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The Ends of Smaller Worlds is a collection of short stories set in Indiana. The preface is about the representation of the information age using elements of dirty realism and Gothic fiction.

I studien undersöks elevers tillit till olika sorters källor och hur detta påverkar deras användande av källor vid nyhetssökning. Studier visar på att människor idag tenderar till att i högre grad lita på människors åsikter samt att lita på det som passar bättre med ens egna åsikter och moraliska kompass. Detta bidrar till att försämra människors källkritik då du inte blir lika nyanserad om du enbart läser nyheter som stämmer med det du själv tycker. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ intervjustudie bland gymnasieelever gjorts utifrån The think aloud method. Denna metod går ut på att respondenterna gör ett test där de samtidigt ska redogöra för sina tankar muntligt under tiden de utför testet. Testet eleverna genomfört har handlat om att de ska rangordna olika sorters källor utifrån vilka de litar på mest till dem källorna de litar minst på. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån den tidigare forskning som finns om post-truth för att kunna definiera vad post-truth är och därmed kunna hitta beteenden hos respondenterna som stämmer överens med detta, samt Rothstein och Putnams tankar kring socialt kapital för att få en djupare förståelse för hur tillit skapas och påverkas av olika omständigheter. Resultatet visade på att flera av eleverna hade en hög tillit till källor som kan beskrivas som objektiva, såsom experter och statistik. Däremot var vissa av dem misstänksamma mot public service och i högre grad mot människor, med anledning av att de gör saker för egen vinning. Detta visade att respondenterna har ett lågt socialt kapital gentemot vissa människor och instanser samt att likt vad den tidigare forskningen sade om post-truth fanns det en minskad tilltro till public service. Studien har visat att dessa elevers källkritiska förmåga stundtals är något begränsad och att undervisningen behöver breddas kring källkritik för att de ska kunna bli medvetna om hur deras egna tankar och åsikter påverkar hur pålitliga de anser olika källor är. / This study has investigated students trust to different types of sources and how this affects their using of sources when searching for news. Studies shows that people today tend to trust mainly on opinions and facts that correspond more with their own opinions. This contributes to deteriorate their source criticism, because they will not be as much nuanced if they just read news that correspond with their own opinions. To investigate this a qualitative interview study has been made with students in upper secondary school according to The think aloud method. In this method the respondents have been doing a test and at the same time reported their own thoughts verbally. The test the students have made has been about ranking different kind of sources from the source they trust most on to the source they trust at least on. The result has been analysed according to previous research on post-truth to define this concept and find behave among the respondents that match with post-truth. Also, the result has been analysed according to Rothstein and Putnam’s thoughts on Social Capital to get a bigger understanding on how trust is created and is affected by different circumstances. The result showed that several of the students had a high trust to sources that can be said to be objective, as experts and statistics. On the contrary some of them where suspicious to public service and to a greater extent against people because they do things for their own gain. This showed that these respondents had a low Social Capital against institutions and some peoples. Like the previous research said about public service some respondents had a lower trust to this institution. This study has showed that these students source criticism on some occasion is limited. The education about source criticism needs to be broadened so the students can be aware of how their own thoughts and opinions can affect how trustful they see different kinds of sources.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the adherence to absolute truth and moraluniversalism is compatible with democracy. The starting point is that there is absolute truthand absolute values.My thesis is that democracy in the form of universal suffrage is not necessarily in the wayof truth, but rather party politics and representative democracy. Abolishing the parties may besufficient to overcome both truth relativism and moral relativism, and thus provide analternative to abolishing universal suffrage. I suggest the problem lies in party politics, andthe way in which political talks are conducted, rather than in the right to vote.The investigation shows that democracy only have instrumental value. It shall be judgedbased on how well it promotes absolute truth and absolute values. Furthermore, representativedemocracy does not promote absolute truth and absolute values. One alternative isepistocracy. Another option is to abolish the parties, preserve universal suffrage, and createconditions for a new form of political dialogue. The conclusion is that the latter option is bestfor promoting the absolute truth.

<p>HT 2017</p>

abstract: I center my analysis on Amazon’s recent foray into alternative history The Man in the High Castle premised on Philip K. Dick’s 1962 novel of the same name. Amazon Studio’s production The Man in the High Castle builds upon the premise of an alternative history where World War II ends differently. Here, the diegetic narrative depicts a United States split into three distinct regions: the east coast, now part of the German Reich; the Neutral Zone, or most of the Midwest and the Rocky Mountains; and the west coast, controlled by Japanese Empire. The film version debuted in 2015 as a series extending to four seasons of 10 episodes a piece by 2019. I argue that the show takes cues from modern political tensions, the rise of the alt-right and “post-truth” media manipulations, to intentionally destabilize viewers’ memories of the historical past. By blurring the boundaries between the diegetic reality of the show and our accepted version of history, The Man in the High Castle disrupts the facility in which the viewer assumes alignment with memory and past, opting instead for a complicated refiguring of the political present. Here I articulate how film as a medium tampers with the viewer’s ontological understanding of image by collapsing history and fiction together. Additionally, the capacity of film to provoke empathy from viewers complicates the universal condemnation of Nazism we are familiar with and permits viewers to see the banality of evil in this reimagined history. Finally, I discuss how film as a medium capitalizes on the incompleteness of memory and the loopholes of history to fabricate viewer memory. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Communication Studies 2020

