativo canalizado/estruturado em redes PON (Passive Optical Network) com padrão GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network), com ênfase na estrutura de transmissão do legado das redes de telefonia. O objetivo principal é obter um aumento na eficiência de banda transmitida através da fragmentação de sinais E1 sem que seja necessário o uso de técnicas de emulação de circuito (que reduzem a eficiência de banda devido à adição de cabeçalhos). Inicialmente, é descrito o transporte TDM em redes GPON, como efetuado pelos equipamentos comerciais atuais através de duas técnicas: CES - Circuit Emulation Service e TDM nativo não estruturado. Em seguida, é introduzido o conceito de comutação digital visando sua aplicação no transporte TDM nativo estruturado em redes GPON. Nesta etapa, é proposta uma solução para este transporte, é descrito o protocolo utilizado bem como seu funcionamento. Por fim, como prova de conceito, é apresentada uma implementação em HDL (Hardware Description Language) para FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). / In this work we analyze and propose the use of native channeled /structured TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) in GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network), with emphasis on the structure for transmission of the telephone network legacy. The main target is to achieve an increase in transmitted bandwidth efficiency by fragmenting E1 signals, thus avoiding the use of circuit emulation techniques (which reduce the bandwidth efficiency due to overhead addition). Initially, it is described in TDM transport in GPON networks, as it is performed in present commercial equipment by two techniques: CES - Circuit Emulation Service and Native TDM - unstructured. Next, we introduce the concepts of digital switching aiming its application on the transport of native and structured TDM in GPON. At this stage, we propose a transport solution, describe its protocol and functionalities. Finally, for concept proof, we present an implementation in HDL (Hardware Description Language) meant to FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) application.

The thesis focuses on the optical access networks and deals with the issue of transmission parameters of the physical layer, their negative impact on the quality of the services parameters and the possibilities of reducing their effect using the polarization multiplexing. The first and second chapter describe the theoretical background necessary for understanding the subsequent parts. The third chapter contains the practical part of the thesis. At first the optical routes in the Czech Republic in terms of polarization mode dispersion, which is together with insertion loss the main limiting parameter of high-speed optical networks, are evaluated. In the following part the measuring of the temperature changes effects on the polarization mode dispersion of the passive components and the effect of temperature changes to the polarization multiplexed signal are evaluated. To double the bandwidth and reduce the influence of polarization mode dispersion on the quality of services, the two simulation models of optical access networks using polarization multiplexing were carried out. These theoretical outputs were verified by the practical measurements in the laboratory and subsequently on the real optical route. Finally, a draft of the broadband optical access network based on wavelength and polarization multiplexing was designed based on obtained knowledge.

Wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) can meet growing bandwidth demand in access network by providing high bandwidth to the end users. Failure in the access network is becoming critical as a large volume of traffic might be affected. Therefore, an effective supervision mechanism to detect and localize the fault is required to shorten the service interruption time. Meanwhile, open access provides a certain freedom for end users to choose the service and hence boosts competition among service/network providers. On the other hand, to offer open access in WDM-PON could result in a substantial change on architectural design, e.g., multiple feeder fibers (FFs) instead of a single one may be required to connect different service/network providers. Consequently, the traditional supervision mechanisms don’t work properly in open WDM-PON. To fill in this gap, several fault supervision mechanisms to support open access in WDMPON are proposed in this thesis. They can be applied to both disjoint and co-located FF layout where the choice of providers is done through wavelength selection. The feasibility of such solutions has been validated by evaluating transmission performance. We have carried out simulations in VPItransmissionMaker for different deployment scenarios. The results have confirmed that no significant degradation of the transmission performance is introduced by the proposed monitoring schemes compared to the benchmark, where no any fault supervision method is implemented.

