Includes supplemental material. / Insight gained from terrorist attacks, training excercises, and intelligence intercepts over the past few years has shown a renewed interest in the use of mining as an effective means of disrupting commerce and damaging critical infrastructure. In an attempt to develop a system of systems architecture to defeat mines and Maritime IEDs (MIED), the project team developed several system alternatives, or Adaptive Force Packages, that incorporate both existing systems and emerging technologies. Overall performance was assessed using a US Joint Forces Command sponsored wargame simulating an MIED attack on ports based on the geography of Seattle and Tacoma. A critical analysis of the alternatives based on performance, suitability, cost, and risk were carried out. The study results showed that increases in performance are attainable with mixed results in cost and risk, and highlighted necessary actions and considerations that must be taken by military and civilian leaders in order to adequately prepare for and counter MIEDs in U.S. Ports.

The increasing volume of container trade poses formidable security challenges. As a result of terrorist attacks, a variety of compulsory and voluntary security measures have been introduced to enhance and secure maritime container trade. The United States (US) Container Security Initiative (CSI) was claimed to impose serious problems in European Union (EU) ports, and in particular it was claimed to affect EU container port competitiveness due to compliance cost and operational inefficiency. This research aimed to analyse the impact of the CSI on EU container seaport competition. Following an abductive approach, a conceptual model was developed based on the literature review. This directed the design of a Delphi study, which was used to test the opinions of academic, industrial and administrative experts. The Delphi results showed the necessity of implementing maritime security measures integrated into the entire supply chain. The negativity effects of additional costs and operational obstructions are insignificant compared to the overall benefits from a secure supply chain. The CSI is a successful and appropriate maritime security measure. With regard to its effects on the EU container seaport competition, the CSI has not distorted port competition and small ports have not lost market share. It helps the member ports to create new revenue streams and attract more container traffic, hence enhancing their competitiveness. Moreover, it facilitates global trade by reducing total transit time. A model which contains four factors was built to interpret the results of the Delphi research. This model helps to analyse how a maritime security policy will affect the EU port industry. This research also reveals two major issues under the current supply chain security framework, which are the substantial liability problem and unbalanced bilateral relations. A proposal for developing a comprehensive multilateral regime that is fully integrated into the entire supply chain is recommended as a sustainable solution.

This study proposes a framework of simulation tool suites for ports to evaluate their response to disaster crisis and port security policies. The focus is containerized cargos that are imported through ports in the U.S. with final destinations also in the U.S. A crisis, such as a man-made or natural disaster, may cause a delay at the seaport. The down time of ports may result in severe economic losses. Thus, when a seaport cannot normally operate, it is important to minimize the impact caused by the disrupted freight flow. Port security policies also have a significant impact on the port operation efficiency. This model developed in this study evaluates the performance of re-routing strategies under different crisis scenarios and can help the user to find an effective re-routing decision and analyze security policies of a port. This model also analyzes security policies of the simulation port.

