京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21413号 / 医博第4403号 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 生田 宏一, 教授 伊達 洋至, 教授 中川 一路 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

<p>The six-layered neuron structure in the cerebral cortex is the foundation for human mental abilities. In the developing cerebral cortex, neural stem cells undergo proliferation and differentiate into intermediate progenitors and neurons, a process known as embryonic neurogenesis. Disrupted embryonic neurogenesis is the root cause of a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders, including microcephaly and intellectual disabilities. Multiple layers of regulatory networks have been identified and extensively studied over the past decades to understand this complex but extremely crucial process of brain development. In recent years, post-transcriptional RNA regulation through RNA binding proteins has emerged as a critical regulatory nexus in embryonic neurogenesis. The exon junction complex (EJC) is a highly conserved RNA binding complex composed of four core proteins, Magoh, Rbm8a, Eif4a3, and Casc3. The EJC plays a major role in regulating RNA splicing, nuclear export, subcellular localization, translation, and nonsense mediated RNA decay. Human genetic studies have associated individual EJC components with various developmental disorders. We showed previously that haploinsufficiency of Magoh causes microcephaly and disrupted neural stem cell differentiation in mouse. However, it is unclear if other EJC core components are also required for embryonic neurogenesis. More importantly, the molecular mechanism through which the EJC regulates embryonic neurogenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated with genetically modified mouse models that both Rbm8a and Eif4a3 are required for proper embryonic neurogenesis and the formation of a normal brain. Using transcriptome and proteomic analysis, we showed that the EJC posttranscriptionally regulates genes involved in the p53 pathway, splicing and translation regulation, as well as ribosomal biogenesis. This is the first in vivo evidence suggesting that the etiology of EJC associated neurodevelopmental diseases can be ribosomopathies. We also showed that, different from other EJC core components, depletion of Casc3 only led to mild neurogenesis defects in the mouse model. However, our data suggested that Casc3 is required for embryo viability, development progression, and is potentially a regulator of cardiac development. Together, data presented in this thesis suggests that the EJC is crucial for embryonic neurogenesis and that the EJC and its peripheral factors may regulate development in a tissue-specific manner.</p> / Dissertation

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Submitted by Renata Fontoura (comunicaicc@fiocruz.br) on 2014-11-26T16:24:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ana Carolina Origa Alves - 02.pdf: 2465539 bytes, checksum: 9ad1e3c8193f72874f714fe1c073b599 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata Fontoura (comunicaicc@fiocruz.br) on 2014-11-26T16:25:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ana Carolina Origa Alves - 02.pdf: 2465539 bytes, checksum: 9ad1e3c8193f72874f714fe1c073b599 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-26T16:25:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ana Carolina Origa Alves - 02.pdf: 2465539 bytes, checksum: 9ad1e3c8193f72874f714fe1c073b599 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Carlos Chagas. Curitiba, PR, Brasil / Células-tronco (CT) são células autorrenováveis e não especializadas, com o potencial de diferenciação multidirecional. Células-tronco de tecido adiposo (CT-TA) são um tipo de células-tronco adultas multipotentes, de fácil isolamento e cultura. Nos últimos anos, CT-TA têm mostrado grande potencial para engenharia de tecidos e terapias baseadas em células. Apesar do interesse em aplicações clínicas deste tipo de célula, os mecanismos moleculares fundamentais a sua autorrenovação e diferenciação ainda não foram completamente elucidados. miRNAs são pequenos RNAs não-codificadores, com 21-25 nucleotídeos de comprimento, que tem se mostrado como importantes reguladores da expressão gênica em nível póstranscricional. miRNAs podem atuar por meio de clivagem direta de mRNAs alvo ou através da repressão da tradução, dependendo da complementaridade entre o mRNA e a sequência do miRNA. Perfis de miRNAs de CT adultas sugerem que estes pequenos reguladores podem contribuir para as propriedades intrínsecas das CT. Para entender melhor os mecanismos de ação dos miRNAs em CT-TA, miRNAs associados ao polissomos de CT-TA foram isolados durante a diferenciação celular. Procurando miRNAs reguladores das etapas iniciais de diferenciação ou envolvidos na autorrenovação de CT, as culturas de células foram induzidas a diferenciação adipogênica durante 72 h. O lisado celular foi submetido à ultracentrifugação em gradiente de sacarose para separar monosomos, polissomos e fração livre de ribossomos. O RNA total associado aos ribossomos foi extraído, os fragmentos de RNA (<200 nt) foram enriquecidos e a seleção de tamanho de fragmentos de RNA apropriados ocorreu durante a preparação das amostras para o sequenciamento em larga escala. As amostras foram sequenciadas utilizando a plataforma SOLiD ™, e as frações polissomais de culturas Não Induzida e 72h de indução foram comparadas e dezesseis miRNAs foram identificados. miRNAs encontrados em um trabalho prévio do grupo foram adicionados a esses dados, e sete miRNAs (hsamiR-29b-1-5p, hsa- miR-29c-5, hsa-miR-30c-5p, hsa-miR-143-5p, hsa-miR-210-3p, hsa-miR-210- 5p e hsa-miR-6775- 5p) foram testados por RT-qPCR para confirmar a expressão diferencial, sendo que um deles (hsa-miR-210-5p) mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa. / Stem cells (SC) are self-renewing and non-specialized cells with the potential of multi-directional differentiation. Adipose Stem Cell (ADSC) is a type of multipotent adult stem cell, easy to isolate and culture. In the past few years, hADSCs have shown great potential for tissue engineering and cell-based therapies. Despite the interest in clinical applications of this kind of cell, the molecular mechanisms underlying their self-renewal and differentiation have yet to be fully elucidated. miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length, that have been shown to be important regulators of posttranscriptional gene expression. miRNAs can act through direct cleavage of target mRNAs or through translational repression, depending of complementary pairing between the mRNA and miRNA sequence.miRNA profile of adult SCs suggests that these small regulators can contribute to the intrinsic properties of SCs. To better understand the mechanisms of action of miRNAs in hADSCs, we isolate miRNAs associated to polysomes of hADSC during cellular differentiation. Looking for miRNAs regulators of early steps of differentiation or involved in ADSC self-renewing, cell cultures were induced to adipogenic differentiation for 72 h. The cell lysate was submitted to ultracentrifugation on a sucrose gradient to separate monosomes, polysomes and the fraction free of ribosomes. The total RNA associated to ribosomes was extracted and the RNA fragments (<200 nt) were enriched and the size selection of appropriate RNA fragments occurred during the preparation of samples for deep sequencing. The samples were sequenced using SOLiD™ platform, and polysomal fraction of cell cultures non induced and 72h of induction were compared and sixteen miRNAs were identified. miRNAs found in a previous work of our group were added to these data and seven miRNAs (hsa-miR-29b-1-5p, hsa-miR-29c-5, hsa-miR-30c-5p, hsa-miR- 143-5p, hsa-miR-210-3p, hsa-miR-210-5p e hsa-miR-6775-5p) were tested by RTqPCR to confirm differential expression, and one of them (hsa-miR-210-5p) showed statistical significant difference.