Hintergrund: Bei der Herzinsuffizienz mit erhaltener Ejektionsfraktion (HFpEF) handelt es sich um ein komplexes Krankheitsbild, das mit steigenden Hospitalisierungsraten an immer zunehmender Bedeutung im Gesundheitssystem gewinnt. Trotz hoher Mortalitätsraten hat sich keine Standardtherapie etabliert und bisher existieren keine erfolgreichen Behandlungsmaßnahmen. Zudem macht die HFpEF die Hälfte aller Herzinsuffizienzfälle aus, was die Zweckmäßigkeit der Erforschung einer effektiven Therapie hervorhebt. Als ein der entscheidenden Faktoren in der Pathophysiologie der Erkrankung wird die endotheliale Störung gestellt. Mit Reduktion der NO-Bioverfügbarkeit im Endothelium führt die endotheliale Störung zur LV -Versteifung mit diastolischer Dysfunktion des Herzens. Das körperliche Training und daraus resultierende Scherkräfte im Blutgefäß triggern eine HDL-vermittelte Stickstoffmonoxid Synthese. Die vasodilatative, eNOS-steigernde Funktion des HDL kann bei Herzinsuffizienten gestört sein. Eine entsprechende Trainingsmodalität könnte sich jedoch als Endothelium-schützend zeigen. Fragestellung: Ziel dieser Dissertation ist die Erforschung, ob die HDL-Funktion von Patienten mit HFpEF durch das Hochintensive Intervalltraining (90-95 % der maximalen HF) oder Moderat-Intensives Kontinuierliches Ausdauertraining (60-70 % der maximalen HF) beeinflussbar ist. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen stehen die HDL-gesteuerte eNOS- Funktion (Funktion der endothelialen Stickstoffmonoxid-Synthase), die durch die Phosphorylierung an unterschiedlichen Aminosäureresten im Molekül ausgewertet wird, die PON-1 Aktivität (Paraoxonase-1), die für anti-oxidative Rolle des HDL spricht, sowie die Konzentrationen von TBARS (Thiobarbitursäure-reaktive Substanzen), die als Indikatoren der gesteigerten Lipidperoxidation dienen. Material und Methoden: Um die Fragen zu klären, wurden die Probanden in drei Gruppen randomisiert: 1) HIIT (Hochintensives Intervalltraining), 2) MCT (Moderat-Intensives Kontinuierliches Ausdauertraining) und 3) CG (Kontrollgruppe). Vor, während und nach den verschiedenen Trainingsinterventionen wurde das HDL durch Ultrazentrifugation aus dem Blutserum der Probanden isoliert. Im Anschluss daran erfolgte die Inkubation der gewonnenen HDL-Isolate mit humanen Aortenendothelzellen. Mittels Western Blot wurde die HDL-induzierte eNOS-Phosphorylierung an der aktivierenden Position Ser1177 (die zur Steigerung der eNOS-Aktivität führt) und an der deaktivierenden Position Thr 495 (die zur Hemmung der eNOS-Aktivität führt) ermittelt. Aktivierende Phosphorylierung der eNOS geht mit einer gesteigerten NO-Produktion einher. Zur Klärung, wie weit modifizierbar die Endothelium-schützende Rolle des HDL ist und welche Korrelationen damit einhergehen, wurde anti-oxidative Funktion des HDL gemessen. Dazu diente die Messung der Aktivität des assoziierten Enzymes - Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), das die Lipoproteine vor oxidativer Modifikation schützt. Die protektive Eigenschaft des HDL lässt sich unter anderem durch reaktive Sauerstoffspezies modifizieren. Die reduzierte PON-1 Aktivität kann mit gesteigerter Lipidperoxidation mit daraus entstehenden Fettsäure-Radikale einhergehen. Als Indikator wurde in der vorliegenden Studie die Konzentration an Thiobarbitursäure- reaktiver Substanzen (TBARS) gemessen. Ergebnisse/ Beobachtungen: Durch das körperliche Training konnte man einen Anstieg der eNOS-Phosphorylierung an Ser1177 hervorrufen. Nach dem ersten supervidierten Teil des HIIT kam es zu einer signifikanten HDL-induzierten eNOS-Phosphorylierung an Ser 1177. Weder nach HIIT noch nach MCT konnte jedoch ein signifikanter Rückgang der eNOS Phosphorylierung an der deaktivierenden Position Thr495 festgestellt werden. Bei der Betrachtung der eNOS-Phosphorylierung in der MCT- und Kontrollgruppe fielen keine signifikanten Unterschiede auf. Bei HIIT Probanden ergaben sich signifikant erhöhte Werte von PON-1 Aktivität sowohl im Serum als auch im HDL. In MCT- und Kontrollgruppe konnten hingegen keine signifikante Steigerung der PON-1 Aktivität nachgewiesen werden. Bei der Betrachtung von erhobenen Daten dieser Arbeit fallen erhöhte Werte von TBARS- Konzentrationen bei allen Probanden auf. Es kam allerdings zu keinen signifikanten Unterschieden nach den Trainingsinterventionen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die vorliegende Studie liefert die Erkenntnisse, dass das Hochintensive Intervalltraining eine signifikant gesteigerte HDL-vermittelte eNOS Phosphorylierung, die ebenfalls mit signifikant erhöhter PON-1 Aktivität einhergeht, bei HFpEF-Erkrankten induziert. Ferner aus den erhobenen Daten lässt sich ableiten, dass die Compliance bei allen Probandengruppe jeweils höher während eines überwachten Trainings als während einer home-basierten Intervention war. Insgesamt kann man daraus spekulieren, dass HIIT eine verbesserte endotheliale Funktion des HDL hervorrufen könnte und eine mögliche effektive Therapiemethode der HFpEF in Zukunft darstellen würde. Eine Nutzung dieser Methode bleibt offen und bedarf weiterer Forschungen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis I Tabellenverzeichnis IV Abbildungsverzeichnis V Abkürzungsverzeichnis VI 1 Einleitung 3 1.1 Die Herzinsuffizienz mit erhaltener Ejektionsfraktion 3 1.1.1 Definition der Herzinsuffizienz, Klinisches Bild, Einteilung nach der Pathophysiologie 3 1.1.2 Epidemiologie der HFpEF 3 1.1.3 Pathomechanismus der HFpEF 4 1.1.4 HFpEF vs. HFrEF 11 1.1.5 Diagnose der HFpEF 12 1.1.6 Behandlungsmöglichkeiten 12 1.2 Körperliches Training 14 1.2.1 Belastungsintoleranz bei HFpEF 14 1.2.2 Hochintensives Intervalltraining (HIIT) und Moderat-Intensives Kontinuierliches Ausdauertraining (MCT) 15 1.3 High density lipoproteins 16 1.3.1 HDL bei Herzinsuffizienz 16 1.3.2 