Toda cirurgia implica em lesão de tecidos, manipulação de estruturas e órgãos, sendo a dor uma conseqüência desse processo, que pode, porém, ser minimizada. O presente estudo tem como objetivos caracterizar o processo de manejo da dor aguda na criança no período pós-operatório a partir dos registros contidos nos seus prontuários, identificar como as enfermeiras cuidam das crianças com dor no período pós-operatório e quais fatores influenciam sua prática. Para tanto, foram analisados, retrospectivamente, os registros sobre dor pós-operatória de 300 prontuários de 280 crianças de 0 a 14 anos submetidas à cirurgia no ano de 2004 em três hospitais de uma cidade do interior do Paraná. Também foram ouvidas, por meio de entrevista, as 15 enfermeiras que trabalhavam nas unidades pediátricas dos três hospitais. A caracterização do manejo da dor a partir dos registros dos prontuários indicou a existência de poucos registros sobre dor pós-operatória realizados por enfermeiras, sendo que a grande maioria deles foi realizada por auxiliares ou técnicos de enfermagem, com alguma variação entre os hospitais pesquisados. Procedeu-se a análise qualitativa dos dados, os quais foram agrupados ao redor de três temas: as experiências de dor e suas repercussões; a atuação da enfermeira no manejo da dor pós-operatória; formação, aquisição e disseminação de conhecimentos sobre dor pediátrica. O estudo mostrou que as enfermeiras avaliam a dor pós-operatória de forma assistemática e, em geral, limitam-se ao controle farmacológico da dor. Realizam o manejo da dor na dependência da conduta e prescrição médicas, utilizando forma limitada as estratégias não-farmacológicas de alívio. Demonstraram interesse em ampliar seus conhecimentos na área e na formação de grupos de dor nas instituições em que trabalham. Consideramos que os resultados do estudo podem provocar a discussão do tema nos hospitais pesquisados e, numa visão otimista, podem contribuir para deflagrar e estimular a implementação da avaliação sistematizada da dor em crianças e adolescentes nesses locais. / ABSTRACT TACLA, T. G. M. Care of children with post-operative pain: Pediatric nurses experiences. 2006. 251p. PhD Dissertation ¾ Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. All surgical procedures involve tissue lesions, manipulation of structures and organs, causing pain which can be minimized during the process. The objectives of this study are to characterize the process of managing post-operative acute pain in children based on their medical records, to identify how nurses care for children in pain during the post-operative period, and which factors affect their practices. The study evaluated 300 medical records on post-operative pain of 280 children, 0-4 y. o., who underwent surgery in 2004, in 3 hospitals located in a city in the interior of the state of Paraná. An interview with 15 nurses who worked in the Pediatric Ward of these hospitals was also carried out. Characterization of pain management from the medical records revealed that only a few nurses make notes of post-operative pain, and that the majority of the records were made by nursing aides and technicians, with some variations among the researched hospitals. Data were analyzed qualitatively and grouped into three topics: the experiences of pain and its consequences, nurses? performance during post-operative pain management, and pediatric pain knowledge development, acquisition and dissemination. Results from the study showed that nurses evaluate post-operative pain a-systematically, which, in general, is limited to pharmacological pain control. Their management depends on the doctor?s prescription, thus using limited non-pharmacological pain-relief strategies. They show interest in broadening their knowledge in the area and in developing pain groups in their institutions. We believe that the results from this study may generate a discussion on the topic in these hospitals, and, consequently, contribute to the implementation of a systematic evaluation of pain in children and adolescents in these places.