O complexo porto/navio constitui-se em uma grande e intrincada rede de relações que abarca, desde manutenção/aprimoramento de instalações físicas até o uso dos mais sofisticados meios de gerenciamento e controle de pessoas e operações. Nesse contexto, as questões de segurança colocam-se como de fundamental importância para os sistemas portuários de vários países. Se isto já era um fato, essas preocupações assumiram maior força depois dos ataques terroristas em 11 de setembro, nos Estados Unidos. A preocupação com a segurança portuária encontrase explicitada em determinações da Organização Marítima Internacional (IMO). Dentre as medidas adotadas o Código Internacional para Proteção de Navios e Instalações Portuárias (Código ISPS ou ISPS Code) assume particular importância nas definições de procedimentos de segurança nos complexos portuários. Vem sendo adotado em cerca de 45 mil embarcações, 15 mil portos e instalações portuárias de 162 países signatários, entre os quais o Brasil.O prazo limite para sua implantação nos países signatários foi 1º de julho de 2004. Para implementar medidas de proteção do ISPS Code, o governo brasileiro aprimorou o Plano de Segurança Pública Portuária Brasileira (PSPP), com o objetivo de adotar medidas para intensificar o controle de cargas, veículos e pessoas na \"interface cais-navio\", como medida preventiva de proteção em função do aumento do risco de atentados terroristas. Além disso, visa melhorar a operação portuária e tornar os portos mais competitivos e seguros para o comércio exterior, setor em que representam peça fundamental na logística das operações. Nesse sentido, as operações portuárias devem ser ágeis, seguras e com fluxo contínuo de informações para garantir o desempenho e competitividade do comércio internacional do País. O transporte marítimo concentra mais de 90% do volume da movimentação de cargas internacionais do País e os portos acumularam, nos últimos anos, grandes investimentos, efetuados principalmente pela iniciativa privada. A junção das determinações do ISPS Code e do Plano de Segurança possibilitou a construção de um modelo de segurança para que os portos não percam cargas por falta de organização, e para garantir que os pontos críticos de segurança não representem obstáculos para o comércio internacional. Para melhor compreensão esta dissertação, detalha analítica e operacionalmente o modelo tecnológico adotado no porto de Santos para atender o sistema de segurança, em função de ser ferramenta fundamental para a organização de setores portuários. O trabalho, inicialmente, apresenta um breve histórico de medidas dirigidas ao setor portuário brasileiro após a extinção da Portobrás, destacando as relações entre normas de segurança internacional e normas brasileiras, definidas na implantação de um plano nacional de segurança de portos. A seguir, dada a complexidade do sistema portuário, são apresentadas as várias entidades que a ele se relacionam. Tendo como foco a segurança dos portos, o trabalho apresenta as várias normas que regulam a questão e analisa as tecnologias implementadas para integração dos vários subsistemas no porto de Santos, esse modelo tecnológico hoje é tido como referencial aos demais portos brasileiros, não devendo nada aos portos estrangeiros. / The complex port-vessel is set up in a really intricate relationship that involves not only maintenance and improvement of the premises, but also the most sophisticated ways of management and control of people and operations. In this context security is the fundamental factor to port systems in many countries. It became even more important after the terrorist attacks on September 11th in the USA. Determinations of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) explicitly showed that concern about port security and the security procedures of the ISPS Code (an international code for the vessel and port protection) were considered particularly important to all ports. About 45 thousands vessels and 15 thousands ports and port equipment of 162 signatory countries, Brazil included, have already been following these code procedures. The deadline for the adoption of this code by these countries was July 1st, 2004. In order to enhance the security elements included in the ISPS Code, the Brazilian government created the PSPP (Plano de Segurança Pública Portuária Brasileira), to implement new rules to intensify cargo, vehicles and people control in the dock-ship area, and also as a protective precaution due to the increasing risk of terrorist attacks. Moreover, all these rules will perfect port operations and make our ports more competitive and secure for foreign trade where the same rules play an important role in logistic operations. That is why port operations must be agile, secure and they must manipulate a fast information system to make the country foreign trade performance trustworthy and competitive. The maritime transportation comprises more than 90% of the amount of the international cargo movement in our country and huge investments have been made in the ports, mostly by private enterprises. The introduction of the ISPS Code and PSPP determination enabled the creation of a system of security which eliminates the risk of cargoes being lost in the port through the lack of organization and guaranteeing an acceptable safety level in all ports. To illustrate and expand on these issues, this essay will show analytical and operational details of the technological pattern of the port of Santos where the new security system is the fundamental tool to the port organization. At first this essay will present a brief summary of rules applicable to Brazilian ports following the elimination of Portobrás. It will point out the relationship between Brazilian and international security rules when they are used in the national level of security of ports. Secondly, due to the intricate port system, many related entities will be introduced. The essay will focus on the security of ports and it will show many rules that control them. It will provide an analysis of all the technologies applied to integrate the inner systems in the port of Santos. This technological pattern is currently the reference standard for other Brazilian ports and meets or exceeds those found in foreign ports.