Funktionen und Bedeutung von HDL-Partikeln 17 1.4 Zielsetzung und Fragestellung 19 2 Material 20 2.1 Serum 20 2.2 Zellkulturmaterial 20 2.3 Kulturmedium 20 2.4 Chemikalien und Lösungen 20 2.5 Färbelösungen 20 2.6 Antikörper 20 2.7 Chemilumineszenz 20 2.8 Sonstige Materialien 21 2.9 Geräte 21 2.10 Software 21 3 Methoden 22 3.1 Studiendesign 22 3.2 Trainingsintervention 23 3.3 Isolation des HDL 24 3.3.1 Vorarbeiten 24 3.3.2 HDL Isolation 24 3.3.3 HDL Aufreinigung 25 3.4 Bestimmung der Proteinkonzentration nach der BCA-Methode 25 3.5 Stimulation der Zellen 26 3.6 Western Blot 26 3.7 Gelelektrophorese 27 3.8 Proteintransfer 28 3.9 Immundetektion 29 3.10 Chemilumineszenz 29 3.11 PON-1 Aktivität 30 3.12 TBARS 30 3.13 Statistische Analyse 30 4 Ergebnisse 31 4.1 Charakterisierung der Patienten 31 4.2 Patientendaten 32 4.3 Qualität des isolierten HDL 38 4.4 Die HDL-induzierte eNOS-Phosphorylierung 40 4.5 Aktivität der Paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) 44 4.6 TBARS-Konzentration im Serum 47 5 Diskussion 49 5.1 Hauptaussagen 49 5.1.1 Endotheliale Effekte des Trainings via HDL 50 5.1.2 Trainingsmodalitäten als potentielle Therapie 52 5.1.3 Denkbarer molekularer Mechanismus für die Regulation von endothelialen Funktionen des HDL 55 5.1.4 Quantitative vs. qualitative Auswertung der HDL Funktion 57 5.1.5 Unterschiede bei der Einhaltung der verschiedenen Trainingsprotokollen 59 5.1.6 Ausblick für zukünftige Forschungsarbeiten 61 5.1.7 Studienlimitationen 63 6 Zusammenfassung 65 7 Summary 67 8 Literaturverzeichnis 69 9 Anlage 1 88 10 Anlage 2 89 11 Curriculum vitae 90 12 Danksagung 91 Tabellenverzeichnis Tabelle 1: Reagenzien zur Vorbereitung eines 8 % und 12 % SDS-Polyacrylamidgels 27 Tabelle 2: Die verwendeten Antikörper zur Detektion der Proteine 29 Tabelle 3: Patientendaten zu Beginn der Studie -V1 32 Tabelle 4: Patientendaten zu den Zeitpunkten V1, V2, V3 33 Tabelle 5: Medikation 34 Tabelle 6: Lipidprofil 36 Tabelle 7: Ergospirometrie 37 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Pathomechanismus der myokardialen Dysfunktion (übernommen aus Paulus & Tschöpe, 2013) 6 Abbildung 2: Entstehung der myokardialen Dysfunktion durch Veränderungen innerhalb extrazellulärer Matrix und Kardiomyozyten bei Übergewicht und Diabetes mellitus (DM) 7 Abbildung 3: Komorbiditäten bei HFpEF als Trigger für diastolische Dysfunktion 9 Abbildung 4: NO Synthese als Antwort auf Shear Stress 10 Abbildung 5: Schematische Darstellung, wie ein körperliches Training das Krankheitsfortschreiten sowie HDL-induzierte NO-Produktion beeinflusst (übernommen aus Adams et al., 2013) 18 Abbildung 6: Studiendesign 22 Abbildung 7: Trainingsprotokoll, MCT-Moderat-Intensives Kontinuierliches Ausdauertraining, HIIT- Hochintensives Intervalltraining, HRpeak- maximale Herzfrequenz (übernommen aus Suchy et al., 2014) 23 Abbildung 8: Positionieren der Kanülenspitze und Entnahme des HDL 25 Abbildung 9: SDS-Page nach Färbung mit Coomassie-Blau zum Nachweis von HDL mit Größenmarker, BSA-Standard und den HDL-Proben (10 μg, 20 μg und 30 μg des Proteins) 38 Abbildung 10: Die Immundetektion der gebundenen Antikörper Apo-Protein A 1 durch eine Chemilumineszenz-Reaktion mit Größenmarker (M) zum Nachweis von HDL. Apo-AI, das Hauptprotein des HDL, mit einer Molekülgröße von 28 kDa wurde in 1,95 μg, 0,99 μg, 0,5 μg und 0,099 μg des HDL-Isolates identifiziert 39 Abbildung 11: Die eNOS-Phosphorylierung an Ser1177 zu den Zeitpunkten V1, V2, V3 bei der HIIT-(C), MCT-(B) und CG-Gruppe-(A) 40 Abbildung 12: Die eNOS-Phosphorylierung an Thr495 zu den Zeitpunkten V1, V2, V3 bei der HIIT-(F), MCT-(E) und CG-Gruppe(D) 42 Abbildung 13: Aktivität der Paraoxonase-1 im HDL 45 Abbildung 14: Aktivität der Paraoxonase-1 im Serum 46 Abbildung 15: TBARS-Konzentration im Serum [μmol/l] 48 / Background: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex disease. Due to its increasing hospitalization rates, HFpEF is gaining importance in the healthcare system. Despite the high mortality rate, there is no successful treatment procedure and no standard therapy has been established. Moreover, HFpEF makes up half of all heart failure cases, which underlines the usefulness of finding the effective therapy. One of the determining factors of HFpEF pathophysiology is endothelial dysfunction. The reduction of NO-bioavailability in endothelium and consequently endothelial dysfunction provides to LV stiffness and diastolic dysfunction of the heart. The exercise training triggers shear stress inside the blood vessels and results in HDL-mediated nitric oxide synthesis. In heart failure patients, the eNOS-increasing and vasodilative function of HDL can be impaired. However, a suitable training modality could work as endothelium-protective. Aims: The present doctoral thesis aims to investigate the influence of high-intensity interval training (peak HR 90-95%) and moderate-intensity continuous training (peak HR 60-70%) on the function of HDL by HFpEF patients. This study focuses on HDL-regulated eNOS function (function of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis), which is evaluated by phosphorylation of different aminoacids residues in the molecule. Furthermore, we determined the activity of PON-1 (paraoxonase-1), which speaks of the antioxidative role of HDL, as well the concentration of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), which indicate increased lipid peroxidation. Material and methods: