Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho pretende examinar como Machado de Assis conseguiu, através da escrita do romance Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas, problematizar não apenas este gênero literário, como também o discurso autobiográfico e a própria ficção. Nosso objetivo, portanto, foi analisar o livro dentro do livro, aquele escrito por Brás Cubas, e demonstrar que, através da criação desse artifício, o autor trouxe ao leitor uma discussão relevante sem, no entanto, apresentá-la com ares de tese. Em um primeiro momento, estudamos fundamentalmente os conceitos de autobiografia, romance autobiográfico, memórias e ficção, fundamentando-nos principalmente na teorização desenvolvida por Philippe Lejeune. Apresentamos também um breve panorama histórico do assunto, utilizando para isso, essencialmente, um ensaio de Luiz Costa Lima acerca das origens e dos diversos estágios por que passou o gênero autobiográfico. Em seguida, exploramos detalhadamente as noções de retrato e de auto-retrato, tanto na pintura como na literatura, ora por um viés histórico, ora por um viés conceitual, convocando historiadores da arte, filósofos e críticos literários, na tentativa de chegar a uma compreensão multidisciplinar do assunto. Finalmente, dedicamo-nos ao estudo das Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas, retomando os conceitos anteriormente examinados e buscando exemplos no texto que aproximem o livro escrito pelo defunto autor tanto da autobiografia quanto do auto-retrato / This work intends to examine how Machado de Assis achieved, through the writing of the novel Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas, the discussion of not only this literary genre, but also the autobiographical discourse and fiction in itself. Therefore, our objective was to analyze the book inside the book, the one written by Brás Cubas, and demonstrate that, through the creation of this artifice, the writer has brought to the reader a relevant discussion without, however, presenting that like a thesis. At first, we study mainly the concepts of autobiography, autobiographical novel, memoirs and fiction, using fundamentally the theories developed by Philippe Lejeune. We also introduce a brief historical panorama of the subject, using for that, essentially, an essay by Luiz Costa Lima concerning the origins and the different stages that the autobiographical genre has passed through. In sequence, we explore in detail the notions of portrait and self-portrait, in painting and in literature, through both a historical and a conceptual angle, gathering art historians, philosophers and literary critics, in the pursue of a multidisciplinary comprehension of the subject. Finally, we dedicate ourselves to the study of Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas, resuming the previously examined concepts, and searching for examples in the text that approximate the book written by the dead author both to the autobiography and to the self-portrait

