GPCR accessory proteins regulate the strength, efficiency and specificity of signal transfer upon receptor activation. Due to the inherent difficulties of studying membrane proteins in vitro and in vivo, little is known about the structure and topology of these small accessory proteins. Two examples of GPCR accessory proteins are the Melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) and the Receptor-activity-modifying protein (RAMP) family. MRAP and RAMP1 are the main focus of this thesis in which they are thoroughly characterised by solution-state NMR and further biophysical techniques. The single-pass transmembrane domain protein MRAP regulates the class A GPCR melanocortin receptors. It is specifically required for trafficking the melanocortin-2-receptor from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface and subsequent receptor activation. A remarkable characteristic of MRAP is its proposed native dual-topology, which leads to an antiparallel homodimeric conformation. Investigation of the biochemical and biophysical properties of MRAP revealed an α-helical transmembrane domain, and an α-helical N-terminal LD(Y/I)L-motif. Further efforts concentrated on establishing the homodimeric conformation of MRAP in vitro. RAMP1 facilitates receptor trafficking and alters the ligand specificity of the GPCR Class B receptors calcitonin receptors and calcitonin receptor-like receptors. Moreover, RAMP1 is required to act as a Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor (RAMP1). RAMP1 has been shown to form stable parallel homodimers in the absence of its cognate receptor. Its dimerisation and the possible dimerisation motif PxxxxP-motif were studied extensively. With the goal of understanding the mechanism of dimerisation and the role of GPCR accessory proteins I have used solution-state NMR in detergent micelles as my main technique. NMR provides unique possibilities for understanding the structure and dynamics of such small membrane proteins.

Ureases (EC 3.5.1.5) são metaloenzimas dependentes de Ni2+que hidrolisam ureia para produzir amônia e CO2. Estas enzimas são encontradas em fungos, bactérias e plantas, compartilhando estruturas similares. Nosso grupo vem demonstrando que ureases possuem propriedades biológicas independentes da atividade ureolítica que potencialmente contribuem para a patogenicidade de micro-organismoss produtores de urease. A presença de urease em bactérias patogênicas (p.e. Helicobacter pylori, Proteus mirabilis) está correlacionada com a patogênese em algumas doenças humanas. Alguns fungos de importância médica também são produtores de urease entre eles Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Sporothrix schenckii. Cryptococcus gattii é um dos agentes etiológicos da criptococose em humanos e animais e acomete mais frequentemente indivíduos imunocompetentes. A maioria dos isolados produzem urease e vários autores sugerem que a liberação de amônia pela atividade da urease de Cryptococcus tem papel importante na patogenia da doença favorecendo uma maior permeabilidade que proporciona a transmigração das leveduras para o sistema nervoso central (SNC). No presente trabalho, para analisar o potencial de virulência da urease de C. gattii foram construídos mutantes com inativação do gene estrutural URE (ure1) e dos genes que codificam as proteínas acessórias (URED, UREF – ure4 e ure6 respectivamente). Assim como já descrito para H. pylori, a urease de C. gattii desempenha papel importante na virulência independente da atividade enzimática. Esta função ocorre anterior a invasão do SNC diminuindo a multiplicação da levedura em macrófagos, aumentando a carga infecciosa no sangue e atenuando a mortalidade tanto no mutante ure1Δ como no mutante ure6Δ em camundongos infectados por via intranasal. / Ureases (EC 3.5.1.5) are metalloenzymes Ni2+ dependents that hydrolyze urea to produce ammonia and CO2. These enzymes are found in fungi, bacteria and plants, show very similar structures. Our group has shown that plant and bacterial ureases display biological properties independent of their ureolytic activity that may contribute to the pathogenesis of urease-producing microrganisms. The presence of urease in pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Helicobacter pylori, Proteus mirabilis) strongly correlates with pathogenesis in some human diseases. Many medically important fungi also produce urease, among which are Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Sporothrix schenckii. Cryptococcus gattii is one of the etiologic agent that causes criptococcosis in human and animals, which often affects immunocompromised patients. The majority of clinical isolates produce large amounts of urease, and several authors suggest that the ammonia realease from urease activity might introduce a local damage of the endothelium, thus increasing permeability which provides yeast transmigration to central nervous system (CNS). To analyse virulence potential of C. gattii urease, mutants inactivating structural URE (ure1) gene and coding genes for accessory proteins required to assemble the Ni2+-containing active site (URED, UREF – ure4 and ure6 respectively ). As already described to H. pylori urease, the C. gattii urease play important roles in virulence independent of ureolytic activity before CNS invasion, reducing yeast multiplication in macrophage, decreasing blood burden and also attenuating mortality either ure1Δ and accessory ure6Δ mutant in mice intranasal infection.

