The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of changes in maxillary incisor position on anterior tooth display (ATD) in adult (n = 21) and adolescent (n = 38) orthodontic patients. The effects of anterior-posterior, vertical, and angular changes of the maxillary central incisor position during orthodontic treatment were evaluated relative to changes in the amount of ATD measured from pretreatment (TI) and posttreatment (T2) lateral cephalometric radiographs of existing patient records.Results showed a significant relationship between starting ATD and ATD change during treatment for both adults (P = ,006) and adolescents (P

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Footnote: In the graduation thesis I focus on the study of activities of KSČ in the district of Ústí nad Labem in period between years 1945 and 1948. The basis of my work comprise study of sources and literature. I concentrate my interest particularly on following thematic fields: organizational activity, personnel administration, activities in trade unions and acting in bodies of local self- government (ONV and MNV Ústí nad Labem). Naturally I touch activities of other political parties with whom Communists clashed when they aimed to reach their goals. The work should globally depict and appraise activities of KSČ in the district and put them into wider context.

Title: Differences in game acts at the baseline among youth and adult categories in tennis. Goals: The aim is to find out where on the court the players move in time of hitting the ball, if they "circle it" and to what extent. We'll compare the results through youth and adult categories. Method: Using a structured observation we observed the position of the players during the match on the court and the representation of single strokes during the game. Results: The results show the differences in game acts among all categories: the position of the player during the hit of the ball, the percentage of forehands and backhands in the game and success and effectiveness of strokes from the baseline. Key words: tennis, efficiency, success, stroke position

Resumé Tato diplomová práce se zabývá historií, státoprávním postavením, statusem a uznáním Náhorního Karabachu. Problematika Náhorního Karabachu je často diskutovaným a politický ožehavým tématem mezinárodního společenství. Otázka Náhorního Karabachu je předně otázkou právní, ale má přímé politické důsledky. Náhorní Karabach je územím o rozloze 4400 km2, nacházejícím se na jihozápadě Ázerbájdžánu a ve východní části arménského pohoří. Arménie a Ázerbájdžán vedou o toto území dlouholetý spor, který v období rozpadu Sovětského Svazu na počátku 90. let 20. století vygradoval v regulérní válečný konflikt. Větší část území Karabachu je v současné době fakticky kontrolována neuznanou Republikou Náhorní Karabach. Status Náhorního Karabachu je sporný. Na Náhorní Karabach se dá pohlížet jako na nezávislý stát. Republika Náhorní Karabach, která má: státní území, obyvatelstvo a efektivní vládu, která skutečně drží moc v zemi, čímž vykazuje tři základní kritéria předepsaná mezinárodním právem proto, aby byla na základě nezadatelného práva národa na sebeurčení uznána suverénním státem. V současném světě však kromě těchto tří základních kritérii se setkáváme i s dalším institutem mezinárodního práva, a to sice uznáním státu za plnoprávného člena mezinárodního společenství, kterého se však do dnešního dne Náhornímu...

The purpose of this master thesis is to define the term "dominant position" of an undertaking under the EU Competition Law and to find out, what circumstances are decisive in order to be able to identify existence of a dominant position. The second part of the thesis focuses on actual problems connected with the dominant undertakings, namely the standardization and the effectiveness of the interventions of competition authorities into the actions of dominant undertakings on rapidly developing IT markets. The thesis deals with the concept of dominant position and does not address particular types of abusive behaviour enumerated in Article 102 (a) - (d) TFEU. The first chapter briefly describes the system of EU Competition Law. The focus is directed on agreements distorting competition (Art. 101 TFEU), abuse of dominant position (Art. 102 TFEU) and control of concentrations between undertakings (Council Regulation No. 139/2004). The second chapter looks at the term "dominant position" of an undertaking and its delimitations. The subchapters describe definition of relevant market, market share, market power and other market conditions which shall be taken into account in the dominant position analysis. Space is further devoted to the existing dominant position on the neighbouring market and to the...