Following terrorist attacks on twin towers in the USA and Limburg oil tanker in Yemen, theIMO has defined a supplementary chapter and an appendix named ISPS code to its SOLAS,to prevent similar events in maritime transportation. The ISPS code forces the ports, ships andall organizations, who work in marine industry, to keep their security gates more tightly. Thissituation affects involved parties in good and bad ways. Good impacts like increasing insecurity level, efficiency, effectiveness and competitiveness; and bad effects like increasing inannual costs, administration works and manning.This thesis is based on a study that was run by preparing an electronic questionnaire anddistributing among the Swedish ports to get first hand information about the ISPS codeimpacts on port and port activities. Through them it was found that the ISPS code achieved itsmain goal, which it has been described as less smuggling and less theft in Sweden; whileactually the ISPS is an anti terrorism regulation by its nature.On the other hand, the indirect impacts of the code have played an important role in itssuccess; therefore they have been reviewed as well. The ISPS code’s indirect impacts on portscan be summarized as its effects on efficiency, effectiveness, administration cost, serviceprice, profit, competitiveness, service level, customer satisfaction, damage occurring,documentation, manning , lead time and checking process. / Uppsatsnivå: D

O complexo porto/navio constitui-se em uma grande e intrincada rede de relações que abarca, desde manutenção/aprimoramento de instalações físicas até o uso dos mais sofisticados meios de gerenciamento e controle de pessoas e operações. Nesse contexto, as questões de segurança colocam-se como de fundamental importância para os sistemas portuários de vários países. Se isto já era um fato, essas preocupações assumiram maior força depois dos ataques terroristas em 11 de setembro, nos Estados Unidos. A preocupação com a segurança portuária encontrase explicitada em determinações da Organização Marítima Internacional (IMO). Dentre as medidas adotadas o Código Internacional para Proteção de Navios e Instalações Portuárias (Código ISPS ou ISPS Code) assume particular importância nas definições de procedimentos de segurança nos complexos portuários. Vem sendo adotado em cerca de 45 mil embarcações, 15 mil portos e instalações portuárias de 162 países signatários, entre os quais o Brasil.O prazo limite para sua implantação nos países signatários foi 1º de julho de 2004. Para implementar medidas de proteção do ISPS Code, o governo brasileiro aprimorou o Plano de Segurança Pública Portuária Brasileira (PSPP), com o objetivo de adotar medidas para intensificar o controle de cargas, veículos e pessoas na \"interface cais-navio\", como medida preventiva de proteção em função do aumento do risco de atentados terroristas. Além disso, visa melhorar a operação portuária e tornar os portos mais competitivos e seguros para o comércio exterior, setor em que representam peça fundamental na logística das operações. Nesse sentido, as operações portuárias devem ser ágeis, seguras e com fluxo contínuo de informações para garantir o desempenho e competitividade do comércio internacional do País. O transporte marítimo concentra mais de 90% do volume da movimentação de cargas internacionais do País e os portos acumularam, nos últimos anos, grandes investimentos, efetuados principalmente pela iniciativa privada. A junção das determinações do ISPS Code e do Plano de Segurança possibilitou a construção de um modelo de segurança para que os portos não percam cargas por falta de organização, e para garantir que os pontos críticos de segurança não representem obstáculos para o comércio internacional. Para melhor compreensão esta dissertação, detalha analítica e operacionalmente o modelo tecnológico adotado no porto de Santos para atender o sistema de segurança, em função de ser ferramenta fundamental para a organização de setores portuários. O trabalho, inicialmente, apresenta um breve histórico de medidas dirigidas ao setor portuário brasileiro após a extinção da Portobrás, destacando as relações entre normas de segurança internacional e normas brasileiras, definidas na implantação de um plano nacional de segurança de portos. A seguir, dada a complexidade do sistema portuário, são apresentadas as várias entidades que a ele se relacionam. Tendo como foco a segurança dos portos, o trabalho apresenta as várias normas que regulam a questão e analisa as tecnologias implementadas para integração dos vários subsistemas no porto de Santos, esse modelo tecnológico hoje é tido como referencial aos demais portos brasileiros, não devendo nada aos portos estrangeiros. / The complex port-vessel is set up in a really intricate relationship that involves not only maintenance and improvement of the premises, but also the most sophisticated ways of management and control of people and operations. In this context