Ureases (EC 3.5.1.5) são metaloenzimas dependentes de Ni2+que hidrolisam ureia para produzir amônia e CO2. Estas enzimas são encontradas em fungos, bactérias e plantas, compartilhando estruturas similares. Nosso grupo vem demonstrando que ureases possuem propriedades biológicas independentes da atividade ureolítica que potencialmente contribuem para a patogenicidade de micro-organismoss produtores de urease. A presença de urease em bactérias patogênicas (p.e. Helicobacter pylori, Proteus mirabilis) está correlacionada com a patogênese em algumas doenças humanas. Alguns fungos de importância médica também são produtores de urease entre eles Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Sporothrix schenckii. Cryptococcus gattii é um dos agentes etiológicos da criptococose em humanos e animais e acomete mais frequentemente indivíduos imunocompetentes. A maioria dos isolados produzem urease e vários autores sugerem que a liberação de amônia pela atividade da urease de Cryptococcus tem papel importante na patogenia da doença favorecendo uma maior permeabilidade que proporciona a transmigração das leveduras para o sistema nervoso central (SNC). No presente trabalho, para analisar o potencial de virulência da urease de C. gattii foram construídos mutantes com inativação do gene estrutural URE (ure1) e dos genes que codificam as proteínas acessórias (URED, UREF – ure4 e ure6 respectivamente). Assim como já descrito para H. pylori, a urease de C. gattii desempenha papel importante na virulência independente da atividade enzimática. Esta função ocorre anterior a invasão do SNC diminuindo a multiplicação da levedura em macrófagos, aumentando a carga infecciosa no sangue e atenuando a mortalidade tanto no mutante ure1Δ como no mutante ure6Δ em camundongos infectados por via intranasal. / Ureases (EC 3.5.1.5) are metalloenzymes Ni2+ dependents that hydrolyze urea to produce ammonia and CO2. These enzymes are found in fungi, bacteria and plants, show very similar structures. Our group has shown that plant and bacterial ureases display biological properties independent of their ureolytic activity that may contribute to the pathogenesis of urease-producing microrganisms. The presence of urease in pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Helicobacter pylori, Proteus mirabilis) strongly correlates with pathogenesis in some human diseases. Many medically important fungi also produce urease, among which are Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Sporothrix schenckii. Cryptococcus gattii is one of the etiologic agent that causes criptococcosis in human and animals, which often affects immunocompromised patients. The majority of clinical isolates produce large amounts of urease, and several authors suggest that the ammonia realease from urease activity might introduce a local damage of the endothelium, thus increasing permeability which provides yeast transmigration to central nervous system (CNS). To analyse virulence potential of C. gattii urease, mutants inactivating structural URE (ure1) gene and coding genes for accessory proteins required to assemble the Ni2+-containing active site (URED, UREF – ure4 and ure6 respectively ). As already described to H. pylori urease, the C. gattii urease play important roles in virulence independent of ureolytic activity before CNS invasion, reducing yeast multiplication in macrophage, decreasing blood burden and also attenuating mortality either ure1Δ and accessory ure6Δ mutant in mice intranasal infection.