To clarify the questions, the probands were randomized to three groups: 1) HIIT (high-intensity interval training, 2) MCT (moderate-intensity continuous training) and 3) CG (control group). Before, during, and after different training interventions the HDL was isolated from the blood serum of probands by ultracentrifugation. Further, the HDL isolates were incubated with human aortic endothelial cells. The HDL-induced eNOS phosphorylation at the activating position Ser1177 (which results in increased activity of eNOS) and deactivating Thr495 (which results in inhibition of eNOS activity) were assessed by western blotting. The activated phosphorylation of eNOS leads to increased NO production. Subsequently, to investigate how modifiable the endothelial-protective role of HDL is and to find the possible correlation, the antioxidative function of HDL was evaluated. The latter was assessed by measuring the activity of the associated enzyme PON-1 (paraoxonase-1), which protects the lipoproteins against oxidative modifications. The protective property of HDL might be among others modified by reactive oxygen species. The reduced activity of PON-1 can be associated with increased lipid peroxidation and therefrom resulting fatty acids radicals. In this study, the amount of fatty acids radicals was indicated by the concentration of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances). Results and observations: Exercise training can increase phosphorylation at Ser1177. Indeed, the first supervised part of HIIT resulted in a significant increase of HDL-induced eNOS-Phosphorylation at Ser1177. However, neither after HIIT nor after MCT any significant decline of eNOS phosphorylation at deactivated position Thr495 could be demonstrated. Regarding the eNOS phosphorylation after MCT and in CG, no significant changes were observed. Furthermore, significantly increased activity of PON-1 in serum as well as in HDL was observed after HIIT. But, neither in MCT nor in the control group any significant increase in PON-1 activity was observed. The increased concentration of TBARS was detected in all groups. After the interventions, no significant differences concerning the concentration of TBARS were demonstrated in any group. Conclusions: High-intensity interval training by HFpEF patients results in increased HDL- induced eNOS phosphorylation, which is accompanied by significantly increased activity of PON-1. Therefore, we can speculate that HIIT could enhance the endothelial function of HDL and would be in the future one of the possible effective treatment methods for HFpEF. Furthermore, this study derives that compliance in all groups was higher during the supervised training than during home-based intervention. Eventually, the usefulness of HIIT in clinical settings requires further investigation.:Inhaltsverzeichnis I Tabellenverzeichnis IV Abbildungsverzeichnis V Abkürzungsverzeichnis VI 1 Einleitung 3 1.1 Die Herzinsuffizienz mit erhaltener Ejektionsfraktion 3 1.1.1 Definition der Herzinsuffizienz, Klinisches Bild, Einteilung nach der Pathophysiologie 3 1.1.2 Epidemiologie der HFpEF 3 1.1.3 Pathomechanismus der HFpEF 4 1.1.4 HFpEF vs. HFrEF 11 1.1.5 Diagnose der HFpEF 12 1.1.6 Behandlungsmöglichkeiten 12 1.2 Körperliches Training 14 1.2.1 Belastungsintoleranz bei HFpEF 14 1.2.2 Hochintensives Intervalltraining (HIIT) und Moderat-Intensives Kontinuierliches Ausdauertraining (MCT) 15 1.3 High density lipoproteins 16 1.3.1 HDL bei Herzinsuffizienz 16 1.3.2 Funktionen und Bedeutung von HDL-Partikeln 17 1.4 Zielsetzung und Fragestellung 19 2 Material 20 2.1 Serum 20 2.2 Zellkulturmaterial 20 2.3 Kulturmedium 20 2.4 Chemikalien und Lösungen 20 2.5 Färbelösungen 20 2.6 Antikörper 20 2.7 Chemilumineszenz 20 2.8 Sonstige Materialien 21 2.9 Geräte 21 2.10 Software 21 3 Methoden 22 3.1 Studiendesign 22 3.2 Trainingsintervention 23 3.3 Isolation des HDL 24 3.3.1 Vorarbeiten 24 3.3.2 HDL Isolation 24 3.3.3 HDL Aufreinigung 25 3.4 Bestimmung der Proteinkonzentration nach der BCA-Methode 25 3.5 Stimulation der Zellen 26 3.6 Western Blot 26 3.7 Gelelektrophorese 27 3.8 Proteintransfer 28 3.9 Immundetektion 29 3.10 Chemilumineszenz 29 3.11 PON-1 Aktivität 30 3.12 TBARS 30 3.13 Statistische Analyse 30 4 Ergebnisse 31 4.1 Charakterisierung der Patienten 31 4.2 Patientendaten 32 4.3 Qualität des isolierten HDL 38 4.4 Die HDL-induzierte eNOS-Phosphorylierung 40 4.5 Aktivität der Paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) 44 4.6 TBARS-Konzentration im Serum 47 5 Diskussion 49 5.1 Hauptaussagen 49 5.1.1 Endotheliale Effekte des Trainings via HDL 50 5.1.2 Trainingsmodalitäten als potentielle Therapie 52 5.1.3 Denkbarer molekularer Mechanismus für die Regulation von endothelialen Funktionen des HDL 55 5.1.4 Quantitative vs. qualitative Auswertung der HDL Funktion 57 5.1.5 Unterschiede bei der Einhaltung der verschiedenen Trainingsprotokollen 59 5.1.6 Ausblick für zukünftige Forschungsarbeiten 61 5.1.7 Studienlimitationen 63 6 Zusammenfassung 65 7 Summary 67 8 Literaturverzeichnis 69 9 Anlage 1 88 10 Anlage 2 89 11 Curriculum vitae 90 12 Danksagung 91 Tabellenverzeichnis Tabelle 1: Reagenzien zur Vorbereitung eines 8 % und 12 % SDS-Polyacrylamidgels 27 Tabelle 2: Die verwendeten Antikörper zur Detektion der Proteine 29 Tabelle 3: Patientendaten zu Beginn der Studie -V1 32 Tabelle 4: Patientendaten zu den Zeitpunkten V1, V2, V3 33 Tabelle 5: Medikation 34 Tabelle 6: Lipidprofil 