In the curriculum for the subject of Swedish reading of literary texts is justified by ideas that literary reading will make the student learn more about the environment in which he/she lives, about herself/himself, as well as about others. It is well stated by previous research that what readings that is required and formulated in, for example, assignments or book talk, is important in how the text is discerned by the reader. It is therefore interesting to analyse what readings the student is required or invited to perform when literary reading is examined in national tests, a testing form that concerns all students in upper secondary school, and where one of its official aims is to concretize the curriculum. The aim of this thesis is to investigate what readings of literary texts are required or desirable in national tests in order to see what kind of reader the school is creating. This is done by studying how the student is positioned, by interpellations, in the tests. The thesis also has an historical approach, focusing on interpellation and reader subject. The empirical material of the study consists of all tasks that require reading of literary texts that have been used in national tests in upper secondary school in the subject of Swedish, from the year 1968 to 2013. The theoretical and methodological framework is discourse analytical with focus on positioning analyses, which is combined with analysis of readings, from the research field of literary didactics. The results show what readings that have been more or less frequent during the period.  Also the analyses of how the assignments are constructed display how the student is positioned in terms of competences, and in what way the reader subject is produced within the literary examinations.  For example, if the text should be read with a focus on form, as a societal argument, or in order to be an inspiration for the student´s own life, this will in itself create a reader that has a knowledge of how to analyse literature, is able to write about societal issues or is willing to talk about him/herself. The three prominent reading subjects that the study highlights are subjects with a knowledge of literature, with a knowledge of psychology and subjects with a knowledge of societal issues. The historical approach also shows that the student is provided with more and more information in how to read the text over time, which shows that the assignments work as a scaffold but at the same time gives the student a specific outlook on how to read literature in the later tests.

Le marketing viral sur les réseaux sociaux en ligne représente un enjeu de taille pour les entreprises. Aussi est-il nécessaire de comprendre ce qui anime l’activité virale des utilisateurs. En s’appuyant sur des données quantitatives extraites sur Facebook grâce à une application spécifique, nous modélisons les différentes actions virales de l’utilisateur (partages sur son mur, partages sur les murs de ses amis, commentaires, J’aime sur les posts, J’aime sur les commentaires). Nos analyses mettent en lumière trois familles de variables explicatives de son activité : l’activité de ses amis envers lui (effets de réciprocité), leur position dans la structure de son réseau d’amitié (effets structuraux) et le renseignement de ses informations « profil » (motivation à se dévoiler). Une approche qualitative complémentaire nous amène à identifier quatre postures des utilisateurs sur Facebook (engagement exposé, engagement protégé, évitement exposé, évitement protégé). Celles-ci s’inscrivent au croisement de deux axes. L’un concerne la façon dont l’utilisateur règle la zone de confidentialité dans laquelle il est amené à s’exprimer (verrouillage vs ouverture). L’autre concerne la façon dont sa « face » et celles de ses amis sont engagées par son activité en ligne (engagement vs évitement). Nous croyons que les entreprises peuvent tirer profit de l’identification des postures de leurs consommateurs sur Facebook. Nous présentons nos contributions de recherche et leurs implications managériales. / On social networks, viral marketing represents a key issue for companies. By logical extent, it appears necessary to understand what drives a user's viral activity. Quantitative data crawled from Facebook with an application allowed us to define various viral actions (sharing in one's news feed, on friends' walls, commenting, liking posts or comments). Our analysis highlighted three groups of action-explaining factors: [1] friend interaction (reciprocating effect), [2] the structural position in a user's friendship network (structural effect) and [3] the level of profile information detail (indicating willingness to show one's actual identity). In a complementary qualitative study, we identified four user positions - exposed involvement, protected involvement, exposed avoidance and protected avoidance. These positions underscore two major behavioral criteria. The first criterion addresses users' onlin visibility adjusments (displaying or protective). The second criterion defines the user's friend's level of engagement as a subsequent result of his activity (involvement or avoidance). We believe companies could benefit from identifying their consumers' behavioral stances on Facebook. Here we will demonstrate our contributions to research and their managerial implications.

The inequality of the labour market has long been a discussed and studied topic and today we know that women earn less than their comparable male colleagues. Many studies have been conducted to find out if there is a glass ceiling effect for women in the labour market but most of these have used wages as their outcome variable. We wanted to see if women in the labour market face a glass ceiling when looking at the probability of holding a managerial position. We also wanted to see if there was any difference in the glass ceiling when comparing different countries so we studied the glass ceiling in Sweden, France and Great Britain. In order to study the glass ceiling, we use two separate probit regressions. The variable of interest in the first regression is the gender variable while in the other it is also an interaction term that shows the difference in the gender gaps between the private and public sector. The results show that there seems to be a glass ceiling effect in both France and Great Britain since the gender gap increases further up in the workplace hierarchy while the results for Sweden show that there is a gender gap throughout the workplace hierarchy. We also find that the gaps differ in the public and the private sector indicating that where you work can affect the probability of holding a managerial position.