Ureases (EC 3.5.1.5) são metaloenzimas dependentes de Ni2+que hidrolisam ureia para produzir amônia e CO2. Estas enzimas são encontradas em fungos, bactérias e plantas, compartilhando estruturas similares. Nosso grupo vem demonstrando que ureases possuem propriedades biológicas independentes da atividade ureolítica que potencialmente contribuem para a patogenicidade de micro-organismoss produtores de urease. A presença de urease em bactérias patogênicas (p.e. Helicobacter pylori, Proteus mirabilis) está correlacionada com a patogênese em algumas doenças humanas. Alguns fungos de importância médica também são produtores de urease entre eles Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Sporothrix schenckii. Cryptococcus gattii é um dos agentes etiológicos da criptococose em humanos e animais e acomete mais frequentemente indivíduos imunocompetentes. A maioria dos isolados produzem urease e vários autores sugerem que a liberação de amônia pela atividade da urease de Cryptococcus tem papel importante na patogenia da doença favorecendo uma maior permeabilidade que proporciona a transmigração das leveduras para o sistema nervoso central (SNC). No presente trabalho, para analisar o potencial de virulência da urease de C. gattii foram construídos mutantes com inativação do gene estrutural URE (ure1) e dos genes que codificam as proteínas acessórias (URED, UREF – ure4 e ure6 respectivamente). Assim como já descrito para H. pylori, a urease de C. gattii desempenha papel importante na virulência independente da atividade enzimática. Esta função ocorre anterior a invasão do SNC diminuindo a multiplicação da levedura em macrófagos, aumentando a carga infecciosa no sangue e atenuando a mortalidade tanto no mutante ure1Δ como no mutante ure6Δ em camundongos infectados por via intranasal. / Ureases (EC 3.5.1.5) are metalloenzymes Ni2+ dependents that hydrolyze urea to produce ammonia and CO2. These enzymes are found in fungi, bacteria and plants, show very similar structures. Our group has shown that plant and bacterial ureases display biological properties independent of their ureolytic activity that may contribute to the pathogenesis of urease-producing microrganisms. The presence of urease in pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Helicobacter pylori, Proteus mirabilis) strongly correlates with pathogenesis in some human diseases. Many medically important fungi also produce urease, among which are Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Sporothrix schenckii. Cryptococcus gattii is one of the etiologic agent that causes criptococcosis in human and animals, which often affects immunocompromised patients. The majority of clinical isolates produce large amounts of urease, and several authors suggest that the ammonia realease from urease activity might introduce a local damage of the endothelium, thus increasing permeability which provides yeast transmigration to central nervous system (CNS). To analyse virulence potential of C. gattii urease, mutants inactivating structural URE (ure1) gene and coding genes for accessory proteins required to assemble the Ni2+-containing active site (URED, UREF – ure4 and ure6 respectively ). As already described to H. pylori urease, the C. gattii urease play important roles in virulence independent of ureolytic activity before CNS invasion, reducing yeast multiplication in macrophage, decreasing blood burden and also attenuating mortality either ure1Δ and accessory ure6Δ mutant in mice intranasal infection.

No description available.

Viral protein U (Vpu) is an accessory protein of HIV‐1 that efficiently targets BST2/Tetherin, a cellular restriction factor that acts as molecular anchor impeding the release of various enveloped viruses from the cell surface. The recently discovered natural receptor of BST2 is ILT7, a molecule exclusively expressed at the surface of the professional type 1 interferon (IFN‐1) producing cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). The interaction between BST2 and ILT7 has been reported to efficiently induce a repression of IFN­‐1 secretion by pDCs. Here, we investigated the impact of Vpu mediated antagonism of BST2, in regards to this newly described immune function of BST2. Using a system of CD4+ T cell lines infected with wild type or Vpu‐deficient HIV-­1 cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells or purified pDCs, we report that the presence of Vpu efficiently reduces IFN-­1 production from sensing pDCs. Furthermore, we observed that this Vpu effect is dependent on the availability of BST2 molecules at the surface of the infected cells, since the Vpu's immunoregulation is abrogated when blocking any potential BST2 trans interaction with anti­‐BST2 antibodies. Similarly, depleting ILT7 from pDCs by means of small interfering RNA treatment equally negates the