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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Comportamento alimentar de nudibrânquios no litoral do Rio de Janeiro (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia, Doridacea) / Feeding behavior of dorids nudibranchs in the coast of Rio de Janeiro (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia, Doridacea)

Thalita Dionisio Belmonte 30 April 2014 (has links)
Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Os nudibrânquios gastrópodes são carnívoros e muitas espécies têm dietas especializadas, consumindo uma única ou poucas espécies de esponjas marinhas. No Brasil não existe, até o momento, nenhum estudo específico sobre a ecologia das espécies de nudibrânquios abordando qualquer interação com outros grupos de animais marinhos. Também não existem estudos sobre ensaios biológicos que avaliem o comportamento alimentar e a mediação química existente entre os nudibrânquios e suas presas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) registrar in situ a predação de nudibrânquios doridáceos sobre esponjas marinhas no litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, identificar as espécies envolvidas, e comparar com os padrões de alimentação observados em outras regiões do mundo e b) avaliar o comportamento de quimiotaxia positiva de nudibrânquios em relação às suas presas. Observações sobre a dieta dos nudibrânquios foram realizadas através de mergulhos livres ou autônomos e o comportamento destes em relação às esponjas foi registrado. Um total de 139 observações foram realizadas em 15 espécies de nudibrânquios doridáceos: Felimida binza; Felimida paulomarcioi; Felimare lajensis; Tyrinna evelinae; Cadlina rumia; Diaulula greeleyi; Discodoris evelinae; Geitodoris pusae; Jorunna spazzola; Jorunna spongiosa; Rostanga byga; Taringa telopia; Doris kyolis; Dendrodoris krebsii e Tayuva hummelincki. A predação foi confirmada em 89 (64%) das 139 observações e em 12 (80%) das 15 espécies de nudibrânquios. A principal interação ecológica existente entre os nudibrânquios e as esponjas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro é a de consumo (predação). Em laboratório, o comportamento alimentar das espécies Cadlina rumia e Tyrinna evelinae foi avaliado em ensaios de preferência com dupla escolha oferecendo esponjas frescas. Experimentos de oferta de esponjas vivas, pó de esponjas liofilizadas e extratos brutos orgânicos das esponjas foram utilizados para investigar se a percepção dos moluscos às suas presas é modulada por sinais químicos. O nudibrânquio Cadlina rumia não consumiu nenhuma das esponjas oferecidas, mas detectou o sinal químico das esponjas vivas, e não detectou o sinal químico da esponja Dysidea etheria, liofilizada em pó, incorporada em alimentos artificiais. Tyrinna evelinae detectou o sinal químico da esponja D. etheria oferecida de duas maneiras diferentes: viva e liofilizada em pó. Foi confirmada em laboratório, a predação in situ da esponja D. etheria pelo nudibrânquio T. evelinae, constituindo o primeiro registro de predação observado in situ e in vitro para o gênero Tyrinna. De uma maneira geral, os resultados das observações de campo corroboram os padrões de alimentação observados em outras regiões do mundo e as esponjas da Classe Demospongiae são recursos fundamentais para a dieta dos nudibrânquios doridáceos no Rio de Janeiro. A sinalização química e a taxia positiva foi evidente para o nudibrânquio que possui dieta mais especializada, Tyrinna evelinae, e não para aquele que se alimenta de várias esponjas, Cadlina rumia. / Nudibranch gastropods are carnivores and many species have very specialized diets, preying on a single or a few species of marine sponges. Up to date, there is no specific study on the ecology of Brazilian nudibranch species addressing any interaction with other groups of marine animals. There are also no studies on biological assays to evaluate the feeding behavior and chemical mediation between nudibranchs and their preys. The objectives of this research were: a) to record in situ predation of dorid nudibranchs in Rio de Janeiro State, through identification of the species involved and compare to patterns of predation observed in other regions, and b) to evaluate the behavior of chemical attraction of nudibranchs in relation to their preys. Observations on the diet of dorid nudibranchs were made by free or SCUBA diving and their behavior in relation to the sponges were record. A total of 139 observations were made on 15 dorid nudibranchs species: Felimida binza; Felimida paulomarcioi; Felimare lajensis; Tyrinna evelinae; Cadlina rumia; Diaulula greeleyi; Discodoris evelinae; Geitodoris pusae; Jorunna spazzola; Jorunna spongiosa; Rostanga byga; Taringa telopia; Doris kyolis; Dendrodoris krebsii and Tayuva hummelincki. The predation was confirmed for 89 (64%) out of 139 observations and 12 (80%) out of 15 dorid nudibranch species. Predation is the main ecological interaction between dorids and sponges in Rio de Janeiro. In laboratory conditions, the feeding behavior of Cadlina rumia and Tyrinna evelinae were evaluated in double choice preference assay being offered fresh sponges. Assays of fresh sponges, powder of lyophilized sponges and crude extract of sponges were made to investigate whether the nudibranch perception to their preys is modulated by chemical signs. Cadlina rumia has not consumed any offered sponges, although detected the chemical signals of fresh sponges. Cadlina rumia has not detected the chemical signal from lyophilized sponges incorporated into artificial foods. Tyrinna evelinae detected the chemical signal from the sponge Dysidea etheria offered in two different ways: fresh and lyophilized. The in situ predation of T. evelinae on D. etheria was confirmed through laboratory assays. Our results are the first direct observations of in situ and in vitro feeding activity by any species of Tyrinna. In general, the results of field observations corroborated the feeding patterns observed in other regions. Demosponges are a very important source of food for Brazilian dorid nudibranchs. Chemical signaling and the positive taxis was evident for the nudibranch that has more specialized diet, Tyrinna evelinae, and not for one who feeds on various sponges, Cadlina rumia.
12