Uppsatsen tog utgångspunkt i det trendiga begreppet postsanning som 2016 utsågs till årets ord av Oxford Dictionaries (BBC 2016). Trenden är till följd av den postfaktiskta epok vi, av många, påstått trätt in i. En epok där relationen till sanningen kommit att bli sekundär och där ett kommunicerande gentemot känslor och övertygelse kommit att bli desto viktigare. Ingenstans är detta mer tydligt än på sociala medier. Med kritisk diskursanalys som metod undersöktes Facebookgrupperna inte rasist men och #sverigeärfullt. Frågeställningarna som söktes besvaras var vilket innehåll dominerar i de två grupperna, vilka återkommande föreställningar ges uttryck för och vad är förgivettagna fakta i dessa grupper och hur produceras och reproduceras detta? Fokus för analysen handlande om hur ramverken på de båda sidorna skiljer sig åt i sin uppbyggnad till innehåll, men fann dem också förefalla snarlika i sina diskursiva praktiker. Här fokuserades på hur båda grupperna använder sig av postsanningar och bullshit för att bygga upp ramarna inom grupperna och för att ifrågasätta andra ramar som uppstår i motstånd till den rådande dito. Gruppernas eget existensberättigande tycks finnas i konflikten till den tilltänkta motparten som ofta beskrivs som förljugen och vilseledande. / The thesis centers itself on the trendy concept of post-truth, which in 2016 was named the word of the year by Oxford Dictionaries (BBC 2016). The trend emerged due to the alleged post-factual epoch we have entered. An epoch where the relationship to truth has come to be secondary and where a communication to feelings and conviction has come to be all the more important. Nowhere is this more evident than on social media. Using critical discourse analysis as a method, the Facebook groups, inte rasist men and #sverigeärfullt were analyzed. Questions that the thesis set out to answer was what content dominates in the two groups, what recurring notions are expressed and, what are the facts in these groups and how do they produce and reproduce this? The focus of the analysis was on how the frameworks in the two Facebook groups differ in their structure, but also appear similar in their discursive practices. Here, focus was on how both groups use post-truths and bullshit to build the frameworks within the groups and to question other frameworks that arise in opposition to the prevailing one. The groups' own justification exists in the conflict to the intended counterparty, which often is described as lying and being deceitful.

Though it is a centuries old practice, anti-vaccination has become a growing trend since the rise of the internet. Anti-vaccination rhetoric complicates neoliberal beliefs about public health and systems of medical knowledge-making. This study follows 100 Twitter accounts which advance anti-vaccination beliefs. Studying these accounts reveals that anti-vaccination is part of a larger moral and epistemological universe of belief. Anti-vaccination advocates on Twitter use a digital activist identity to create affective networks which draw from epistemologies of conspiracy theory and connect to current political events. Anti-vaccination advocates on Twitter are not uninformed. Rather, they ascribe to their own process of information legitimization. Anti-vaccination advocates on Twitter draw from their complex epistemologies and affective networks to build an alternative immunology which focuses on maintaining the purity of the individual body as a metaphor for protection of the state and of humanity

El periodismo siempre ha necesitado de la verificación de información para poder contar y desarrollar las historias que informa. Ahora, con el acceso a las redes sociales y la facilidad con la que la información viaja y es compartida, la necesidad de comprobar lo que sucede, se ha vuelto esencial en las redacciones para no dejarse llevar por los fake news. Esta investigación pretende contribuir a los estudios sobre el empleo del fact checking como estrategia de verificación de información. Además, busca proporcionar información teórica para analizar y explicar la manera en la que el fact checking y su escala de verificación han permitido que este pase a ser una estrategia de verificación de datos utilizada por distintos medios. Mis preguntas de investigación son: ¿Cuáles son las estrategias utilizadas por el fact checking para combatir los fake news? ¿Por qué es importante el fact checking durante las elecciones presidenciales?  y la hipótesis que manejo es la siguiente: En elecciones presidenciales, el volumen de información y la rapidez con la que esta viaja hace difícil su verificación. Es por eso que el fact checking es una estrategia válida para verificar la información durante elecciones presidenciales. Finalmente, he decidido utilizar como caso de estudio las elecciones presidenciales de Perú del año 2016 y México de 2018 porque ambos fueron objeto de verificación en sus respectivos países por los medios Ojo Público en Perú y Animal Político en México. / Journalism has always needed to verify the information it gets to write the histories it reports. Nowadays, the free access to social media and the way information without verification is being shared has made journalists to fact check what they write to stop the spread of fake news. This research aims to contribute to studies on the use of fact checking as an information verification strategy. In addition, it seeks to provide theoretical information to analyze and explain the way fact checking and its verification scale have allowed it to become a information verification strategy used by different media. My research questions are: What are the strategies used by fact checking to stop the spread of fake news? Why is fact checking important during presidential elections? The hypothesis is: in presidential elections, the volume of information and the speed with which it travels makes it difficult to verify. That is why fact checking is a good information verification strategy during presidential elections. Finally, I have decided to use the presidential elections of Peru in 2016 and Mexico in 2018 as a case study because both were verified in their respective countries by the news site: Ojo Publico in Peru and Animal Politico in Mexico. / Trabajo de investigación