La competencia lexico-cultural del lector constituira los cirnientos para que este perciba o no la fuente de inspiraci6n de Isabel Allende en La casa de las espiritus. No cabe duda que ciertos lectores coincidiran con el aseverarniento de la propia autora: "que se ha basado su obra en Chile." Es un hecho que esta obra comprende una variedad de manifestaciones alusivas a este pafs: dialecto16gicas, socio-polfticas, e hist6ricas. Este estudio prueba que la competencia lexico-cultural de lector es vital para una comprensi6n mas fiel de la obra. La esencia de la obra literaria se manifiesta y complementa por medio de y gracias a la imaginaci6n y asimilaci6n de cada lector en particular; por ello, la validez interpretativa en La casa de las espfritus dependera del flujo participativo que la lectura individual presente. Por lo tanto, no se podrfa afirmar que el lector no conocedor ni farniliarizado con la vida socio-polf tica de Chile y que interprete simplemente la obra como una sucesi6n de acontecimientos matizados con las diversas vivencias y facetas de una farnilia y un paf s --que supuestamente pudiesen situarse en cualquier pun to de la America Meridional-, este equivocado sino que, por el contrario, merece credito de manera integral, ya que la obra alcanza su apogeo cuando logra que el lector se haga partfcipe e integrante de ell a de man era subconsciente y sutil. Asf, se podrfa afirmar que la obra yace Ilana y dormitativa sin el suministro vital que le proporciona el lector. Empero, si no se lograra vislumbrar ciertas nociones hermeneuticas, el lector no podra percibir la intenci6n original que tenfa la autora al memento de escribir su obra. La hermeneutica nos brinda el acercamiento integral entre autora y lector: en donde se envfa un estfmulo y este se hace recfproco debido a que existe un mismo nivel o similar grado de entendimiento y/o competencia literaria/cultural.

Orientadora: Karin Adriane Henschel Pobbe Ramos / Banca: Sergio Fabiano Annibal / Banca: Lívia Maria Turra Bassetto / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem como tema o trabalho com os memes em aulas de língua portuguesa para o Ensino Fundamental, a partir de uma perspectiva do gênero discursivo. O objetivo geral foi o de propor um trabalho a partir do gênero meme em aulas de Língua Portuguesa, com foco em análise linguística/semiótica. Como objetivos específicos elencamos, definir o que é meme, analisar memes sob uma perspectiva dialógica, multimodal e multissemiótica. A aplicação da proposta de trabalho ocorreu em uma escola da Rede Estadual de Ensino de São Paulo, localizada no município de Mogi das Cruzes, na zona periférica. A turma escolhida para a aplicação é do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Abordamos, além do meme, outros gêneros textuais para abarcar a intertextualidade presente neste tipo de texto. Como metodologia realizamos 8 aulas com foco em uma exposição final de curadoria. Como referencial teórico, propomos criar uma definição formal de "Meme de Internet" que pode ser usada para caracterizar e estudar mensagens instantâneas em contextos acadêmicos, como ciências sociais, comunicação e humanidades. Para isso realizamos um estudo a partir das pesquisas sobre memes de Dawkins (1993), Blackmore (1999) e Sperber (1996). Para o estudo do meme da perspectiva do gênero discursivo, nos apoiamos nos estudos teóricos de Miller (2009), Bakhtin (1997), Bazerman (2005) e Kristeva (2005). Para a análise da prática, nos embasamos em Marcuschi (2002, 2008), Rojo (2008), e Kleiman (2007). Nossa escolha... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present research has as its theme the work of memes in Portuguese language classes for Elementary School, from a discursive genre perspective. The general objective was to propose a work from the meme genre in Portuguese Language classes, focusing on linguistic / semiotic analysis. As specific objectives, we define meme, analyze memes from a dialogic perspective, multimodal and multisemiotic. The application of the work proposal occurred in a school of the State Educational Network of São Paulo, located in the municipality of Mogi das Cruzes, in the peripheral zone. The class chosen for the application is the 9th grade of Elementary School. We address, in addition to meme, other textual genres to encompass the intertextuality present in this type of text. As a methodology, we conducted 8 classes focusing on a final curatorial presentation. As a theoretical reference, we propose to create a formal definition of "Internet Meme" that can be used to characterize and study instant messages in academic contexts such as social sciences, communication and the humanities. For this, we performed a study based on the research on memes by Dawkins (1993), Blackmore (1999) and Sperber (1996). For the study of meme from the perspective of the discursive genre, we rely on the theoretical studies of Miller (2009), Bakhtin (1997), Bazerman (2005) and Kristeva (2005). For the analysis of the practice, we rely on Marcuschi (2002, 2008), Rojo (2008), and Kleiman (2007). Our choice specificall... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Filler words and expressions in Portuguese (Abstract) The aim of this study is to describe the morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects of the filler words and expressions (discourse markers) in Portuguese. For that purpose, a corpus of more than 3000 occurences of these expressions was assembled. It is composed of Portuguese and Brazilian mostly spoken texts belonging to different genres. The approach taken in this work is based on textual-interactive grammar, whose vision of the text is based on the social-communicative perspective, i.e. it takes not only the cognitive- informational part of the utterances, but also their interactional part in consideration. This study describes Portuguese as one language. The differences between the Brazilian and the European variety are taken in consideration only when it is necessary to treat them separately. This work can be divided into two parts. History of the filler expressions, different approaches to this issue, processes of grammaticalization and pragmaticalization and prototypical conception of the class of discourse markers (whose brief characterization as well) are discussed in the first part. A more detailed analysis of the morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects of the discourse markers are discussed in the second part. The...