A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia mais comum no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Apesar de estar relacionada a alterações estruturais, alguns pacientes, mesmo que sem tais condições, ainda assim, cursam com fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório (FAPO) causando aumento no tempo de internação e custos. Estudos recentes vem ampliando o conhecimento sobre pequenos fragmentos de RNA, chamados de microRNAs (miRNAs) que podem interferir diretamente no aparecimento de algumas doenças na área cardiovascular. O objetivo do presente estudo é: 1) comparar a expressão dos miRNAs 1, 23 e 26 entre pacientes com e sem FAPO; 2) comparar nos grupos a expressão destes miRNAs entre os período pré e pós-cirúrgico; 3)comparar a expressão dos genes GJA1, KCNJ2, CACNB1, CACNA1C e KCNN3 entre os tempos pré e pós-cirúrgico no grupo FAPO; 4) comparar estes últimos genes no tecido atrial; 5) comparar os genes relacionados à produção de interleucinas (IL)-1, 6 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF?) entre os grupos e entre os tempos pré e pós-cirúrgico; 6)avaliar as características clínicas e evolutivas da população estudada. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica foram submetidos à coleta de 20ml de sangue pré e pós-cirurgia bem como fragmento de tecido atrial. Um total de 143 pacientes compuseram os grupos: FAPO (24 pacientes), controle genético (24 pacientes) e controle total (97 pacientes + 24 grupo controle genético). Do ponto de vista clínico observou-se maior idade, tempo de anóxia, tempo de internação em terapia intensiva e hospitalar no grupo FAPO. A análise genética revelou menor expressão do miRNA-23 no grupo FAPO (p=0,02). A comparação entre os períodos pré e pós-cirúrgico revelou redução dos três miRNAs no tempo pós-cirúrgico (p<0,05) e dos genes relacionados às proteínas de canal (p<0,05). A comparação no tecido não evidenciou alterações entre os grupos. Os genes relacionados ás citocinas revelaram redução no período pós-cirúrgico (p<0,05) em ambos os grupos. Concluiu-se que o miRNA-23 pode ter implicação no surgimento da FAPO e outros miRNAs não estudados devem estar envolvidos neste processo uma vez que houve redução de outros genes de canais relacionados ao aparecimento de FAPO. / Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia after cardiac surgery. AF is related to cardiac structural changes although a group of patients still remains developing post-operative atrial fibrillation (FAPO) even without those changes, leading to more days in the hospital and costs. Recent studies showed that short fragments of RNA, called microRNA (miRNA) can contribute to the development of several diseases in the cardiovascular area. The aim of this study is to 1) compare the expression of miRNA-1, 23 and 26 between the group with and without FAPO; 2) compare, in the FAPO group, the expression of these miRNAs in the pre and post-surgery periods; 3) compare the expression of GJA1, KCNJ2, CACNB1, CACNA1C e KCNN3 genes between the pre and post-surgery periods; 4) compare this genes in atrial tissue; 5) compare the genes related to inflammation cytokines as interleukin(IL)-1, 6 and alpha tumoral necrosis factor between the groups in the pre and post-surgery periods; 6) evaluate clinical and evaluative patterns of the study population. Twenty milliliters of blood samples in the pre and post-operative periods and an atrial fragment were extracted from patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A total of 143 patients were divided in the FAPO group (24 patients), genetic control group (24 patients) and a total control (97 + 24 genetic control patients). The clinical analysis showed bigger age and clamp-time, more days in the intensive care unit and hospital in the FAPO group. The genetic analysis revealed less expression of miRNA-23 in the FAPO group (p=0.02). The comparison between the pre and post-surgery periods showed reduction in the three studied miRNAs (p<0.05) and reduction in the genes related to the production of the membrane protein channel sites. The comparisons in the atrial tissue didn´t show any difference in the study groups. The cytokines showed post-surgery reduction (p<0.05) in both groups. The conclusion is that miRNA-23 can be implicated in FAPO as others miRNAs not studied can also be, once there was a significative reduction in the genes related to FAPO development.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium - MChD / Post-operative sore throat is a common minor complication following general anaesthesia via endotracheal intubation. Pharyngeal packing has often been implicated in this minor anaesthetic complication. In maxillo-facial and oral surgery, two types of throat packs are commonly used namely ribbon gauze and tampons. In order to establish the efficacy of these two types of throat packs a prospective, randomised, clinical study was conducted. The objectives of the study were threefold: to investigate the effect of the two different types of throat packs on the incidence of post-operative sore throat, to determine the quality of seal provided by the two different types of throat packs and finally, to formulate a faculty protocol. The study consisted of 70 patients undergoing third molar surgery. All the patients were intubated via endotracheal intubation and had a throat pack placed. Patients were also randomly selected and allocated to two groups. One group had ribbon gauze while the other group had a tampon as a throat pack. The study reflected no statistically significant difference in the incidence of postoperative sore throat between the two groups. It was interesting to note that the symptoms of sore throat resolved quicker with the use of tampons. On the other hand, the ribbon gauze provided a better pharyngeal seal. / South Africa