downregulation of pDC IFN-­1 secretion by Vpu. Finally, the use of recombinant soluble ILT7 competes with pDC‐bound ILT7 for the free BST2 and similarly results in high IFN-­1 production, causing an identical phenotype. Overall, our results demonstrate that Vpu heightens ILT7 activation and subsequent repression of IFN‐1 production by pDCs in response to HIV­‐1 infected CD4+ T cells by promoting it's trans interaction with infected T cell bound BST2, through a yet uncharacterized mechanism. By allowing efficient particle release and restraining pDCs antiviral functions, Vpu exerts a double role on BST2 that seems crucial for the replication and dissemination of HIV‐1. / La protéine accessoire U (Vpu) du VIH‐1 cible efficacement BST2/Tetherin, facteur de restriction restreignant la relâche de divers virus enveloppés à même la surface cellulaire. Le récepteur naturel de BST2 récemment découvert est ILT7, une protéine exclusivement exprimée à la surface des cellules produisant l'essentiel de l'interféron de type 1 (IFN-­1) lors d'infections virales, les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDCs). L'interaction entre BST2 et ILT7 réprime la production d'IFN‐1 des pDCs. Considérant le potentiel immunorégulateur de BST2 récemment décrit, nous avons entrepris d'évaluer cet aspect de l'antagonisme de Vpu sur BST2. À l'aide d'un système de co­‐culture entre une lignée de cellules T CD4+ infectée avec un virus exprimant ou n'exprimant pas Vpu et les cellules mononucléées du sang périphérique ou de pDCs purifiés, nous avons observé que Vpu est responsable d'une atténuation majeure de la sécrétion d'interféron de type 1 (IFN-­1) produite en réponse aux cellules infectées. La présence de molécules de BST2 de surface libres est essentielle à ce processus, puisque le bloc de toute interaction en trans de BST2 par des anticorps polyclonaux α­‐BST2 abroge l'effet de Vpu. Similairement, Vpu ne peut exercer cet effet lorsque ILT7 est déplété dans les pDCs à l'aide de petits ARN interférents. Enfin, l'introduction de protéines recombinantes solubles d'ILT7 dans le système de co-culture semble prévenir l'effet inhibiteur de Vpu, suggérant que Vpu exploite l'interaction de BST2 avec ILT7 pour moduler la sécrétion d'IFN-­1 des pDCs. En conclusion, nos résultats démontrent que Vpu exerce un contrôle sophistiqué de la production d'IFN‐1 par les pDCs en réponse aux lymphocytes T CD4+ infectés par le VIH-­1. Il semble ainsi que l'action de Vpu favorise, par un mécanisme encore méconnu, l'activation d'ILT7 à travers BST2. En effet, cette fonction de Vpu semble tout aussi dépendante de BST2 que de l'ILT7. En favorisant la relâche virale et en menant à l'inhibition de la réponse antivirale des pDCs, la régulation ciblée de BST2 par Vpu est non seulement cruciale à la dissémination du virus, mais aussi à sa réplication.

Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1), l’agent étiologique du SIDA, est un rétrovirus complexe arborant plusieurs protéines accessoires : Nef, Vif, Vpr, et Vpu. Celles-ci sont impliquées dans la modulation de la réplication virale, dans l’évasion immunitaire et dans la progression de la pathogenèse du SIDA. Dans ce contexte, il a été démontré que la protéine virale R (Vpr) induit un arrêt de cycle cellulaire en phase G2. Le mécanisme par lequel Vpr exerce cette fonction est l’activation, ATR (Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related)-dépendante, du point de contrôle de dommage à l’ADN, mais les facteurs et mécanismes moléculaires directement impliqués dans cette activité demeurent inconnus. Afin d’identifier de nouveaux facteurs cellulaires interagissant avec Vpr, nous avons utilisé une purification d’affinité en tandem (TAP) pour isoler des complexes protéiques natifs contenant Vpr. Nous avons découvert que Vpr s’associait avec CRL4A(VprBP), un complexe cellulaire d’E3 ubiquitine ligase, comprenant les protéines Cullin 4A, DDB1 (DNA damage-binding protein 1) et VprBP (Vpr-binding protein). Nos études ont mis en évidence que le recrutement de la E3 ligase par Vpr était nécessaire mais non suffisant pour l’induction de l’arrêt de cycle cellulaire en G2, suggérant ainsi que des événements additionnels seraient impliqués dans ce processus. À cet égard, nous apportons des preuves directes que Vpr détourne les fonctions de CRL4A(VprBP) pour induire la polyubiquitination de type K48 et la dégradation protéosomale de protéines cellulaires encore inconnues. Ces événements d’ubiquitination induits par Vpr ont été démontrés comme étant nécessaire à l’activation d’ATR. Finalement, nous montrons que Vpr forme des foyers ancrés à la chromatine co-localisant avec VprBP ainsi qu’avec des facteurs impliqués dans la réparation de l’ADN. La formation de ces foyers représente un événement essentiel et précoce dans l’induction de l’arrêt de cycle cellulaire en