Poluentes marinhos como fatores de estresse em esponjas e mexilhões / Marine pollutants as stressors in sponges and mussels

Dayane Sereno Baêta Rodrigues 22 July 2011 (has links)
A biota marinha está exposta a uma elevada quantidade de substâncias tóxicas que podem causar graves problemas ao ambiente. As esponjas (Porifera) e os mexilhões (Mollusca) por serem sésseis e filtradores são utilizados como bioindicadores de poluição. A experimentação com aquários permite a realização de ensaios controlados, acompanhamento da resposta a diversos poluentes, concentrações e tempo de exposição. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: I). avaliar a imunocompetência através da expressão de proteínas do sistema imune Fator Inflamatório de Enxerto AIF -1 e pP38 por teste de ELISA (do inglês, Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) em esponjas expostas a poluentes, II) acompanhar a expressão das proteínas AIF-1 e pP38 nas cinco espécies de esponjas marinhas: Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766), Chondrilla aff. nucula Schimidt, 1862, Dysidea robusta Vilanova e Muricy 2001, Polymastia janeirensis (Boury-Esnault, 1973) e Hymeniacidon heliophila (Parker, 1910) após exposição a lipopolisacarídeo (LPS) de E. Coli III) avaliar a expressão das proteínas AIF-1 e pP38 nas espécies C. aff. nucula e P. janeirensis após exposição a dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) IV) avaliar a mortalidade de mexilhões quando expostos ao dispersante Triton X-100 e esgoto doméstico in natura. Os resultados indicam que as esponjas A. fulva, C. aff. nucula, D. robusta e P. janeirensis expostas a 20 μg/mL de LPS por 30 minutos, uma, três, 24 e 48 horas apresentaram aumento de expressão da proteína AIF-1 em relação ao controle, com diferentes tempos de resposta para cada espécie. A esponja H. heliophila exposta a 30 μg/mL de LPS apresentou diferença significativa na expressão de AIF-1 em relação ao controle na exposição por 30 min, uma, quatro, 24 e 48 horas. Contudo, não houve diferença significativa na expressão de outra proteína, a quinase pP38, nesses ensaios. As esponjas C. aff. nucula e P. janeirensis foram expostas a 0,25 mg/L de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) por 24 e 48 horas. C. aff. nucula apresentou aumento da expressão de AIF -1 quando comparada ao controle em 24 e 48 horas, mas para P. janeirensis não houve diferença significativa. Os mexilhões Perna perna foram expostos a poluentes de duas maneiras a detergente Triton X-100 0,10 g/L por três, seis, 12 e 18 horas que induziu diferença significativa na mortalidade em seis, 12 e 18 horas em comparação com o controle e a a esgoto doméstico in natura diluído na proporção de 1:50 não houve mortalidade no tratamento ou no controle. A variação da expressão da proteína AIF-1 observada nas cinco espécies de esponjas marinhas confirma a utilização dessa proteína como eficiente biomarcador de estresse. Os mexilhões foram bons bioindicadores da poluição por detergente. / Marine biota is constantly exposed to several toxic substances which may cause severe environmental problems. Sponges (Porifera) and mussels (Mollusca) are often used as pollution bioindicators mainly due to their sessile and filter feeding habits. Laboratory experiments using aquaria enable the performance of controlled assays, following the various responses of animals to different concentrations and types of pollutants, besides of exposure time. The aims of this study were: I) evaluate the immunocompetence using proteins of the immune system Allograph Inflammatory Factor (AIF-1) and Pp38 by ELISA Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay in sponges exposure to pollutants II) evaluate the expression of AIF-1 and pP38 at the five species of marine sponges Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766), Chondrilla aff. nucula Schimidt, 1862, Dysidea robusta Vilanova e Muricy 2001, Polymastia janeirensis (Boury-Esnault, 1973) e Hymeniacidon heliophila (Parker, 1910) after exposure to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) III) evaluate the expression of AIF-1 and pP38 in C. aff. nucula and P. janeirensis after exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) IV) evaluate the mortality of mussel Perna perna after exposed to detergent Triton X-100 and domestic sewage The results indicate that A. fulva, C. aff. nucula, D. robusta and P.janeirensis sponges exposed to 20 μg/mL of E. coli LPS during 30 minutes, one, three, 24 and 48 hours presented an increase in AIF-1 expression when compared to controls, at different response times for each species. The sponge H. heliophila exposed to 30 μg/mL of LPS presented a significant difference in the expression of AIF-1 compared to control, in short (30 min, one four hours) and long (24 and 48 hours) time exposure assays, but there were no significant difference in the expression of pP38 protein in any of the assays. Sponges C. aff. nucula and P. janeirensis were exposed to 0.25 mg/L of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for 24 and 48 hours. C aff. nucula showed increased expression of AIF-1 when compared to the control at 24 and 48 hours. For P. janeirensis there were no significant difference between treatments and controls. Perna perna mussels were exposed to pollutants in two assays. The animals were exposed to the detergent Triton X-100 0.10 g/L for three, six, 12 and 18 hours. There were significant differences in mortality in six, 12 and 18 hours. The mussels were also exposed to domestic sewage diluted in 1:50 proportion. This assay did not induce mortality in the treatment and control. The variation in the expression of AIF-1 protein observed in five species of the marine sponges confirms the efficient use of this protein as a stress biomarker. It was demonstrated that mussels are good bioindicators of detergent pollution.
13