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Literature on post-operative pain indicates that post-operative pain is inadequately managed in many countries including Ghana. Little was also known about post-operative pain (POP) response and management in Ghana. This study sought to describe post-operative pain response and management among Ghanaian surgical nurses and post-operative patients within the medico-socio-cultural context. It also explored factors that influenced POP response and management and subsequently aimed to develop clinical guidelines within which post-operative pain could be managed in the medico-socio-cultural context. Research questions answered included: „what are the factors influencing post-operative pain responses among surgical patients and nurses; what clinical guidelines would be appropriate to guide post-operative pain management within the medico-socio-cultural context of Ghana?‟The study was designed as a multi-step focused ethnography which allowed the exploration of a specific sub-culture such as the surgical environment. The philosophical underpinnings of ethnography permit the investigator to use different data collection methods to fully understand the phenomenon investigated. Data collection during the ethnographic exploration phase involved individual interviews, clinical observations, and review of patients‟ clinical charts. At the stage of guideline development, data was collected through participant/expert review, systematic literature review, and consensus forum. Participants were sampled purposively and included 53 interview participants, 27 expert reviewers, and 29 consensus panel members. Also, there were 16 sections of clinical observation and review of 44 charts. The participants included nurses, patients and their relatives, the multidisciplinary team, key informants, experts, and stakeholders. The study was conducted at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) and Ridge Hospital, in Accra, Ghana. Appropriate ethical clearance was sought and individual informed consent was obtained.Concurrent analysis of data was done applying the principles of thematic content analysis and data was managed with NVivo 9. Themes that emerged from the patients‟ data were subjectivism which described pain dimensions and expressions and factors that influenced patients‟ pain experience were psycho-socio-cultural factors such as personal inclinations and socio-cultural background; and health system factors such as personnel attitude and health financing.The study also found that nurses perceived POP as an individual phenomenon and responded to pain by administering analgesics and by employing non-pharmacologic measures such as positioning and reassurance. Factors that influenced the nurses‟ pain response were individual factors such as commitment, discretion, and fear of addiction; and organizational factors such as organizational laxity and challenges of teamwork. Patients‟ relatives were also influenced by empathy, faith, and commitment to care for their post-operative patients. The multidisciplinary team and key informants were influenced by knowledge and experience in their respective specialty areas. Subsequently, the clinical guideline developed had four dimensions which highlighted patient and family education,effective teamwork, effective leadership and monitoring, and use of contemporary evidence for POP management.The study recommended that health professionals should be conscious of the subjectivenature of pain and they should educate and involve the patient on pain management decisions. Also, hospital leadership and the multidisciplinary team should be actively involved in pain management.

Background: In light of the opioid epidemic, reducing excess prescription quantities while tailoring to patient need is key. We previously created an opioid prescribing guideline using retrospective institutional data to satisfy the majority of patients’ opioid needs following inpatient colorectal surgery. Objective: This study sought to prospectively validate an institutional prescribing guideline based on previously-defined opioid consumption patterns following inpatient colorectal operations. Methods: We carried out a cohort study comparing opioid prescribing and consumption patterns before (7/18 – 1/19) and after (9/19 – 2/20) adoption of a tiered opioid prescribing guideline for inpatient elective colorectal operations (colectomies, proctectomies, and ostomy reversals) at a single tertiary care medical center. Opioid use was quantified as Equianalgesic 5mg Oxycodone Pills (EOP), and patients were grouped in three tiers based on opioid consumption in the 24-hours prior to discharge: Tier 1 (0 EOP), Tier 2 (0.1-3 EOP), and Tier 3 (>3 EOP). Our guideline recommended maximum prescriptions of 0 EOP for Tier 1, 12 EOP for Tier 2, and 30 EOP for Tier 3. Results: The study included 100 patients before and 101 after guideline adoption. Demographic and operative variables were similar before and after guideline adoption. Guideline adherence was 85%. Overall, there was a 41% reduction in mean prescription quantity and 53% reduction in excess pills per prescription with no change in opioid consumption or refill rates. Conclusion: Adoption of a tiered opioid prescribing guideline significantly reduced opioid prescription quantity with no change in consumption or refill rates. Standardization of discharge prescriptions based on patient consumption in the 24 hours prior to discharge may be an important step towards minimizing excess prescribing.