This diploma thesis deals with the Portuguese and Czech idioms which contain names of animals and of the parts of their bodies. The initial part of the thesis discusses the theoretical aspects of phraseology regarding the differences in the approach of the Czech and Portuguese linguists. Based on the theoretical platform, the practical part is dedicated to the analysis of the idioms. The basis for the practical part is constituted by the extensive list of Portuguese and Czech idioms, which are analyzed from various points of view, but always with the objective to find differences between Czech and Portuguese as well as the traces which the two languages have in common. Apart from other aspects, the practical part is dedicated to the research of the equivalence between the Czech and Portuguese idioms, to the analysis of the chosen groups of expressions and to the etymology of some of them. Key words animals, phraseology, Czech, Portuguese

The purpose of this investigation is to examine formal and informal resources available for teaching Spanish to health care professionals mainly in the Portland, Oregon area. Seventeen different Spanish-for-health-care-professionals texts are commented on by the author, some of which are the texts used in medical Spanish language classes. The majority of the texts contain little if any instruction on cultural aspects which affect the Latino patient population's health care behaviors and decision making. With the recent growth in the Latino population there is a greater demand for health care services by Spanish-speaking persons of the Latino community. The author discusses at length current information about the health status of this population, factors affecting access to health care, and language barrier. There is a lack of bicultural and bilingual health care professionals to provide needed health care services to Latinos. One factor is that the percentage of Latino medical and allied health providers is a small fraction of the percentage of Spanish-speaking patients in the U.S. Therefore, Spanish language instruction must be provided to medical personnel who do not have the cultural and language background to provide culturally relevant and efficient health care to Latinos. This language training must incorporate instruction on cultural issues that affect Latino patients' health care. At present very few Spanish-forhealth- care-providers texts and courses have this type of focus. Exemplary clinical programs specializing in the medical treatment of the Latino population, both inside and outside of the Portland Oregon area, are noted to highlight that effective and culturally relevant medical treatment is possible with adequate training of personnel. Outstanding courses integrating the instruction of both the Spanish language and culture are discussed. Often these courses are not offered as permanent parts of the curriculum. The author gives examples of some of the cultural issues that need to be addressed in language instruction, and makes suggestions for adapting this focus into Medical Spanish instruction.