security is the fundamental factor to port systems in many countries. It became even more important after the terrorist attacks on September 11th in the USA. Determinations of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) explicitly showed that concern about port security and the security procedures of the ISPS Code (an international code for the vessel and port protection) were considered particularly important to all ports. About 45 thousands vessels and 15 thousands ports and port equipment of 162 signatory countries, Brazil included, have already been following these code procedures. The deadline for the adoption of this code by these countries was July 1st, 2004. In order to enhance the security elements included in the ISPS Code, the Brazilian government created the PSPP (Plano de Segurança Pública Portuária Brasileira), to implement new rules to intensify cargo, vehicles and people control in the dock-ship area, and also as a protective precaution due to the increasing risk of terrorist attacks. Moreover, all these rules will perfect port operations and make our ports more competitive and secure for foreign trade where the same rules play an important role in logistic operations. That is why port operations must be agile, secure and they must manipulate a fast information system to make the country foreign trade performance trustworthy and competitive. The maritime transportation comprises more than 90% of the amount of the international cargo movement in our country and huge investments have been made in the ports, mostly by private enterprises. The introduction of the ISPS Code and PSPP determination enabled the creation of a system of security which eliminates the risk of cargoes being lost in the port through the lack of organization and guaranteeing an acceptable safety level in all ports. To illustrate and expand on these issues, this essay will show analytical and operational details of the technological pattern of the port of Santos where the new security system is the fundamental tool to the port organization. At first this essay will present a brief summary of rules applicable to Brazilian ports following the elimination of Portobrás. It will point out the relationship between Brazilian and international security rules when they are used in the national level of security of ports. Secondly, due to the intricate port system, many related entities will be introduced. The essay will focus on the security of ports and it will show many rules that control them. It will provide an analysis of all the technologies applied to integrate the inner systems in the port of Santos. This technological pattern is currently the reference standard for other Brazilian ports and meets or exceeds those found in foreign ports.

Kaohsiung Harbor is one of the major commercial ports in Taiwan, located at the hub of northeastern and southeastern Asia shipping lanes. Therefore there are a considerable number of commercial shipping channels distributed around Kaohsiung Harbor. The security of Kaohsiung Harbor becomes more difficult to defense than others due to the complexity of channels. In this study, Automatic Identification System (AIS) system is used to collect the ships information from June 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011. The collected AIS data were decoded, converted, corrected, integrated and analyzed systematically, which will become the base of future database. The information of the AIS includes Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI), latitude and longitude, heading, course, speed, and others. The activities of ships can be monitored by AIS, so the density and distribution of ships on each major channel can be obtained by grid computing. By the results of one-year AIS data, three major shipping channels of Kaohsiung Harbor can be identified, which are north-western, north-southern, and east-western. Based on this kind of long term shipping statistics, possible novel harbor security defense may be founded. Although the AIS was designed to monitor the ship activities, but it can be viciously shut down, or signal is out of range sometimes, then it will become the possible security breach. Nevertheless, ships at sea will generate certain kind of noises, such as from engine and propeller. With efficient propagation of sound waves in water, acoustic technology may compensate the limitations of AIS, to be a feasible method of detecting unknown ships. In this study, acoustic modeling code ¡§Acoustic Module for Sea-surface Noise¡¨ (AMSN) is applied by using the ship position information from AIS, to calculate the related underwater noise sound field of Kaohsiung Harbor. Discussions were made on the dependence of noise level variation with ship density. As a conclusion, with sufficient understanding of sound field statistics of harbor, any anomaly of noise level can be an indication of hostile intrusion, thus harbor security can be further assured.