Surgery-induced myeloid derived suppressor cells (sxMDSC)s mediate postoperative suppression of Natural Killer (NK) cells, which enables postoperative cancer recurrence and metastases. Currently, no therapeutics against sxMDSCs have been developed. Recent research has identified that the myeloid-restricted PI3K isoform (PI3Kγ) mediates MDSC activity. I targeted PI3Kγ in sxMDSCs as a therapeutic to reduce postoperative NK cell suppression and metastatic burden. Additionally, I investigated the efficacy of a sxMDSC-specific antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) with a PI3Kγ inhibitor payload. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3Kγ in sxMDSCs led to reduced AKT phosphorylation and reduced suppression of NK cytotoxicity in human and murine models. PI3Kγ inhibition also reduced postoperative metastatic burden. Despite the novelty of the sxMDSC-specific ADC, it didn’t provide considerable benefits in reducing NK cell suppression compared to the unconjugated PI3Kγ inhibitor. However, this is a “first iteration” in what could be a powerful approach to targeting sxMDSCs, thereby preventing postoperative metastatic burden.

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory condition of the nose and paranasal sinuses lasting more than 12 weeks. The common treatment is intranasal corticosteroids but if this treatment fails in relieving symptoms endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is considered - a common procedure in the Otolaryngology department in Örebro county. ESS can be assisted by image guided navigation (IGN).In a quality ensuring purpose, this study aimed to investigate the frequency and characteristics of post-operative complications after ESS and examining possible risk factors for complications. Methods Retrospective chart review study. The post-operative complication rate after ESS was calculated. Bivariate analysis was used to find potential factors associated with post-operative complications. The variables of significance were used in multivariate analysis. Result Out of 131 patients; 52 (39.7%) had any post-operative complication. 21 had major – and 35 had minor complications. Local infection was the most common complication. IGN was associated with an increased risk of complications, both minor (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0-5.6) and overall (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-5.8). Extensive surgery was associated with an increased risk of complications, both major (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0-6.9) and overall (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.6). Male sex was associated with increased risk of major complications (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-15.5). Conclusion The complication rate is comparable to other studies with similar definition of complications. IGN assistance, extensive surgery and male sex were associated with an increased risk of complications. Further research should be performed before drawing conclusions determining why they increase the risk.

La douleur post-opératoire chez les patients constitue un défi thérapeutique important pour les cliniciens. Le traitement de la douleur post-opératoire n’est pas accessoire ni optionnel, puisqu’il permet de donner un congé de l’hôpital plus rapide aux patients et ainsi, il contribue à des économies importantes pour notre système de santé. Parmi les approches thérapeutiques utilisées pour la prise en charge de la douleur post-opératoire, cette thèse s’intéresse particulièrement aux blocs de nerfs périphériques par les anesthésiques locaux et à l’administration de la néostigmine par voie épidurale. Ces médicaments sont utilisés en clinique sans avoir préalablement établi, en se basant sur leur propriétés pharmacocinétiques et pharmacodynamiques spécifiques, leurs doses optimales. Ces doses devraient également tenir en considération les particularités anatomiques du site d’injection par rapport au site d’action. Cette thèse inclut des études exploratoires qui ont contribué à caractériser la pharmacocinétique de la ropivacaïne et de la bupivacaïne ainsi que la pharmacocinétique et la pharmacodynamie de la néostigmine. La première étude portait sur seize patients subissant une chirurgie orthopédique avec un bloc combiné des nerfs fémoral et sciatique par la ropivacaïne (n=8) ou la bupivacaïne (n=8). C’était la première étude qui a inclu des temps d’échantillons pharmacocinétiques allant jusqu’à 32 h après le bloc et ces résultats ont démontré une variabilité interindividuelle considérable. La modélisation par approche de population a aidé à expliquer les sources de la variabilité et démontré que l’absorption systémique des anesthésiques locaux était très lente. De plus, les concentrations plasmatiques demeuraient mesurables, et dans certains cas présentaient un plateau, 32 h après le bloc. Dans les prochaines études, un échantillonnage allant jusqu’à 4 ou 5 jours sera nécessaire afin d’atteindre la fin de l’absorption. La deuxième étude a établi le développement d’un modèle animal en étudiant la pharmacocinétique de la ropivacaïne après administration intraveineuse ainsi que son degré de liaison aux protéines plasmatiques chez le lapin (n=6). Les résultats ont démontré que, chez le lapin la ropivacaïne est beaucoup moins liée aux protéines plasmatiques comparativement à l’humain. Ce résultat important sera utile pour planifier les prochaines études précliniques. La troisième étude a exploré, pour la première fois, la