Comportamento alimentar de nudibrânquios no litoral do Rio de Janeiro (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia, Doridacea) / Feeding behavior of dorids nudibranchs in the coast of Rio de Janeiro (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia, Doridacea)

Thalita Dionisio Belmonte 30 April 2014 (has links)
Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Os nudibrânquios gastrópodes são carnívoros e muitas espécies têm dietas especializadas, consumindo uma única ou poucas espécies de esponjas marinhas. No Brasil não existe, até o momento, nenhum estudo específico sobre a ecologia das espécies de nudibrânquios abordando qualquer interação com outros grupos de animais marinhos. Também não existem estudos sobre ensaios biológicos que avaliem o comportamento alimentar e a mediação química existente entre os nudibrânquios e suas presas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) registrar in situ a predação de nudibrânquios doridáceos sobre esponjas marinhas no litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, identificar as espécies envolvidas, e comparar com os padrões de alimentação observados em outras regiões do mundo e b) avaliar o comportamento de quimiotaxia positiva de nudibrânquios em relação às suas presas. Observações sobre a dieta dos nudibrânquios foram realizadas através de mergulhos livres ou autônomos e o comportamento destes em relação às esponjas foi registrado. Um total de 139 observações foram realizadas em 15 espécies de nudibrânquios doridáceos: Felimida binza; Felimida paulomarcioi; Felimare lajensis; Tyrinna evelinae; Cadlina rumia; Diaulula greeleyi; Discodoris evelinae; Geitodoris pusae; Jorunna spazzola; Jorunna spongiosa; Rostanga byga; Taringa telopia; Doris kyolis; Dendrodoris krebsii e Tayuva hummelincki. A predação foi confirmada em 89 (64%) das 139 observações e em 12 (80%) das 15 espécies de nudibrânquios. A principal interação ecológica existente entre os nudibrânquios e as esponjas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro é a de consumo (predação). Em laboratório, o comportamento alimentar das espécies Cadlina rumia e Tyrinna evelinae foi avaliado em ensaios de preferência com dupla escolha oferecendo esponjas frescas. Experimentos de oferta de esponjas vivas, pó de esponjas liofilizadas e extratos brutos orgânicos das esponjas foram utilizados para investigar se a percepção dos moluscos às suas presas é modulada por sinais químicos. O nudibrânquio Cadlina rumia não consumiu nenhuma das esponjas oferecidas, mas detectou o sinal químico das esponjas vivas, e não detectou o sinal químico da esponja Dysidea etheria, liofilizada em pó, incorporada em alimentos artificiais. Tyrinna evelinae detectou o sinal químico da esponja D. etheria oferecida de duas maneiras diferentes: viva e liofilizada em pó. Foi confirmada em laboratório, a predação in situ da esponja D. etheria pelo nudibrânquio T. evelinae, constituindo o primeiro registro de predação observado in situ e in vitro para o gênero Tyrinna. De uma maneira geral, os resultados das observações de campo corroboram os padrões de alimentação observados em outras regiões do mundo e