G2. Enfin, nous démontrons que Vpr est capable de recruter CRL4A(VprBP) au niveau de la chromatine et nous apportons des preuves indiquant que le substrat inconnu ciblé par Vpr est une protéine associée à la chromatine. Globalement, nos résultats révèlent certains des ménanismes par lesquels Vpr induit des perturbations du cycle cellulaire. En outre, cette étude contribue à notre compréhension de la modulation du système ubiquitine-protéasome par le VIH-1 et son implication fonctionnelle dans la manipulation de l’environnement cellulaire de l’hôte. / Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), the etiologic agent of AIDS, is a complex retrovirus with several accessory proteins. HIV-1 accessory proteins Nef, Vif, Vpr, and Vpu have been implicated in the modulation of viral replication, enhancement of viral fitness, immune evasion, and progression of AIDS pathogenesis. In that regard, viral protein R (Vpr) induces a cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase by activating the canonical ATR (Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related)-mediated DNA damage checkpoint, but cellular factors and mechanisms directly engaged in this process remain unknown. To identify novel Vpr-interacting cellular factors, we used tandem affinity purification (TAP) to isolate native Vpr-containing complexes. We found that Vpr hijacks a cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, CRL4A(VprBP), composed of Cullin 4A, DDB1 (DNA damage-binding protein 1) and VprBP (Vpr-binding protein). Moreover, we observed that recruitment of the E3 ligase by Vpr was necessary but not sufficient for the induction of G2 cell cycle arrest, suggesting that additional events are involved. In this context, we provide direct evidence that Vpr usurps the function of CRL4A(VprBP) to induce the K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of as-yet-unknown cellular proteins. These ubiquitination events mediated by Vpr were necessary for the activation of ATR. Moreover, we show that Vpr forms chromatin-associated foci that co-localize with VprBP and DNA repair factors. Our data indicate that formation of these foci represent a critical early event in the induction of G2 arrest. Finally, we show that Vpr is able to recruit CRL4A(VprBP) on chromatin and we provide evidence that the unknown substrate targeted by Vpr is a chromatin-associated protein. Overall, our results reveal some of the mechanisms by which Vpr induces cell cycle perturbations. Furthermore, this study contributes to our understanding of the modulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by HIV-1 and its functional implication in the manipulation of the host cellular environment.

Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1), l’agent étiologique du SIDA, est un rétrovirus complexe arborant plusieurs protéines accessoires : Nef, Vif, Vpr, et Vpu. Celles-ci sont impliquées dans la modulation de la réplication virale, dans l’évasion immunitaire et dans la progression de la pathogenèse du SIDA. Dans ce contexte, il a été démontré que la protéine virale R (Vpr) induit un arrêt de cycle cellulaire en phase G2. Le mécanisme par lequel Vpr exerce cette fonction est l’activation, ATR (Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related)-dépendante, du point de contrôle de dommage à l’ADN, mais les facteurs et mécanismes moléculaires directement impliqués dans cette activité demeurent inconnus. Afin d’identifier de nouveaux facteurs cellulaires interagissant avec Vpr, nous avons utilisé une purification d’affinité en tandem (TAP) pour isoler des complexes protéiques natifs contenant Vpr. Nous avons découvert que Vpr s’associait avec CRL4A(VprBP), un complexe cellulaire d’E3 ubiquitine ligase, comprenant les protéines Cullin 4A, DDB1 (DNA damage-binding protein 1) et VprBP (Vpr-binding protein). Nos études ont mis en évidence que le recrutement de la E3 ligase par Vpr était nécessaire mais non suffisant pour l’induction de l’arrêt de cycle cellulaire en G2, suggérant ainsi que des événements additionnels seraient impliqués dans ce processus. À cet égard, nous apportons des preuves directes que Vpr détourne les fonctions de CRL4A(VprBP) pour induire la polyubiquitination de type K48 et la dégradation protéosomale de protéines cellulaires encore inconnues. Ces événements d’ubiquitination induits par Vpr ont été démontrés comme étant nécessaire à l’activation d’ATR. Finalement, nous montrons que Vpr forme des foyers ancrés à la chromatine co-localisant avec VprBP ainsi qu’avec des facteurs impliqués dans la réparation de l’ADN. La formation de ces foyers représente un événement essentiel et précoce dans l’induction de l’arrêt de cycle cellulaire en G2. Enfin, nous démontrons que Vpr est capable de recruter CRL4A(VprBP) au niveau de la chromatine et nous apportons des preuves indiquant