Purpose: The research purpose is to, in a systematic way, build a method to develop suggestions regarding layout planning of gates in a marine terminal and additionally conduct a base for a simulation model. Approach: Firstly, a literature review has been conducted in the fields relevant to port security and gate configurations in marine terminals. Secondly, a case study has been executed in a Swedish marine terminal. The case study consisted of interviews and observations at the case company, who also provided this thesis with numerical raw data. Additionally, a benchmarking was conducted at a company in the same port area where interviews and observations was executed.   Findings: The findings in this thesis resulted in a methodology improvement, which contains important procedure steps that need to be considered while conducting a layout for a gate in a marine terminal. The procedure resulted in a conceptual model that was conducted as a result of the literature review and verified by being tested in the case study. Limitation: The thesis is limited to one case company. Even though it verified and validated the findings, additional case companies are recommended to fully validate the conceptual model which applies for further research. Further limitations to this thesis is that the financial- and technical factors will not be executed.   Theoretical implications: Companies who plans to increase the security in their marine terminal area or implement a new gate system can benefit from the findings. This thesis contributes to science by adding new theory.   Practical implications: This thesis conducted a conceptual model for a layout procedure which recommends to follow while planning a layout for a gate in a marine terminal. The model were verified with a case company and provided two layout suggestions that can be implemented at the specific company.

Este trabalho consta da apresentação de um modelo, denominado de Plano de Segurança Aduaneira Portuária (PSAP), a ser implementado pela Secretaria da Receita Federal, a partir de suas unidades locais, denominadas de ?Inspetorias da Receita Federal? ou de ?Alfândega de determinado Porto ou Aeroporto?. Foi desenvolvido especificamente para os portos alfandegados brasileiros e considera uma implantação gradual e acompanhada, a partir de um projeto piloto a ser testado no Porto de Santos. O PSAP consiste na automação de todos os processos e controles da atividade portuária, com utilização de alta tecnologia para a fiscalização da aduana, mediante inspeção não-intrusiva de contêineres, sua lacração e rastreamento na zona portuária. Centralizando os dados de diversos sistemas de controle das atividades portuárias em uma Central de Tratamento das Informações (CTI) e trabalhando esses registros mediante o cruzamento de todos os dados disponíveis. O Plano busca, com o resultado dessa análise integral, disparar uma ação fiscal específica, baseada na determinação do ?risco? potencial da carga, com probabilidade de elevado grau de sucesso da operação. Além das necessidades de equipamentos e software, o modelo define todas as rotinas operacionais para a utilização desses recursos de maneira eficaz e duradoura garantindo a viabilidade do modelo. A apresentação deste trabalho está subdividida em sete itens: apresentação geral da pesquisa; apreciação do conceito de segurança; informações sobre o estado da arte, por meio de conhecimentos sobre o modelo atualmente vigente na aduana brasileira; análise dos acordos internacionais sobre segurança assinados pelo Brasil; apresentação do Porto de Santos, por selecioná-lo como o de maior relevância e local para o plano piloto do modelo proposto; caracterização e descrição do modelo e conclusão, com argumentos favoráveis à implantação do PSAP. Finalmente, a justificativa da pertinência do modelo para a Secretaria da Receita Federal, é a certeza de que ele propiciará uma melhor fiscalização aduaneira, o que resultará em eficácia na prevenção e no combate aos crimes de contrabando, descaminho, pirataria e contrafação. / This work is the presentation of a model named as ?Plano de Segurança Aduaneira Portuaria? (Customs Port Security Plan) ? PSAP to be implemented by ?Secretaria da Receita Federal?, throughout its local units called ?Inspetorias da Receita Federal? or ?Alfândega? at a certain Seaport or Airport. It was developed specially for the Brazilian Custom Ports and it is considered a gradual implementation followed closely, starting with a pilot project to be tested at Port of Santos. The PSAP plan consists of the automation of the processes and controls of the port activities, utilizing advance technology for Customs examinations through non-intrusive container inspections of the containers within the port to include their seal and tracking and security in the port area. Centralizing all electronic data coming from different control systems of activities within port area in a ?Central de Tratamento das Informações? (Central Treatment of Information) ? CTI and working these information by utilizing all the data available. The Plan looks for the best action should be taken with the results of that entire analysis based on determines the potential cargo risk and which with a high probability successful operation. Besides the equipment and software needs, the model defines all operational routine to utilize these resources in an efficient and lasting way of using those riches providing the model viability. The presentation of this work is divided in seven items the research general presentation, shows security concepts,. It tells the condition of the art through the knowledge of the present model in Brazilian Customs, it analyzes the international agreements regarding security signed up by Brazil, introduction of Port of Santos selected like the most relevant and the place for the proposed plan pilot project, it describes the model after the characterization and concludes with argues that justify the implementation of the PSAP. Finishing, the argue that justifies the opportunity of the model to the ?Secretaria da Receita Federal? is the certainty that it will provide a better customs inspection so will result in effective way preventing and combating against crimes like smuggling fraud piracy and counterfeit.