as esponjas da Classe Demospongiae são recursos fundamentais para a dieta dos nudibrânquios doridáceos no Rio de Janeiro. A sinalização química e a taxia positiva foi evidente para o nudibrânquio que possui dieta mais especializada, Tyrinna evelinae, e não para aquele que se alimenta de várias esponjas, Cadlina rumia. / Nudibranch gastropods are carnivores and many species have very specialized diets, preying on a single or a few species of marine sponges. Up to date, there is no specific study on the ecology of Brazilian nudibranch species addressing any interaction with other groups of marine animals. There are also no studies on biological assays to evaluate the feeding behavior and chemical mediation between nudibranchs and their preys. The objectives of this research were: a) to record in situ predation of dorid nudibranchs in Rio de Janeiro State, through identification of the species involved and compare to patterns of predation observed in other regions, and b) to evaluate the behavior of chemical attraction of nudibranchs in relation to their preys. Observations on the diet of dorid nudibranchs were made by free or SCUBA diving and their behavior in relation to the sponges were record. A total of 139 observations were made on 15 dorid nudibranchs species: Felimida binza; Felimida paulomarcioi; Felimare lajensis; Tyrinna evelinae; Cadlina rumia; Diaulula greeleyi; Discodoris evelinae; Geitodoris pusae; Jorunna spazzola; Jorunna spongiosa; Rostanga byga; Taringa telopia; Doris kyolis; Dendrodoris krebsii and Tayuva hummelincki. The predation was confirmed for 89 (64%) out of 139 observations and 12 (80%) out of 15 dorid nudibranch species. Predation is the main ecological interaction between dorids and sponges in Rio de Janeiro. In laboratory conditions, the feeding behavior of Cadlina rumia and Tyrinna evelinae were evaluated in double choice preference assay being offered fresh sponges. Assays of fresh sponges, powder of lyophilized sponges and crude extract of sponges were made to investigate whether the nudibranch perception to their preys is modulated by chemical signs. Cadlina rumia has not consumed any offered sponges, although detected the chemical signals of fresh sponges. Cadlina rumia has not detected the chemical signal from lyophilized sponges incorporated into artificial foods. Tyrinna evelinae detected the chemical signal from the sponge Dysidea etheria offered in two different ways: fresh and lyophilized. The in situ predation of T. evelinae on D. etheria was confirmed through laboratory assays. Our results are the first direct observations of in situ and in vitro feeding activity by any species of Tyrinna. In general, the results of field observations corroborated the feeding patterns observed in other regions. Demosponges are a very important source of food for Brazilian dorid nudibranchs. Chemical signaling and the positive taxis was evident for the nudibranch that has more specialized diet, Tyrinna evelinae, and not for one who feeds on various sponges, Cadlina rumia.
14

Poluentes marinhos como fatores de estresse em esponjas e mexilhões / Marine pollutants as stressors in sponges and mussels