Os retratos fotográficos são uma forma consolidada de se representar. Refletir a partir da visão do retratado no momento em que esta se direciona no sentido oposto ao nosso olhar propõe a existência de um espaço contíguo ao corte que atravessa a quarta parede. Tal compreensão tensiona o contexto que circunda fisicamente o espaço da obtenção dos retratos. Neste trabalho, propõe-se a ampliação do espectro das análises em direção a um espaço definido pela formulação da noção de contraperspectiva: um espaço perspectivo inverso ao tradicional que se instaura no direcionamento do olhar para a câmera, e que se projeta sobre quem observa a imagem, incluindo-o, concebendo que o sentido é, também por isso, ampliado. Este espaço foi complexificado pela prática da selfie, promotora da sobreposição dos papéis do fotógrafo e do fotografado. Para tanto, propôs-se uma investigação qualitativa através de entrevistas com fotógrafos profissionais, buscando entender suas concepções e conflitos acerca dos perfis e retratos dos outros (ou de si próprios). Além da proposição teórica da contraperspectiva, este estudo propõe as noções de espacialidade constitutiva e figurativa, as quais, respectivamente, conceituam as possibilidades físicas da circunstância de obtenção e, no segundo caso, a materialização de uma escolha dentre as possibilidades. Outra percepção advinda do estudo sustenta que a presença de duas forças - que se entrecruzam no plano da imagem – atuam como vetores de entrada e saída da imagem em relação à quarta parede, estabelecendo-se em conflito constante, desperta principalmente pela posição do olhar direto. Acrescenta-se ainda, neste trabalho, a compreensão da ideia dos espaços perpendicular e paralelo, no qual o primeiro estabelece relação entre o retratado e o espaço que ele ocupa, que lhe circunda e do qual ele faz parte, e o segundo posiciona-se sobre o eixo retratado/câmera, efetuando-se na ligação estabelecida entre os olhares do sujeito retratado/visto em relação à posição da lente/observador/vidente. Neste sentido, propõe-se o entendimento que o olhar direto estabelece, mesmo que por breve instante, uma sensação de compartilhamento de espaços entre o observador e o observado. Assim, foi possível compreender em maior profundidade o espaço que permeia a obtenção e como este se relaciona, enquanto dinâmica, com as noções inclusivas nos processos de observação destes retratos. / The photographic portraits are, for human beings, a consolidated way to represent. Reflecting from the viewer's perspective, at the moment it is directed in the opposite direction to our normally projective look (at the moment the subject is looking at the lens), it suggests the existence of a space adjoining the cut, translucent, which breaks through the fourth wall. Such an understanding aims to reflect about the whole context that physically surrounds the space of obtaining the portraits, understanding it as everything that involves the production of photographs. In this paper, it is aimed the amplification of the spectrum of the analysis that comprise a movement, inflated by the practice of selfies, that brings up the theoretical frame of the counter-perspective: a perspective space inverse to the traditional one that establishes in the direction of the look for the camera, And that is projected onto the one who observes the image, including that person, conceiving that the meaning is, therefore, also enlarged. In addition, the practice of selfie, which promotes the overlapping of the roles of photographer and photographed, also stresses spatiality insofar as it subverts the role of the observer to the observed. In addition to the theoretical proposition of contraperspective, this study proposes the notions of constitutive and figurative spatiality, which, respectively, conceptualize the physical possibilities of the circumstance of obtaining and, in the second case, the materialization of a choice among the possibilities. Another perception from the study maintains that the presence of two forces act as vectors of entrance and exit of the image in relation to the fourth wall, establishing itself in constant conflict, aroused mainly by the position of the direct look . It is also added in this work the understanding of the idea of perpendicular and parallel spaces, in which the former establishes a relation between the portrayed person and the space he occupies, which surrounds him and of which he is a part, and the second position On the retracted axis / camera, effecting the established connection between the glances of the subject portrayed / seen in relation to the position of the lens / observer / sighted. In this sense, it is proposed the understanding that the direct look establishes, even for a brief moment, a sense of space sharing between the observer and the observed. Thus, it was possible to understand in greater depth the space that permeates the obtaining and how this relates, while dynamic, with the inclusive notions in the processes of observation of these portraits.

Thesis called "Reflection of Childhood in Pictures of the 19th Century" devotes to theme of childhood and child in historical context of child{\crq}s portrait. This is a material research which try to explain meaning of picture sources in that topic. The main material base is constituted of child portraits of the 19th century which are not publishing yet. There are deposite in castles of south part of Bohemia. These pictures are mediate in catalogue in the end of this work. The base is completing by some works of importrant Czech portraitists of the 19th century. They are copying in picture supplement. The aim of thesis is trying to explicate that pictures and make clear about changes in perceptions of childhood in the 19th century in the child portraits.

Encontros com o outro: arte e gênero em uma experiência de troca de retratos é uma pesquisa em poéticas visuais que fala sobre a experiência do olhar no retrato e como ele se traduz ao lidar com homens e mulheres. Foram realizados encontros para a produção de trocas de retratos entre a autora e seus amigos, em que ela utilizou a fotografia e eles utilizaram técnicas variadas. A questão do gênero é trazida para falar sobre o poder de quem olha e sobre como mulheres e homens são vistos e representados em imagens. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com os artistas convidados, falando sobre a experiência do retrato, e sobre as diferenças entre retratar um homem e uma mulher. O “outro” presente no título pode ser lido como uma das pessoas presentes na relação entre retratado e retratante e, também como a mulher, um outro em relação ao homem. / Meetings with the other: art and gender in an experience of portrait exchange is a research in visual poetics that talks about the experience of looking in portrait and how it translates when dealing with men and women. Meetings were carried out for the production of portrait exchanges between the author and her friends, in which she used photography and they used different techniques. The issue of gender is brought in to talk about the power of who looks and how women and men are seen and represented in images. Interviews were also conducted with guest artists, talking about the experience of portrait, and about the differences between portraying a man and a woman. The "other" in this title can be read as one of the persons present in the relationship between the portrayed and the portrayer, and also as the woman, another in relation to man.