Bisher wurde davon ausgegangen, dass der IKK-komplex durch Regulation des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-kappaB die stressinduzierte Expression von Zielgenen steuert. Im Rahmen der hier vorgelegten Dissertation konnte jedoch gezeigt werden, dass der IKK-Komplex unabhängig von seiner Rolle in der NF-kappaB-Aktivierung die Stabilität einer Vielzahl von mRNAs kontrolliert. Mittels der Kombination von Ko-Immunopräzipitationsstudien und SILAC-MS konnte die induzierte Interaktion der regulatorischen Untereinheit des IKK-Komplexes IKKgamma mit dem Gerüstprotein EDC4 (Enhancer of Decapping 4) nachgewiesen werden. EDC4 ist eine essentielle Komponente sogenannter zytoplasmatischer „Processing Bodies“ (P-Bodies). Diese fungieren als Depots für die Speicherung von mRNAs, aber auch als Orte der mRNA-Degradation und der miRNA-vermittelten Repression spezifischer Zielgene. Die Interaktion von IKKgamma mit EDC4 konnte durch verschiedene Stimuli induziert werden. Dazu zählen DNA-Schäden durch Doppelstrangbrüche, aber auch die Aktivierung von Oberflächenrezeptoren durch TNFalpha und IL-1beta. EDC4 dient darüber hinaus als Substrat der Kinase IKKbeta. Mittels Massenspektrometrie und Kinaseassays konnten vier IKK-abhängige Phosphorylierungsstellen identifiziert werden. Die IKK-vermittelte Phosphorylierung von EDC4 ist essentiell für die Regulation von mRNAs und die damit verbundene Bildung der zytoplasmatischen P-Bodies. Diese Befunde konnten sowohl in stabilen induzierbaren Zelllinien, mittels transienter Transfektion und durch den Gebrauch von Kinaseinhibitoren in primären als auch in Krebszelllinien bestätigt werden. mRNA-Stabilitätsassays und eine RNA-Seq Analyse bestätigten die stressinduzierten Änderungen in den Halbwertszeiten spezifischer Transkripte und offenbarten einen gemeinsamen Regulationsmechanismus des IKK-Komplexes mit EDC4. / The IKK complex is deemed to regulate gene expression through the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Here I describe an NF-kappaB-independent function of the IKK complex in regulating mRNA stability across different cell types and stimuli. A SILAC-MS screen for interaction partners of the regulatory subunit IKKgamma revealed an inducible interaction with Enhancer of mRNA Decapping 4 (EDC4). EDC4 is an essential component of cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-bodies). P-bodies function as sites of mRNA storage, degradation and miRNA-mediated silencing. Interaction between IKKgamma and EDC4 can be induced by various stimuli, including DNA damage, TNFalpha and IL-1beta. EDC4 was identified as a novel IKK substrate and four IKKbeta phosphorylation sites were determined by mass spectrometry and in kinase assays. Stable inducible cell lines, transient transfection and kinase inhibitors were used in different human cancer and in primary cell lines and demonstrated that phosphorylation of EDC4 by IKK is essential for formation of P-Bodies in response to numerous stimuli. mRNA stability assays confirmed stress-induced changes in the half-life of target mRNAs and revealed common regulation of mRNA stability by IKK and EDC4. The transcriptome-wide reach of this joint regulation was assessed via RNA-Seq analysis.