O propósito do presente estudo foi determinar, radiograficamente, os efeitos da desprogramação neuromuscular, por meio do uso da placa miorrelaxante superior, na posição craniocervical. A desprogramação neuromuscular foi feita objetivando-se realizar o diagnóstico ortodôntico com a mandíbula em relação cêntrica (RC), de acordo com filosofia de Roth (1981). Foram avaliados 39 indivíduos assintomáticos, com maloclusões Classe I de Angle, separados em dois grupos, o controle, contendo 15 indivíduos, com média de idade de 26 anos, não submetidos a qualquer forma de tratamento, e o tratado, contendo 24 indivíduos, com média de idade de 23 anos e 10 meses, submetidos à desprogramação neuromuscular. De cada paciente, foram obtidas duas telerradiografias em norma lateral, na posição natural da cabeça (PNC). No grupo controle, o intervalo médio entre ambas foi 6 meses e 17 dias. No grupo tratado, a primeira telerradiografia foi realizada previamente, e a segunda, após a desprogramação neuromuscular. O tempo médio de uso da placa miorrelaxante foi de 6 meses e 7 dias. A análise cefalométrica craniocervical foi realizada avaliando-se as angulações craniovertical (SN/VER), craniocervical (OPT/SN e CVT/SN), cervicohorizontal (OPT/HOR e CVT/HOR) e o ângulo da curvatura cervical (OPT/CVT). Concluíu-se que houve extensão significativa da cabeça, tanto em relação à linha vertical verdadeira, demonstrada pelo aumento do ângulo SN/VER, quanto à coluna cervical, demonstrada pelo aumento do ângulo CVT/SN. A coluna cervical apresentou alteração significativa em sua inclinação, em relação à linha horizontal verdadeira, demonstrado pelo aumento do ângulo CVT/HOR. Não houve alteração significativa da curvatura cervical. Foram, ainda, observadas correlações significativas entre as alterações das variáveis SN/VER e OPT/HOR, SN/VER e CVT/HOR, SN/VER e CVT/SN, OPT/CVT e OPT/HOR, OPT/CVT e OPT/SN, OPT/HOR e CVT/HOR, OPT/HOR e OPT/SN, assim como OPT/SN e CVT/SN. / The purpose of this study was to determine, radiographically, the effect of neuromuscular deprogramming, through the use of an upper occlusal splint, on the craniocervical position. Neuromuscular deprogramming was performed in order to carry out orthodontic diagnosis with the mandible in centric relation (CR), according to Roth’s philosophy. Thirthy nine asymptomatic individuals, presenting Angle's Class I malocclusion, were evaluated. The sample was allocated into two groups, the control or untreated group (n=15), with mean age of 26 years, that was followed about 6 months and 17 days, and the treated group (n=24), with mean age of 23 years and 10 months. Two lateral radiographs in natural head position (NHP) were taken from each subject, one before and the other one after neuromuscular deprogramming. The average usage period of the occlusal splint was 6 months and 7 days. Craniocervical cephalometric analysis was carried out by evaluating the craniovertical (SN/VER), craniocervical (OPT/SN and CVT/SN), and cervicohorizontal (OPT/HOR and CVT/HOR) angles, as well as the angle of the cervical curve (OPT/CVT). No significant changes were seen in the control group. It was concluded that there was a significant extension of the head, both in relation to the true vertical line, as demonstrated by the increase of the SN/VER angle, and to the cervical column, as demonstrated by the increase of the CVT/SN angle. Likewise, the cervical column showed significant backward inclination in relation to the true horizontal line, as demonstrated by increase of the CVT/HOR angle. No significant alteration of the cervical curve was observed. In addition, significant correlation coefficients were observed between the differences of the pre- and post-deprogramming values of the measurements the measurements SN/VER and OPT/HOR, SN/VER and CVT/HOR, SN/VER and CVT/SN, OPT/CVT and OPT/HOR, OPT/CVT and OPT/SN, OPT/HOR and CVT/HOR, OPT/HOR and OPT/SN, and OPT/SN and CVT/SN.