pharmacocinétique et la pharmacodynamie de la néostigmine administrée par voie épidurale et a essayé de caractériser la courbe dose-réponse en utilisant trois doses différentes : 0.5, 1 et 1.5 mg. Bien que les concentrations de la néostigmine dans le liquide céphalo-rachidien fussent très variables une relation inverse entre la consommation de mépéridine et la dose de néostigmine a été démontrée. La dose de 1.5 mg a donné une meilleure réponse pharmacodynamique sur la douleur, mais elle a été considérée comme dangereuse puisqu’elle a résulté en deux cas d’hypertension. Nous avons conclu que des doses plus faibles que 1.5 mg devront être utilisées lors de l’utilisation de la néostigmine par voie épidurale. En conclusion, les études rapportées dans cette thèse ont exploré les propriétés pharmacocinétiques et/ou pharmacodynamiques de certains médicaments utilisés pour le traitement de la douleur post-opératoire. Ceci mènera au but ultime qui est la meilleure prise en charge de la douleur post-opératoire chez les patients. / Post-operative pain in surgical patients remains a challenging problem for the clinicians. The treatment of post-operative pain is no longer an accessory or nice to have, since it can significantly shorten hospital stays and lead to important savings for our health system. Amongst the therapeutic approaches used in the management of post-operative pain, we will focus on peripheral nerve blocks with local anesthetics and epidural neostigmine. These drugs are currently used in the clinic, without the prior characterization of an optimal dose that took into consideration their specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Optimal doses will need to consider the specific regional anatomy of the site of drug administration with respect to the site of action. This thesis included exploratory studies that helped to characterize the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine and bupivacaine as well as the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of neostigmine. The first study included sixteen patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries with a combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks technique using ropivacaine (n=8) or bupivacaine (n=8). The study was the first to include pharmacokinetic sampling up to 32 h after the block and results have shown that large between subject variability was present. Population modeling helped to explain and separate the various sources of variability and showed that systemic absorption was very slow. In addition, plasma concentrations were still measurable, and in some cases, plateaued at 32 h after the block. Future studies should extend sampling times to 4 or 5 days after the block in order to wait for the completion of the absorption. The second study attempted to establish an animal model by studying the intravenous pharmacokinetics and protein binding of ropivacaine in the rabbit (n=6). Results have shown that ropivacaine is much less bound to plasma protein in rabbits as compared to humans. This important information will be useful in future preclinical and clinical research. The third study explored, for the first time, the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of epidural neostigmine (n=15) and attempted to characterize the dose effect relationship by testing the following doses: 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg. Although the CSF pharmacokinetics of neostigmine were variable, a relationship between dose and meperidine consumption could be shown. The dose of 1.5 mg resulted in a better pharmacodynamic response on pain but it was deemed unsafe since it led to hypertension in two patients. We conclude that doses below 1.5 mg should be used for an epidural block with neostigmine. In conclusion, this research work investigated the pharmacokinetic and/or the pharmacodynamic characteristics of some drugs used for the treatment of post-operative pain. The gathered information will be essential to be able to reliably characterize the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships. This will help in achieving the ultimate goal which is a better management of post operative pain in surgical patients.

Title: Rehabilitation of Child with Cerebral Palsy in the Preoperative and Postoperative Period Author: Renata Šmídová Objective: During my practice I have met with a number of pediatric patients affected by cerebral palsy who underwent corrective orthopedic surgery, which in some cases were unfortunately unsuccessful. Based on the initial acquisition of information on this issue, I found a number of studies and articles on the success of orthopedic surgery in cerebral palsy. In many studies point out that the proper choice of physiotherapy has great benefit for orthopedic intervention, so I decide to map a connections orthopedic and physiotherapy approaches on the case and describe the elements of rehabilitation used in the treatment of selected patient. In the first part of the thesis I process in detail neurological disorder cerebral palsy (CP) and surgical treatment of deformities resulting from the operation of this disease. The second part includes a case study that describes the rehabilitation work of the physiotherapist with a child patient who undergoes corrective surgery on the lower limb. The third section contains qualitative research, conducted on the parents. Using the survey was to determine the effect of parents' opinion and the whole course of therapy. The aim: Demonstrate the...