Este trabalho consta da apresentação de um modelo, denominado de Plano de Segurança Aduaneira Portuária (PSAP), a ser implementado pela Secretaria da Receita Federal, a partir de suas unidades locais, denominadas de ?Inspetorias da Receita Federal? ou de ?Alfândega de determinado Porto ou Aeroporto?. Foi desenvolvido especificamente para os portos alfandegados brasileiros e considera uma implantação gradual e acompanhada, a partir de um projeto piloto a ser testado no Porto de Santos. O PSAP consiste na automação de todos os processos e controles da atividade portuária, com utilização de alta tecnologia para a fiscalização da aduana, mediante inspeção não-intrusiva de contêineres, sua lacração e rastreamento na zona portuária. Centralizando os dados de diversos sistemas de controle das atividades portuárias em uma Central de Tratamento das Informações (CTI) e trabalhando esses registros mediante o cruzamento de todos os dados disponíveis. O Plano busca, com o resultado dessa análise integral, disparar uma ação fiscal específica, baseada na determinação do ?risco? potencial da carga, com probabilidade de elevado grau de sucesso da operação. Além das necessidades de equipamentos e software, o modelo define todas as rotinas operacionais para a utilização desses recursos de maneira eficaz e duradoura garantindo a viabilidade do modelo. A apresentação deste trabalho está subdividida em sete itens: apresentação geral da pesquisa; apreciação do conceito de segurança; informações sobre o estado da arte, por meio de conhecimentos sobre o modelo atualmente vigente na aduana brasileira; análise dos acordos internacionais sobre segurança assinados pelo Brasil; apresentação do Porto de Santos, por selecioná-lo como o de maior relevância e local para o plano piloto do modelo proposto; caracterização e descrição do modelo e conclusão, com argumentos favoráveis à implantação do PSAP. Finalmente, a justificativa da pertinência do modelo para a Secretaria da Receita Federal, é a certeza de que ele propiciará uma melhor fiscalização aduaneira, o que resultará em eficácia na prevenção e no combate aos crimes de contrabando, descaminho, pirataria e contrafação. / This work is the presentation of a model named as ?Plano de Segurança Aduaneira Portuaria? (Customs Port Security Plan) ? PSAP to be implemented by ?Secretaria da Receita Federal?, throughout its local units called ?Inspetorias da Receita Federal? or ?Alfândega? at a certain Seaport or Airport. It was developed specially for the Brazilian Custom Ports and it is considered a gradual implementation followed closely, starting with a pilot project to be tested at Port of Santos. The PSAP plan consists of the automation of the processes and controls of the port activities, utilizing advance technology for Customs examinations through non-intrusive container inspections of the containers within the port to include their seal and tracking and security in the port area. Centralizing all electronic data coming from different control systems of activities within port area in a ?Central de Tratamento das Informações? (Central Treatment of Information) ? CTI and working these information by utilizing all the data available. The Plan looks for the best action should be taken with the results of that entire analysis based on determines the potential cargo risk and which with a high probability successful operation. Besides the equipment and software needs, the model defines all operational routine to utilize these resources in an efficient and lasting way of using those riches providing the model viability. The presentation of this work is divided in seven items the research general presentation, shows security concepts,. It tells the condition of the art through the knowledge of the present model in Brazilian Customs, it analyzes the international agreements regarding security signed up by Brazil, introduction of Port of Santos selected like the most relevant and the place for the proposed plan pilot project, it describes the model after the characterization and concludes with argues that justify the implementation of the PSAP. Finishing, the argue that justifies the opportunity of the model to the ?Secretaria da Receita Federal? is the certainty that it will provide a better customs inspection so will result in effective way preventing and combating against crimes like smuggling fraud piracy and counterfeit.