Dayane Sereno Baêta Rodrigues 22 July 2011 (has links)
A biota marinha está exposta a uma elevada quantidade de substâncias tóxicas que podem causar graves problemas ao ambiente. As esponjas (Porifera) e os mexilhões (Mollusca) por serem sésseis e filtradores são utilizados como bioindicadores de poluição. A experimentação com aquários permite a realização de ensaios controlados, acompanhamento da resposta a diversos poluentes, concentrações e tempo de exposição. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: I). avaliar a imunocompetência através da expressão de proteínas do sistema imune Fator Inflamatório de Enxerto AIF -1 e pP38 por teste de ELISA (do inglês, Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) em esponjas expostas a poluentes, II) acompanhar a expressão das proteínas AIF-1 e pP38 nas cinco espécies de esponjas marinhas: Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766), Chondrilla aff. nucula Schimidt, 1862, Dysidea robusta Vilanova e Muricy 2001, Polymastia janeirensis (Boury-Esnault, 1973) e Hymeniacidon heliophila (Parker, 1910) após exposição a lipopolisacarídeo (LPS) de E. Coli III) avaliar a expressão das proteínas AIF-1 e pP38 nas espécies C. aff. nucula e P. janeirensis após exposição a dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) IV) avaliar a mortalidade de mexilhões quando expostos ao dispersante Triton X-100 e esgoto doméstico in natura. Os resultados indicam que as esponjas A. fulva, C. aff. nucula, D. robusta e P. janeirensis expostas a 20 μg/mL de LPS por 30 minutos, uma, três, 24 e 48 horas apresentaram aumento de expressão da proteína AIF-1 em relação ao controle, com diferentes tempos de resposta para cada espécie. A esponja H. heliophila exposta a 30 μg/mL de LPS apresentou diferença significativa na expressão de AIF-1 em relação ao controle na exposição por 30 min, uma, quatro, 24 e 48 horas. Contudo, não houve diferença significativa na expressão de outra proteína, a quinase pP38, nesses ensaios. As esponjas C. aff. nucula e P. janeirensis foram expostas a 0,25 mg/L de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) por 24 e 48 horas. C. aff. nucula apresentou aumento da expressão de AIF -1 quando comparada ao controle em 24 e 48 horas, mas para P. janeirensis não houve diferença significativa. Os mexilhões Perna perna foram expostos a poluentes de duas maneiras a detergente Triton X-100 0,10 g/L por três, seis, 12 e 18 horas que induziu diferença significativa na mortalidade em seis, 12 e 18 horas em comparação com o controle e a a esgoto doméstico in natura diluído na proporção de 1:50 não houve mortalidade no tratamento ou no controle. A variação da expressão da proteína AIF-1 observada nas cinco espécies de esponjas marinhas confirma a utilização dessa proteína como eficiente biomarcador de estresse. Os mexilhões foram bons bioindicadores da poluição por detergente. / Marine biota is constantly exposed to several toxic substances which may cause severe environmental problems. Sponges (Porifera) and mussels (Mollusca) are often used as pollution bioindicators mainly due to their sessile and filter feeding habits. Laboratory experiments using aquaria enable the performance of controlled assays, following the various responses of animals to different concentrations and types of pollutants, besides of exposure time. The aims of this study were: I) evaluate the immunocompetence using proteins of the immune system Allograph Inflammatory Factor (AIF-1) and Pp38 by ELISA Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay in sponges exposure to pollutants II) evaluate the expression of AIF-1 and pP38 at the five species of marine sponges Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766), Chondrilla aff. nucula Schimidt, 1862, Dysidea robusta Vilanova e Muricy 2001, Polymastia janeirensis (Boury-Esnault, 1973) e Hymeniacidon heliophila (Parker, 1910) after exposure to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) III) evaluate the expression of AIF-1 and pP38 in C. aff. nucula and P. janeirensis after exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) IV) evaluate the mortality of mussel Perna perna after exposed to detergent Triton X-100 and domestic sewage The results indicate that A. fulva, C. aff. nucula, D. robusta and P.janeirensis sponges exposed to 20 μg/mL of E. coli LPS during 30 minutes, one, three, 24 and 48 hours presented an increase in AIF-1 expression when compared to controls, at different response times for each species. The sponge H. heliophila exposed to 30 μg/mL of LPS presented a significant difference in the expression of AIF-1 compared to control, in short (30 min, one four hours) and long (24 and 48 hours) time exposure assays, but there were no significant difference in the expression of pP38 protein in any of the assays. Sponges C. aff. nucula and P. janeirensis were exposed to 0.25 mg/L of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for 24 and 48 hours. C aff. nucula showed increased expression of AIF-1 when compared to the control at 24 and 48 hours. For P. janeirensis there were no significant difference between treatments and controls. Perna perna mussels were exposed to pollutants in two assays. The animals were exposed to the detergent Triton X-100 0.10 g/L for three, six, 12 and 18 hours. There were significant differences in mortality in six, 12 and 18 hours. The mussels were also exposed to domestic sewage diluted in 1:50 proportion. This assay did not induce mortality in the treatment and control. The variation in the expression of AIF-1 protein observed in five species of the marine sponges confirms the efficient use of this protein as a stress biomarker. It was demonstrated that mussels are good bioindicators of detergent pollution.
15

O Complexo Cliona celata Grant, 1826 (Porifera, Demospongiae) na América do Sul: uma abordagem molecular e morfológica / The Cliona celata Grant, 1826 (Porifera, Demospongiae) complex in South America: a molecular and morphologic approach.