En el prólogo de las Novelas ejemplares (1613), Miguel de Cervantes señalaba que hubiera preferido colocar su retrato en la primera página de su libro antes que escribir dicho prólogo, ya que esta práctica editorial era “uso y costumbre” en su época. Este artículo analiza el diálogo intertextual entre la práctica de la écfrasis o “retrato hablado” que ejecuta Cervantes en el prólogo mencionado y el retrato grabado que coloca Mateo Alemán en cada una de las dos partes del Guzmán de Alfarache (1599 y 1604). Se busca de esa forma iluminar la relación establecida entre un aspecto de la manufactura del libro y el texto mismo, así como su carácter de estrategia discursiva para ambos narradores auriseculares.---In the prologue of his Novelas ejemplares (1613), Miguel de Cervantes says that he would have preferred to place his portrait on the opening page of the book, rather than writing its prologue, since the former editorial practice was “uso y costumbre” in his age. This article analyses the intertextual dialogue between the “spoken portrait” written by Cervantes in his prologue and the engraved portrait of Alemán in both parts of Guzmán de Alfarache (1599 and 1604). I intend to study the relationship between the process of book manufacturing and the text itself, as well as the discursive devices underlying this operation.

Encontros com o outro: arte e gênero em uma experiência de troca de retratos é uma pesquisa em poéticas visuais que fala sobre a experiência do olhar no retrato e como ele se traduz ao lidar com homens e mulheres. Foram realizados encontros para a produção de trocas de retratos entre a autora e seus amigos, em que ela utilizou a fotografia e eles utilizaram técnicas variadas. A questão do gênero é trazida para falar sobre o poder de quem olha e sobre como mulheres e homens são vistos e representados em imagens. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com os artistas convidados, falando sobre a experiência do retrato, e sobre as diferenças entre retratar um homem e uma mulher. O “outro” presente no título pode ser lido como uma das pessoas presentes na relação entre retratado e retratante e, também como a mulher, um outro em relação ao homem. / Meetings with the other: art and gender in an experience of portrait exchange is a research in visual poetics that talks about the experience of looking in portrait and how it translates when dealing with men and women. Meetings were carried out for the production of portrait exchanges between the author and her friends, in which she used photography and they used different techniques. The issue of gender is brought in to talk about the power of who looks and how women and men are seen and represented in images. Interviews were also conducted with guest artists, talking about the experience of portrait, and about the differences between portraying a man and a woman. The "other" in this title can be read as one of the persons present in the relationship between the portrayed and the portrayer, and also as the woman, another in relation to man.

I examine the mobility and circulation of peace medals featured in nineteenth-century portraiture of Native Americans through the lens of object-oriented ontology. This research strives to establish a different perspective for considering nineteenth-century portraiture of Native Americans by situating the works through the framework of materiality and circulation. By applying this approach to a series of portraits of Native Americans with peace medals, my research seeks to define issues of movement and power within the transient, fluctuating space of the nineteenth-century American frontier. To accomplish this, I trace the production and distribution of peace medals within paintings widely viewed at the time, as well as the movement of groups and individuals involved with transporting and receiving the medals. Tracking these objects and their mechanisms of movement within the visual culture of the nineteenth century, indicating not only the thing itself but also its processes of production and movement, reveals a dimension of specificity to pictorial narratives, even as the exhibited artworks promoted generalized ideals regarding Indian policy through their circulation. I follow the peace medals’ logistics of production and transit to underscore issues of value and currency on the American frontier, highlighting the ways in which peace medals and the artwork depicting them participated in narratives of Native displacement.