Estima-se que mais de 800.000 cirurgias cardíacas de revascularização do miocárdio por ano são realizadas no mundo. Nesta intervenção terapêutica uma das complicações mais comuns é a fibrilação atrial, que esta intimamente relacionada com aumento de risco de morbidade e mortalidade pós-operatória. Os fatores determinantes desta manifestação podem ser pré, intra e pós-operatórios que possivelmente se relaciona com as proteínas pró-inflamatórias, canais iônicos e sistema renina-angiotensina. Portanto, os polimorfismos nos genes que codificam essas proteínas podem ter importante papel no desenvolvimento da FAPo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar a associação entre os polimorfismos dos genes IL6 (G-174C), KCNE5 (C97T) e AGT (A-217G) e a incidência da FAPo e seus efeitos na expressão de RNAm, em apêndice atrial direito e em sangue periférico. Para o estudo foram selecionados 76 indivíduos portadores de insuficiência coronariana obstrutiva com indicação de intervenção cirúrgica de revascularização do miocárdio. Desses, 16 com FAPo, 52 sem FAPo e 8 pacientes foram excluídos por motivo de óbito. Amostras de sangue periférico foram obtidas para análise de parâmetros bioquímicos e para extração de DNA genômico e RNA total, antes e 48 horas após a cirurgia cardíaca. Os polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNP) dos genes da IL-6, KCNE5 e do AGT foram detectados pela PCR-RFLP e confirmados por sequenciamento de DNA. A expressão de RNAm em leucócitos totais de sangue periférico e de tecido foi analisada pela PCR em tempo real, utilizando o gene GAPDH como referência endógena. A freqüência do alelo -174G foi de 75 % no GFA e 69,2% no GC e não foi associada ao desenvolvimento de FAPo. A freqüência do alelo 97T foi de 0% no GFA e 10,8% no GC e não foi associada a menor incidência de FAPo. A freqüência do alelo -217A foi de 12,5% no GFA e 15,9% no GC e também não foi associado ao desenvolvimento de FAPo. A expressão de RNAm da IL-6 em LTSP foi reduzida do pré para o pós-operatório de cirurgia de RM em ambos os grupos e não houve correlação entre a expressão de RNAm da IL-6 em LTSP e apêndice auricular direito. A expressão de RNAm do KCNE5 em LTSP foi reduzida do pré para o pós-operatório de cirurgia de RM, exceto em indivíduos do gênero masculino do GC, sugerindo a influência do gênero na expressão desse gene. Não houve correlação entre a expressão de RNAm do KCNE5 em LTSP e apêndice auricular direito. Não se detectou expressão de RNAm do AGT em LTSP e sua expressão em apêndice auricular direito foi extremamente baixa, portanto não está associada ao desenvolvimento de FAPo. / It is estimated that more than 800,000 heart surgery coronary artery bypass grafting are performed annually in the world. This therapeutic intervention of the most common complication was atrial fibrillation, which is closely related to increased risk of morbidity and postoperative mortality. The determining factors of this event can be pre, intra and postoperative possibly relates to the pro-inflammatory proteins, ion channels and renin-angiotensin system. Therefore, polymorphisms in the genes encoding these proteins may play an important role in the development of PoAF. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between polymorphisms of IL6 gene (G-174C), KCNE5 (C97T) and AGT (A-217G) and the incidence of PoAF and its effects on mRNA expression in right atrial appendage and peripheral blood. For the study we selected 76 individuals with obstructive coronary artery disease with indication for surgical myocardial revascularization. Of these, 16 with PoAF, 52 without PoAF and 8 patients were excluded because of death. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical analysis and extraction of genomic DNA and total RNA before and 48 hours after cardiac surgery. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-6, KCNE5 and AGT were detected by PCR-RFLP and confirmed by DNA sequencing. mRNA expression in total leukocytes in peripheral blood and tissue were analyzed by real-time PCR, using GAPDH gene as endogenous reference. The frequency of-174G allele was 75% in the GFA and 69.2% in GC and was not associated with the development of FAPO. The 97T allele frequency was 0% in GFA and 10.8% in GC and was not associated with a lower incidence of PoAF. The frequency of allele-217A was 12.5% in the GFA and 15.9% in GC and was not associated with the development of PoAF. The mRNA expression of IL-6 on LTSP was reduced from preoperative to the postoperative period of CABG in both groups and no correlation between mRNA expression of IL-6 on LTSP and right atrial appendage. The mRNA expression of KCNE5 LTSP was reduced in the pre and postoperative CABG, except among males in the CG, suggesting the influence of gender on expression of this gene. There was no correlation between the expression of mRNA KCNE5 in LTSP and right auricular appendage. There was no mRNA expression of AGT in LTSP and its expression in right atrial appendage was extremely low, so it is associated with the development of PoFA.