Thiago Silva de Paula 18 February 2009 (has links)
Este trabalho visou a averiguação do status taxonômico das esponjas bioerosivas do complexo Cliona celata da América do Sul por meio de técnicas moleculares, utilizando como marcadores a subunidade I da Citocromo c oxidase (cox1) e os Espaçadores Internos Transcritos do RNAr nuclear (ITS1 e ITS2), além de testar outros marcadores. Igualmente, avaliou o grau de variabilidade morfológica encontrado nessas espécies, principalmente por meio da morfometria dos tilóstilos, a fim de estabelecer uma diagnose para elas. Ainda, tentou determinar as relações filogenéticas dessas espécies com as demais esponjas bioerosivas utilizando o gene 28S do RNAr nuclear. Foi possível determinar a existência de cinco clados de esponjas bioerosivas do complexo Cliona celata para a América do Sul, e dois outros clados não-sulamericanos, por meio dos marcadores moleculares utilizados. Embora seja discutida a validade desses clados como espécies distintas, continua impossível, por meio de caracteres morfológicos, distingui-los, e dessa forma, a proposição formal de novas espécies é evitada. Através da reconstrução filogenética do grupo, é possível verificar que as esponjas bioerosivas analisadas se apresentaram como um grupo monofilético, e se separa em três principais clados: Pione, Spirastrellidae, e Clionaidae. Por meio desta, é sugerida a alocação das espécies do complexo C. viridis e C. schimidti dentro de Spirastrella, além de ser necessária a criação de um novo gênero para alocar as espécies do novo complexo identificado aqui, o complexo C. delitrix. / This work intended the validation of the taxonomic status of boring sponges from the Cliona celata complex of South America by molecular techniques, using Cytochrome coxidase, subunit I (cox1), and Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) of rRNA nuclear genes as molecular markers. Additionally, the degree of morphological variation necessary to establisha correct diagnosis for the studied species was evaluated, and additional markers were tested. Finally, a phylogenetic analysis comparing this species with other boring sponges, using the 28S rRNA nuclear gene was carried out. It was possible to point out the existence of five clades of boring sponges from the C. celata complex in South America, and two more from Mexico and Australia. Although these clades can comprise new valide species, no morphological evidence was found to separate them, and thus, no formal species descriptions were presented. Through out phylogenetic analyses it was possible to conclude that boring sponges form a monophyletic group, which can be separated in three clades: Pione, Spirastrellidae, and Clionaidae. This work suggests to allocate C. viridis and C. schimidti species complexes inside Spirastrella, and to create a new genus for the new C. delitrix species complex.
16