With this dissertation I propose an investigation of how the photographic portrait attempts to construct and confirm identity through the representation of types. Drawing from theoretical texts by Roland Barthes and Robert Sobieszek and engaging with my own process of self-portraiture, as a means of troubling the usual power relations involved between the photographer and the sitter, I will demonstrate the dialectical nature of these roles involved in photographic portraiture. Looking at Pieter Hugo's portraits of judges in Botswana permits me to deal with issues of masquerade and how fashions and uniforms mask an individual allowing him/her to perform roles and stereotypes in society. Referring to another set of Hugo's images from his ongoing series Looking Aside, I will explore the paradoxical nature of the portrait through the dialectic of the 'self 'and 'other' subject and object split through an exploration of notions of skin and prosthetic skin and the relationship to the liminal space 'opened' between subject and object, or viewer and image.

The purpose of this study is to look at how the figure is imaged through the photographic medium today. Through this purpose I aim to explore the individual expression of the photographer in his photographic medium; the expression of the figure within the medium and the diverse practises of this medium in society - to build up an awareness and understanding of the diverse representations of the human form. The general aims of study are: 1 - to study how these three photographers choose to photograph the figure, through their technical, compositional and individual approach. 2 - to show how diverse the usage of the photographic figure is in the visual world. 3 - to expose an awareness of the photographic figure as transformation of an expression of self. 4 - to show the relationship between the photographer and the figure, the camera and the photographer, the camera and the figure, and the photographic figure and the viewer. 5 - to study my own photographic imagery in relation to the other imagery discussed. My research information was collected through: observations, discussions, literature and practical exploration. This study will attempt to draw conclusions, from its explorations, that will highlight the importance of the individual eye: that it is the individual eye that becomes the vehicle of transformation.

La colonie de Passy est constituée d’hommes et de femmes issus du même cercle familial qui ont pratiqué la photographie, seuls ou de façon collective, depuis le début des années 1840 jusqu’au début des années 1860 : Léon de Laborde, Valentine de Laborde, Benjamin Delessert, Cécile Delessert, Edouard Delessert, Edouard Bocher… Au moins six praticiens amateurs, sans compter les modèles, sont identifiés au sein d’un cercle qui appartient à l’aristocratie ou à la haute bourgeoisie éclairée. Leur production, demeurée dans sa plus grande partie inédite jusqu’à notre découverte, révèle une pratique précoce du portrait. La liberté de pose affichée par les modèles ranche avec les premiers portraits, pour le moins figés, que l’on connaissait jusqu’ici. L’étude de cette production familiale incite même à réécrire l’histoire du portrait photographique, et à réévaluer la notion de « portrait intime » dont Félix Nadar passe pour être l’inventeur. Le cercle de Passy doit son nom à la commune située alors en périphérie de Paris où ses membres habitaient, sur les hauteurs de la Seine. Ce cercle joue également un rôle central – et méconnu – dans la promotion de la photographie juste après son invention : commandes publiques, créations de sociétés, projets de diffusion des oeuvres d’art, participations à des jurys, etc. L’étude des images et des archives familiales, toutes inédites, montre enfin que les traits d’une pratique amateur, telle que nous l’envisageons aujourd'hui – recherches ludiques, expériences et inventions, échanges d'images, constitution d’albums qui tiennent la chronique familiale – sont déjà en place au lendemain de l'invention de la photographie. / The Passy Circle consisted of men and women photographers from the same family circle who worked alone or collectively from the early 1840s to the early 1860s: Léon de Laborde, Valentine de Laborde, Benjamin Delessert, Cécile Delessert, Edouard Delessert, and Edouard Bocher…. No fewer than six photographers, plus models, can be identified in this group of upper-middle class, wealthy bourgeoisie. Their oeuvre, unknown until this current research, reveals some of the earliest existing works in portrait photography. The free, casual nature of the poses contrasts sharply with previously known portraits of the period, which were much more stiff. Knowledge of this family-based production may lead historians to rewrite the history of portrait photography, as well as to reassess the notion of the “intimate portrait,” thought to be an invention of Felix Nadar. The Passy Circle, which owes its name to the city where its members lived along the Seine (Passy was then situated on the Paris outskirts), also played a central but previously undiscovered role in promoting photography: public commissions, society foundations, projects for distributing artworks, jury participation, etc. Finally, their images and family archives, which have never before been investigated, reveal that the characteristics of amateur photography, as it is currently perceived, were already in place soon after photography’s invention: its members regularly exchanged photographs, created albums chronicling family history, and in their practice were daring, playful, experimental and inventive.