36 Tabelle 7: Ergospirometrie 37 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Pathomechanismus der myokardialen Dysfunktion (übernommen aus Paulus & Tschöpe, 2013) 6 Abbildung 2: Entstehung der myokardialen Dysfunktion durch Veränderungen innerhalb extrazellulärer Matrix und Kardiomyozyten bei Übergewicht und Diabetes mellitus (DM) 7 Abbildung 3: Komorbiditäten bei HFpEF als Trigger für diastolische Dysfunktion 9 Abbildung 4: NO Synthese als Antwort auf Shear Stress 10 Abbildung 5: Schematische Darstellung, wie ein körperliches Training das Krankheitsfortschreiten sowie HDL-induzierte NO-Produktion beeinflusst (übernommen aus Adams et al., 2013) 18 Abbildung 6: Studiendesign 22 Abbildung 7: Trainingsprotokoll, MCT-Moderat-Intensives Kontinuierliches Ausdauertraining, HIIT- Hochintensives Intervalltraining, HRpeak- maximale Herzfrequenz (übernommen aus Suchy et al., 2014) 23 Abbildung 8: Positionieren der Kanülenspitze und Entnahme des HDL 25 Abbildung 9: SDS-Page nach Färbung mit Coomassie-Blau zum Nachweis von HDL mit Größenmarker, BSA-Standard und den HDL-Proben (10 μg, 20 μg und 30 μg des Proteins) 38 Abbildung 10: Die Immundetektion der gebundenen Antikörper Apo-Protein A 1 durch eine Chemilumineszenz-Reaktion mit Größenmarker (M) zum Nachweis von HDL. Apo-AI, das Hauptprotein des HDL, mit einer Molekülgröße von 28 kDa wurde in 1,95 μg, 0,99 μg, 0,5 μg und 0,099 μg des HDL-Isolates identifiziert 39 Abbildung 11: Die eNOS-Phosphorylierung an Ser1177 zu den Zeitpunkten V1, V2, V3 bei der HIIT-(C), MCT-(B) und CG-Gruppe-(A) 40 Abbildung 12: Die eNOS-Phosphorylierung an Thr495 zu den Zeitpunkten V1, V2, V3 bei der HIIT-(F), MCT-(E) und CG-Gruppe(D) 42 Abbildung 13: Aktivität der Paraoxonase-1 im HDL 45 Abbildung 14: Aktivität der Paraoxonase-1 im Serum 46 Abbildung 15: TBARS-Konzentration im Serum [μmol/l] 48

Stress, burn-out, dépression ou encore « risques psychosociaux », sont autant de catégories qui servent aujourd'hui à désigner les multiples formes de souffrances psychiques liées à l’activité professionnelle. Les maux de l’esprit ne sont toutefois pas un phénomène récent. Ils ont au contraire pris des formes et des significations variables selon les époques. Ils ont fait l’objet de traitements hétérogènes.Qu’en est-il alors du travail ? À partir de quand, dans quelles circonstances et pour quelles raisons a-t-il pu être appréhendé comme une source de souffrance psychique ? Comment ces souffrances ont-elles été dénoncées ? À l’inverse, comment rendre compte de l’invisibilité sociale des effets du travail sur la santé mentale des travailleurs ? Quel rôle les syndicats, chargés de représenter et de défendre les salariés et leur santé, ont-ils pu jouer dans cette histoire ? On a aujourd’hui peu de réponses à ces questions. C’est cette histoire que cette thèse souhaite retracer à partir d’une attention particulière aux organisations syndicales. Les syndicalistes, en tant que représentants des travailleurs, sont en effet appelés à jouer un rôle de premier plan dans la préservation de leur santé et l’amélioration de leurs conditions de travail. Notre recherche se centre pour cela sur l’activité de deux confédérations syndicales, la CGT et la CFDT, aux origines, à l’histoire et au positionnement politique et dans le champ syndical différents. Nous prêtons plus particulièrement attention au rôle joué par les conseillers confédéraux, ces acteurs de l’ombre chargés de décliner les politiques confédérales.La CFDT comme la CGT, n’ont jamais abandonné le terrain des conditions de travail, sur lequel des permanents ont toujours été en responsabilité. Cependant, ce sujet, souvent porté par des militants aux trajectoires et au profil atypiques dans l’espace syndical, n’a que rarement constitué une priorité politique. Par ailleurs, le thème de la santé psychique a été pris en charge dès 1954 à la CGT et dès sa création par la CFDT, dix ans plus tard. Néanmoins, il a fait l’objet d’une prise en charge intermittente jusqu’au tournant des années 2000. Cette thèse éclaire ainsi les ressorts et les dynamiques de prise en charge et d’occultation des enjeux de santé psychique, qui tiennent à la fois aux modalités d’organisation et de division du travail au sein des confédérations syndicales, aux parcours et à la socialisation des militants en responsabilité et à leur inscription dans des réseaux militants et scientifiques. Elle resitue les pratiques des responsables confédéraux dans les évolutions des savoirs et du cadre juridique de la santé en analysant leur rôle dans la visibilité sociale des souffrances psychiques et dans leur prise en charge syndicale. / Stress, burn-out, depression or even "psychosocial risks" are all categories which today serve to designate the multiple forms of psychological suffering linked to professional activity. The ills of the mind, however, are not a recent phenomenon. On the contrary, they have taken on forms and meanings that vary throughout history.So what about work? From when, under what circumstances and for what reasons could he be apprehended as a source of psychological suffering? How were these sufferings denounced? On the contrary, how can we explain the social invisibility of the effects of work on workers' mental health? What role did the trade unions, responsible for representing and defending employees and their health, play in this story? Today, we have few answers to these questions. It is this history that this