Orientador: Letícia Marcondes Rezende / Banca: Márcia Cristina Romero Lopes / Banca: Alessandra Del Ré / Resumo: O presente trabalho propõe uma reflexão sobre o uso da preposição "para" tomando-a como parâmetro para obter respostas em um contexto mais amplo, o das "preposições". Conduzimos a investigação com base em exemplos extraídos de um corpus composto por jornais do estado de São Paulo. Nossa perspectiva teórica tem como objeto o enunciado (Teoria das Operações Predicativas e Enunciativas) e o fenômeno referencial; de acordo com tal perspectiva, os sujeitos constroem, por meio de práticas enunciativas e cognitivas, as versões públicas do mundo. Assim, na nossa concepção, a marca não se reduz apenas às relações previstas no léxico e na gramática tradicional, mas é tributária do enunciado, que envolve a dimensão cognitivointeracional. O enunciado que contém tal "preposição" foi estudado como um processo de construção de significação, ou seja, de valores referenciais por meio de operações. Tendo como objetivo central analisar as funções dessa marca em diferentes contextos e as implicações de seu uso, buscamos contribuir para a elaboração de uma gramática enunciativa da língua portuguesa. Trata-se de um trabalho relevante, porque a marcação das relações gramaticais constitui um fenômeno de linguagem responsável por um conjunto de operações que viabilizam a presença de marcas que antecedem os termos, tais como a "preposição". Construímos glosas que colocaram os enunciados em famílias parafrásticas, com posterior análise das construções com a marca concluindo-se que ela representa atos enunciativos dentro da enunciação central e estes atos são enunciações reportadas para a enunciação atual e projetadas para uma outra enunciação. / Abstract: The aim of this work is to provide an insight into the use of the preposition "para" as if it were a parameter in order to achieve blueprints in a broader context, that is, the context from the "prepositions". We carried out the analysis based on examples extracted from a corpus from the São Paulo State newspapers. Our theoretical perspective aimed at the utterance (Theory of Enunciative and Predicative Operations) and the reference phenomenon; According to such perspective, the subjects build up public versions of the world based on cognitive and enunciative practices. Therefore, in our conception, this mark not only refers to the expected lexical relations and to the traditional grammar, but also it is utterance dependent, which involves the cognitiveinteractive dimension. The utterance that contains such preposition was studied as the construction of meaning, i. e., of reference values by means of operations. Our struggle for providing the elaboration of an enunciative grammar in the Portuguese language had as the main goal the analysis of the mark functions in different contexts and the implication of its use. This is a relevant work since the setting of grammar relations deals with a language phenomenon responsible for a set of operations which make possible the presence of marks before terms, such as a "preposition". We glossed the utterances in order to put them into families of paraphrase and the resulting constructions with the mark were analyzed thereafter. Our conclusion is that the mark represents enunciative events within the central enunciation and these events are enunciation reported to the current one and projected into another enunciation. / Mestre

The purpose of this study is to analyze the variability of gender assignment to nominal anglicisms in Brazilian Portuguese and to identify how the orthography of English loanwords and their establishment in the language influences such variation. This study also seeks to identify the most important factors that govern such gender assignment. The data were gathered from two Portuguese corpora, one consisting of more formal and edited language (Corpus do Português, News on the Web) and the other consisting of less formal and unaltered language, such as blog posts (Corpus do Português, Web/Dialects). Forty anglicisms were analyzed in order to study the variation in gender assignment based on the anglicisms’ orthography and establishment in the language, as well as to help determine whether the gender of the loanwords’ cognates or calques influences the gender assignment of words borrowed from English into Portuguese. The results of this study indicate that the gender of the anglicisms’ cognates or most frequent calques and the gender found in Portuguese dictionaries equally influence the gender assignment to anglicisms. This research also shows that variability in gender assignment is not significantly affected by an English loanword’s attestation in Portuguese dictionaries nor by the adaptation to Portuguese orthography of English loanwords, though there are trends that indicate a negative correlation between the variability of anglicisms’ genders and their attestation in Portuguese dictionaries.

While reading behaviors have been studied extensively in L1 reading studies through the use of eye-tracking and L2 reading has been measured through inherently indirect means, there is a relative lack of research done on early and late reading measures of ESL readers. Eye-tracking technology, available to researchers only in the past few decades, has opened the field to a new means of measuring these early and late measures of reading in second language learners. This study investigates the reading behaviors of 34 native Portuguese and Chinese readers who read in both their native languages (L1) and in their second language (L2), which is English. It was found that readers processed their reading differently in response to different text difficulties and varied between the different native languages.

A multicriteria approach to assess the ranking performance of Portuguese companies is utilized. In the process, the research methodology which utilizes ELECTRE III. a fuzzy set theory based procedure, and the SFR Software is illustrated using a conceptual research framework. The results derived from the application presented in this study, are used to propose a set of economical and financial benchmarks indicators to guide Portuguese managers in pursuing a strategy of excellence.

This article presents a conceptual benchmarking framework which applies a multiple criteria approach to assess performance. In the process, a multiple criteria procedure is used to assess the performance of three hundred and ninety two (392) Portuguese firms. Based on the results of this procedure, a conceptual framework is devised to facilitate addressing relevant benchmarking implications. The framework is designed to provide a conceptual linkage between the performance measurement methodology and the organizational benchmarking system.