The ecology of bioeroding sponges on Caribbean coral reefs

Gonzalez Rivero, Manuel Alejandro January 2011 (has links)
Sponges contribute to large number of functions in coral reef ecosystems. Among these, bioerosion is perhaps one of the most widely studied, largely due to the important contribution of excavating sponges to the carbonate budget on coral reefs (up to 95 % of the total internal bioerosion). Despite our current knowledge, much of the literature is centred on individual-based observations, and little is known about their ecological role and interactions with other reef taxa in complex coral reef systems. The aim of this thesis was to quantify the ecological interactions of bioeroding sponges with major reef taxa by scaling up individual observations to population and ecosystem-based approaches. A cosmopolitan, abundant and highly competitive bioeroding sponge from Glover’s Atoll, Belize (Cliona tenuis) was used as model species. Monitoring of C. tenuis populations throughout 2009 indicated a trade-off between reproduction and growth, with the highest growth rates (31.4 ± 5.6 mm.y–1) occurring in summer, and a peak in reproductive output during winter. Populations typically show strong left-skewed size frequency distributions, mostly represented by juvenile-size individuals (46%), suggesting that regulating mechanisms (e.g. competition and predation) may be acting in constraining the transition of juveniles to adult sizes. Long-term in situ manipulations showed no effect of predation, yet competition with macroalgae significantly reduced the size of the sponge by 38% ± 11% (SE). While C. tenuis exhibit high growth and recruitment rates that could theoretically result in rapid population growth, the likelihood of sponges forming an alternative stable state as reefs sustain greater levels of disturbance is unclear. An analytical modelling approach of the interplay between macroalgae, coral and sponge was used to explore the likelihood of alternate stable states. The results show that irrespective of successful sponge invasion, inclusion of this third antagonist (in the interplay between coral and macroalgae) can qualitatively affect the likelihood of alternative stable state. The model exhibits emergent properties suggestive of intransitivity between the three competing taxa. Despite the potential of C. tenuis to benefit from disturbance, there are few cases in the literature reporting increases in bioeroding sponge abundance followed disturbance. Therefore, regulating mechanisms such as competition with other taxa, recruitment limitation or mortality are expected to exert demographic control on the populations of bioeroding sponges when space limitation is relaxed due to coral mortality. To determine processes regulating sponge populations, an individual-based spatial modelling approach was used to simulate the population dynamics of C. tenuis in a dynamic ecosystem environment. Using an orthogonal hypothesis testing approach, it was found that competition, and to a lesser extend partial mortality of the sponge tissue, largely regulate the population structure of C. tenuis. While reductions in coral cover may temporarily favour the rapid colonization by sponges, the competitive superiority of macroalgae may steal the opportunity from the opportunists.
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Molecular and functional bases of coordination in early branching metazoans insights from physiology and investigations of potassium channels in the Porifera

Tompkins MacDonald, Gabrielle Jean 11 1900 (has links)
Sponges are filter feeders that lack nerves and muscle but are nonetheless able to respond to changes in the ambient environment to control their feeding current. Cellular sponges undergo coordinated contractions that effectively expel debris. Syncytial sponges propagate action potentials through their tissue, causing immediate flagellar arrest. Understanding the basis of this coordination in sponges is of interest for the insight it provides on mechanisms of coordination in early branching animals. However, when I began this thesis no ion channels had been described from the Porifera. I adopted a multifaceted approach to studying the conduction system of sponges. This included cloning and characterizing potassium channels as a means to understanding the underlying ionic currents, and monitoring regulation of the sponge feeding current in response to environmental stimuli. The latter experiments provided a functional context. The glass sponges Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni and Aphrocallistes vastus arrest feeding in response to mechanical disturbance and to sediment in the incurrent water suggesting a protective role. Monitoring patterns of feeding current arrests also revealed several features of the glass sponge conduction system: pacemaker activity, mechanosensitivity, distinct excitability thresholds, and tolerance to repeated stimuli. With access to the genome of the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica I have also cloned and characterized the first sponge ion channels. Inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels were prioritized for their role in regulating excitability. Kir channels cloned from A. queenslandica shared critical residues and a strong rectifying phenotype with Kir channels typically expressed in excitable cells. A variety of potassium channels from A. queenslandica indicate great diversity and a foundation for coordination at the dawn of the Metazoa / Physiology, Cell and Developmental Biology
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Biological patterns and processes of glass sponge reefs

Chu, Jackson Wing Four 11 1900 (has links)
The glass sponge reefs of western Canada are modern analogues to ancient reefs and are unique habitats requiring conservation. However, the patterns and processes of the glass sponges have not been empirically studied. Here, I characterized the biology of the glass sponges in their reefs. I examined the community structure of the sponges at 3 reefs in the Strait of Georgia (SOG), their role in silica cycling, and the stable isotopes (13C and 15N) of the reef forming sponge Aphrocallistes vastus. Sponges are spatially structured in patches which localize the abundance of other animals. Long term dissolution of spicules is negligible and thus a reef can be considered a silica sink. Lastly, isotope compositions can differentiate populations of A. vastus and depleted carbon signatures at 2 reefs suggest a terrestrial component in their diet. My work represents the biological baseline of 3 glass sponge reefs in the SOG. / Ecology
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Biological patterns and processes of glass sponge reefs

Chu, Jackson Wing Four Unknown Date
No description available.
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Molecular and functional bases of coordination in early branching metazoans – insights from physiology and investigations of potassium channels in the Porifera

Tompkins MacDonald, Gabrielle Jean Unknown Date
No description available.

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