thesis wishes to trace from a particular attention to trade union organizations. Trade unionists, as workers' representatives, are called upon to play a leading role in safeguarding their health and improving their working conditions. Our research focuses on the activity of two trade union confederations, the CGT and the CFDT, with different origins, history and political positioning and in the trade union field. We pay particular attention to the role played by the confederal counselors, the actors in charge of implementing confederal policies.Both the CFDT and the CGT have never abandoned the field of working conditions, on which permanent staff have always been in charge. However, this subject, often carried by militants with atypical trajectories and profiles in the trade union space, has only rarely been a political priority. In addition, the theme of mental health was taken up by the CGT in 1954 and by the CFDT ten years later. Nevertheless, it was the subject of intermittent management until the turn of the 2000s. This thesis thus sheds light on the dynamics and dynamics of taking charge of and concealing the stakes of psychological health, which are linked both to the methods of organisation and division of labour within the trade union confederations, to the careers and socialisation of activists in responsibility and to their inclusion in militant and scientific networks. It situates the practices of confederal officials in the evolution of knowledge and the legal framework of health by analysing their role in the social visibility of psychological suffering and in their trade union care.

Nas topologias de redes WDM-PON (Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network) baseadas em transmissores colorless, isto é, transmissores que possam operar em uma grande gama de comprimentos de onda, que empreguem técnica de auto-alimentação e reuso de comprimento de onda, tem despertado grande interesse devido a sua comprovada eficiência, granularidade e custo reduzido em relação às alternativas. Entretanto, o alcance destas redes é limitado pelo emprego de remodulação, devido a dependência existente com a qualidade dos sinais a serem remodulados. Neste cenário, mantendo-se uma melhor relação custo-benefício, taxas de operação típicas são da ordem de 1,25, e 2,5 Gb/s (20 quilômetros). Neste trabalho é investigada uma nova topologia que combina as técnicas de auto-alimentação e reuso de comprimento de onda, bem como, utiliza um circuito de dupla cavidade óptica, possibilitando um reforço no apagamento óptico e manutenção do estado da polarização no percurso de recirculação da cavidade externa, objetivando uma melhora na qualidade dos sinais a serem remodulados, possibilitando altas taxas de transmissão e um maior alcance da rede. Nesta topologia, amplificadores ópticos semicondutores refletivos são utilizados como transmissores colorless, por meio da emissão espontânea amplificada, garantido assim uma redução no custo da rede óptica de acesso. Como metodologia adotada, inicialmente foram realizadas caracterizações ópticas no ambiente de simulação, validação da palheta configurada no simulador com resultados experimentais e avaliações da topologia em taxas simétricas de 1,25 Gb/s. Ademais, são conduzidas análises comparativas entre a topologia proposta frente a topologias disponíveis na literatura no estado da arte. Com os resultados obtidos, acredita-se que essa proposta atende aos requisitos de capacidade agregada e custo reduzido, podendo alcançar taxas de transmissão de até 10 Gb/s utilizando transmissores de baixa complexidade, características essenciais para impulsionar a implementação de redes de acesso óptico. / WDM-PON topologies based on colorless transmitters employing self-seeding and wavelength-reuse techniques have attracted a great deal of interest because of its well known efficiency, granularity and reduced cost, when compared to other alternatives in the literature. Nevertheless, the network reach is limited by the use of remodulation scheme. Maintaining an adequate cost-benefit relation requires typical operating rates of the order of 1.25 Gb/s to 2.5 Gb/s over 20 km of SSMF. In the above framework, we investigate a new topology which combines self-seeding and wavelength-reuse techniques, but also employs a scheme to reinforce the data erasure in the optical carrier, simultaneously providing state of polarization (SOP) maintenance in the external cavity recirculation path. The proposed configuration improves the quality of the signals to be remodulated, thus allowing high rate and broader reach. Specifically, in our work, reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers are employed as colorless transmitters, by using their own amplified spontaneous emission as a seed to provide the optical carrier. Optical analysis were performed in a simulation environment, including self-seeding layout validation by comparison to experimental results at the symmetric transmission rate of 1.25 Gb/s. Next, comparative analysis are conducted between the topology proposed in this work and topologies in the state of the art, found in the literature. According to the results, we believed that the proposal meets the requirements of aggregate capacity and reduced cost, being able to reach transmission rates of up to 10 Gb/s by using transmitters of low complexity, essential features to drive optical access networks implementation.