Le glioblastome (GBM) est la tumeur primitive du cerveau la plus fréquente et la plus agressive chez l’adulte. Le mauvais pronostic de cette pathologie peut être expliqué par la présence de cellules résistantes aux traitements à l’origine des rechutes appelées cellules souches de glioblastome (CSG). Caractérisées par une plasticité cellulaire, elles sont capables de s’adapter aux environnements défavorables à leur survie. Ainsi, malgré des traitements multimodaux agressifs, les bénéfices de la prise en charge du GBM restent très modestes ; il est donc nécessaire de mieux caractériser ces cellules afin de développer de nouvelles thérapies ciblant les CSG. Le rôle des mécanismes post-transcriptionnels de régulation de l’expression génique dans le maintien des cellules souches cancéreuses a été démontré dans différentes tumeurs. Cependant, peu de protéines de liaison à l'ARN (RBP), régulateurs clés de ces événements, ont été identifiés dans le contexte des CSG. Mon projet de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’étude de RBP régulant les propriétés d’auto-renouvèlement et de survie des CSG afin d’approfondir nos connaissances sur les mécanismes moléculaires qui contribuent à la formation ou récurrence des GBM. Dans un premier temps, j’ai cherché à définir un protocole permettant d’enrichir la population de CSG maintenues en conditions de culture non-adhérentes qui favorisent la formation de neurosphères et le maintien d’une hiérarchie cellulaire. Confrontée à une forte hétérogénéité de signatures moléculaires, j’ai choisi de prendre cette caractéristique en compte dans un second temps en menant une étude comparative du transcriptome de 5 modèles de cellules souches de glioblastome provenant de patients différents. Cette analyse inclut également des cellules différenciées in vitro à partir des CSG ainsi que des cellules souches neurales humaines. Grâce à une approche de séquençage de leur transcriptome, mes travaux de thèse ont permis d’identifier une famille de régulateurs post-transcriptionnels enrichis dans les CSG, les protéines nELAVL. Ces résultats ont pu être confirmés par l’analyse de leur expression protéique dans des modèles in vitro et dans des coupes de tumeurs provenant de différents patients atteints de GBM. Une co-expression des protéines nELAVL avec OLIG2 ou SOX2 a été observée confirmant ainsi leur association avec l’état souche. ELAVL4 correspond au membre de la famille nELAVL le plus réprimé lors de la différenciation des CSG. Des outils de modulation de son expression ont été développé en vue d’évaluer son rôle dans les CSG par des approches de perte d’expression ou de gain de fonction / Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary adult brain tumor. GBM dismal prognosis can be explained by the presence of treatment resistant cells responsible for tumor relapse known as glioblastoma stem cells (GSC). Characterized by cellular plasticity, they are able to adapt to hostile environments. Thus, despite aggressive multimodal treatments, GBM curative therapies have provided only a modest benefit; it is therefore necessary to better characterize these cells in order to develop new GSC targeted therapies. The role of posttranscriptional mechanisms of gene expression regulation in the maintenance of cancer stem cells has been demonstrated in different tumors. However, few RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), key regulators of these events, have been identified in GSC. My thesis project consists in identifying RBP that are critical for self-renewal and increased survival properties of GSC. The aim of this study is to deepen our knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms of GBM development or recurrence. At first, I established a protocol to enrich for GSC using nonadherent culture conditions that promote the formation of neurospheres comprising a cellular hierarchy. I chose to take into account the facing problem of GSC molecular heterogeneity in a second step and carried out a comparative study of the transcriptome of 5 glioblastoma stem cell cultures from different patients. This analysis also includes in vitro differentiated cells originating from GSC as well as human neural stem cells. Using a transcriptome sequencing approach, my thesis work has led to the identification of a family of post-transcriptional regulators enriched in GSC, nELAVL proteins. These results were confirmed by protein expression analysis in in vitro neurospheres and within tumor sections from different GBM patients. Co-expression of nELAVL proteins with OLIG2 or SOX2 was observed thus confirming their association with stemness. ELAVL4 repesents the most differentially expressed member of nELAVL family upon GSC differentiation. Knock-down and gain-offunction tools targeting ELAVL4 have been developed to further assess its roles in GSC maintenance

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