Η επιθυμία του ανθρώπου για ποιοτική και αδιάκοπη επικοινωνία, έχει ωθήσει την τεχνολογία να κάνει άλματα εξέλιξης. Η συνεχής ανάπτυξη των απαιτήσεων των χρηστών των τηλεπικοινωνιακών δικτύων, καθιστά αναγκαία την ανανέωση των τεχνολογιών και ιδιαίτερα την αύξηση του παρεχόμενου εύρους ζώνης, ώστε να συμβαδίζει με τις ανάγκες τους. Γι’αυτό το λόγο τα τελευταία χρόνια έχουν εμφανιστεί οι οπτικές ίνες, που με τα πλεονεκτήματα που παρουσιάζουν, κερδίζουν ολοένα και περισσότερο τις αγορές και τους καταναλωτές. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική παρουσιάζονται τα πλεονεκτήματα και οι τεχνολογίες που χρησιμοποιεί ένα δίκτυο βασισμένο σε οπτικές ίνες (παθητικό οπτικό δίκτυο – PON). Εξετάζεται τόσο η τεχνολογία TDMA, όσο και η WDMA στα PONs. Η μελέτη γίνεται πάνω στο πρότυπο ΕΡΟΝ (Ethernet-PON), που ορίστηκε ως το καταλληλότερο συγκριτικά με άλλα παρόμοιά του. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, εξετάζεται η διάθεση εύρους ζώνης στο ανοδικό κανάλι (από τον χρήστη προς το τηλεπικοινωνιακό κέντρο) στα συστήματα ΕΡΟΝ και τι αποτελέσματα και συμπεράσματα μπορούν να ληφθούν. Αρχικά, αναφέρεται μια προηγούμενη μελέτη ενός ΕΡΟΝ η οποία κάνει χρήση του αλγορίθμου IPACT, της περιορισμένης υπηρεσίας (limited service) του αλγορίθμου και υποστηρίζει μονοδιάστατη ανοδική κίνηση δεδομένων. Το δίκτυο ΕΡΟΝ μοντελοποιείται και προσφέρει αποτελέσματα ύστερα από μαθηματική ανάλυση με χρήση της γλώσσας προγραμματισμού C, καθώς και αποτελέσματα με τη χρήση της γλώσσας προσομοίωσης SIMSCRIPT II.5. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφεται και μοντελοποιείται ένα δίκτυο ΕΡΟΝ που κάνει χρήση της σταθερής υπηρεσίας (fixed service) του αλγορίθμου IPACT και υποστηρίζει πολλαπλές κατηγορίες υπηρεσιών ανοδικής κίνησης δεδομένων με διαφορετικές προτεραιότητες. Και σε αυτή την περίπτωση, το δίκτυο ΕΡΟΝ προσφέρει αποτελέσματα τόσο από ένα αναλυτικό μοντέλο, όσο και από ένα μοντέλο προσομοίωσης. Τέλος, περιγράφεται και μοντελοποιείται ένα δίκτυο όμοιο με το προηγούμενο δίκτυο ΕΡΟΝ, με τη διαφορά να έγκειται στη χρήση της τεχνολογίας WDM στο ΕΡΟΝ. Η μελέτη σε αυτό το τμήμα της εργασίας γίνεται με χρήση επίσης της σταθερής υπηρεσίας (fixed service) του αλγορίθμου IPACT και υποστηρίζει πολλαπλές κατηγορίες υπηρεσιών ανοδικής κίνησης δεδομένων με διαφορετικές προτεραιότητες. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο επιτυγχάνεται μια σημαντική αύξηση του διαθέσιμου εύρους ζώνης του ανοδικού καναλιού που προσφέρεται στους χρήστες. Για άλλη μια φορά παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα ύστερα από ανάλυση και προσομοίωση του μοντέλου, με χρήση, όπως και προηγουμένως, της γλώσσας προγραμματισμού C και της γλώσσας προσομοίωσης SIMSCRIPT II.5. Τα συμπεράσματα που εξάγονται, ύστερα από τις παραπάνω μελέτες, είναι άξια προσοχής. / In the past few years technology, in the communication field, has made great progress due to the fact that people desire more and more good quality of service. The continuous demand for development of the subscribers using the telecommunication services, necessitates the technological renewal and especially the increase of the available bandwidth. For this reason, optical fibers have appeared in the networking field and they are becoming more known by the users and in the market every day. In this dissertation the advantages and the technologies a network, based on optical fiber uses, are presented. An optical fiber network it is also called Passive Optical Network (PON). The TDMA (Time Division Multiplexing Access) and WDMA (Wavelength Division Multiplexing Access) technologies are examined. The study is based on an EPON (Ethernet-PON) standard, which was chosen as the most suitable among others. More specifically, the available upstream (from the users to the Central Office) bandwidth in an EPON model and the results that can be deduced are examined. In the beginning, a previous study of an EPON which uses the IPACT (Interleaved Polling with Cycle Time) algorithm is reported. The EPON network uses the limited service of the IPACT algorithm and supports a single rate. A specific model of an EPON network is studied and results using the C programming language and the simulation language SIMSCRIPT II.5 are given. Moreover, an EPON network which uses the fixed service of the IPACT algorithm which supports a multi-rate upstream with different priorities is described and modeled. In this case as well, the EPON model network gives results based on analysis and simulation. In the end, a same EPON network, as the one described before, is studied and modeled having as a difference that a WDM technology is used. The fixed service of the IPACT algorithm is used and a multi-rate upstream with different priorities are supported again. With this different technology, an important increase in the available upstream bandwidth which is provided to the users is accomplished. Once again, the results are presented after an analysis and a simulation of the model, using the programming language C and the simulation language SIMISCRIPT II.5. The extracted results which the models can offer are worthy of attention.

Nas topologias de redes WDM-PON (Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network) baseadas em transmissores colorless, isto é, transmissores que possam operar em uma grande gama de comprimentos de onda, que empreguem técnica de auto-alimentação e reuso de comprimento de onda, tem despertado grande interesse devido a sua comprovada eficiência, granularidade e custo reduzido em relação às alternativas. Entretanto, o alcance destas redes é limitado pelo emprego de remodulação, devido a dependência existente com a qualidade dos sinais a serem remodulados. Neste cenário, mantendo-se uma melhor relação custo-benefício, taxas de operação típicas são da ordem de 1,25, e 2,5 Gb/s (20 quilômetros). Neste trabalho é investigada uma nova topologia que combina as técnicas de auto-alimentação e reuso de comprimento de onda, bem como, utiliza um circuito de dupla cavidade óptica, possibilitando um reforço no apagamento óptico e manutenção do estado da polarização no percurso de recirculação da cavidade externa, objetivando uma melhora na qualidade dos sinais a serem remodulados, possibilitando altas taxas de transmissão e um maior alcance da rede. Nesta topologia, amplificadores ópticos semicondutores refletivos são utilizados como transmissores colorless, por meio da emissão espontânea amplificada, garantido assim uma redução no custo da rede óptica de acesso. Como metodologia adotada, inicialmente foram realizadas caracterizações ópticas no ambiente de simulação, validação da palheta configurada no simulador com resultados experimentais e avaliações da topologia em taxas simétricas de 1,25 Gb/s. Ademais, são conduzidas análises comparativas entre a topologia proposta frente a topologias disponíveis na literatura no estado da arte. Com os resultados obtidos, acredita-se que essa proposta atende aos requisitos de capacidade agregada e custo reduzido, podendo alcançar taxas de transmissão de até 10 Gb/s utilizando transmissores de baixa complexidade, características essenciais para impulsionar a implementação de redes de acesso óptico. / WDM-PON topologies based on colorless transmitters employing self-seeding and wavelength-reuse techniques have attracted a great deal of interest because of its well known efficiency, granularity and reduced cost, when compared to other alternatives in the literature. Nevertheless, the network reach is limited by the use of remodulation scheme. Maintaining an adequate cost-benefit relation requires typical operating rates of the order of 1.25 Gb/s to 2.5 Gb/s over 20 km of SSMF. In the above framework, we investigate a new topology which combines self-seeding and wavelength-reuse techniques, but also employs a scheme to reinforce the data erasure in the optical carrier, simultaneously providing state of polarization (SOP) maintenance in the external cavity recirculation path. The proposed configuration improves the quality of the signals to be remodulated, thus allowing high rate and broader reach. Specifically, in our work, reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers are employed as colorless transmitters, by using their own amplified spontaneous emission as a seed to provide the optical carrier. Optical analysis were performed in a simulation environment, including self-seeding layout validation by comparison to experimental results at the symmetric transmission rate of 1.25 Gb/s. Next, comparative analysis are conducted between the topology proposed in this work and topologies in the state of the art, found in the literature. According to the results, we believed that the proposal meets the requirements of aggregate capacity and reduced cost, being able to reach transmission rates of up to 10 Gb/s by using transmitters of low complexity, essential features to drive optical access networks implementation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:38:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Moderno de Carvalho.pdf: 2212181 bytes, checksum: 274e2da279304668d738afe9e3483c45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-06 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / By adopting a ring topology and optical switches we propose a novel protection mechanism for time division multiplexed passive optical network (TDM-PON) that provides resilience against multiple network fails. Some protection schemes have been proposed in order to give resilience for passive optical network (PON) as defined at ITU-T Recommendation G983.1. However that recommendation defines the optical distribution network (ODN) and equipment duplication to protect it against multiple points of fail. We propose a ring topology with dual fibers paths capable to protect the network by switching these lines individually according to the local alarms detected by each optical network unit (ONU). According to our proposal neither equipment nor network should be duplicated to provide survivability to the system. / Adotando uma topologia em anel e chaves ópticas, estamos propondo um novo mecanismo de proteção para redes ópticas passivas TDM (Time Division Multiplexed) que possibilita a proteção da rede contra múltiplos pontos de falha. Muitos esquemas de proteção foram propostos para dar confiabilidade para as redes ópticas passivas como definido pela recomendação ITUT G.983.1. Para permitir proteção contra múltiplos pontos de falhas a recomendação ITU-T define a duplicação da rede óptica (ODN) e equipamento. Apresentamos, então, uma topologia em anel com dois caminhos ópticos distintos protegendo a rede pela comutação individual destas linhas de acordo com a detecção de alarmes locais por cada Optical Network Unit (ONU). Conforme nossa proposta, nem o equipamento ou a rede precisam ser duplicadas para prover proteção do sistema.

This thesis deals with DBA algorithms used in XG-PON networks. It describes reference appearance of the DBA algorithm, as well as, three specific DBA algorithms discussed in professional articles. Particularly speaking about GIANT, HYRA and modified Max-Min Fair DBA. The thesis provides description of frames utilized by DBA algorithms in XG-PON networks, specifically XGEM frame and XGTC frames. The thesis also presents a simulation tester of DBA algorithms tested on a virtual XG-PON network. Finally, it contains the results of testing these DBA algorithms with a description.