que le substrat inconnu ciblé par Vpr est une protéine associée à la chromatine. Globalement, nos résultats révèlent certains des ménanismes par lesquels Vpr induit des perturbations du cycle cellulaire. En outre, cette étude contribue à notre compréhension de la modulation du système ubiquitine-protéasome par le VIH-1 et son implication fonctionnelle dans la manipulation de l’environnement cellulaire de l’hôte. / Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), the etiologic agent of AIDS, is a complex retrovirus with several accessory proteins. HIV-1 accessory proteins Nef, Vif, Vpr, and Vpu have been implicated in the modulation of viral replication, enhancement of viral fitness, immune evasion, and progression of AIDS pathogenesis. In that regard, viral protein R (Vpr) induces a cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase by activating the canonical ATR (Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related)-mediated DNA damage checkpoint, but cellular factors and mechanisms directly engaged in this process remain unknown. To identify novel Vpr-interacting cellular factors, we used tandem affinity purification (TAP) to isolate native Vpr-containing complexes. We found that Vpr hijacks a cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, CRL4A(VprBP), composed of Cullin 4A, DDB1 (DNA damage-binding protein 1) and VprBP (Vpr-binding protein). Moreover, we observed that recruitment of the E3 ligase by Vpr was necessary but not sufficient for the induction of G2 cell cycle arrest, suggesting that additional events are involved. In this context, we provide direct evidence that Vpr usurps the function of CRL4A(VprBP) to induce the K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of as-yet-unknown cellular proteins. These ubiquitination events mediated by Vpr were necessary for the activation of ATR. Moreover, we show that Vpr forms chromatin-associated foci that co-localize with VprBP and DNA repair factors. Our data indicate that formation of these foci represent a critical early event in the induction of G2 arrest. Finally, we show that Vpr is able to recruit CRL4A(VprBP) on chromatin and we provide evidence that the unknown substrate targeted by Vpr is a chromatin-associated protein. Overall, our results reveal some of the mechanisms by which Vpr induces cell cycle perturbations. Furthermore, this study contributes to our understanding of the modulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by HIV-1 and its functional implication in the manipulation of the host cellular environment.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-02-15T14:17:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaqueline Goes de Jesus. Estudo...2014.pdf: 4655999 bytes, checksum: 99ee2ef801cc69dd80d0a344e8f01be2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-02-15T14:18:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaqueline Goes de Jesus. Estudo...2014.pdf: 4655999 bytes, checksum: 99ee2ef801cc69dd80d0a344e8f01be2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-15T14:18:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaqueline Goes de Jesus. Estudo...2014.pdf: 4655999 bytes, checksum: 99ee2ef801cc69dd80d0a344e8f01be2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / As ORFs I e IV do genoma do HTLV-1 codificam, respectivamente, as proteínas p12/p8 (acessória) e Tax (regulatória). p12/p8, de 99 aminoácidos, pode ser clivada em sua extremidade amino terminal gerando a proteína p8. A primeira clivagem proteolítica de p12 remove o sinal de retenção ao RE, enquanto a segunda clivagem, gera o produto de 8kDa, referido como p8. p12 localiza-se no sistema de endomembranes, residindo em RE e aparato de Golgi, enquanto p8 dirige-se para a membrana plasmática, onde é recrutada para a sinapse imunológica, através da ligação com o receptor de células T (TCR), além de participar da sinapse virológica e da formação de conduítes. A proteína Tax, por outro lado, atua como transativador transcricional do HTLV-1, sendo referida também na indução da expressão de diversos genes celulares, aumentando a proliferação e a migração das células infectadas. Na via de transporte de vesículas secretórias, vesículas produzidas como pós-Golgi são transportadas ao longo do citoesqueleto por motores celulares. A Miosina-Va, um motor não convencional, transporta diversos cargos, incluindo vesículas secretórias, vesículas sinápticas e de retículo endoplasmático. Outra proteína relacionada ao citoesqueleto é a Paxilina, que atua como molécula adaptadora nas adesões focais e cuja expressão está aumentada em indivíduos TSP-HAM. Na tentativa de compreender se Tax influencia no aumento da expressão de Paxilina e, paralelamente, se p8 trafega a partir de Golgi em direção à membrana, de maneira dependente de Miosina-Va, células de linhagem foram transfectadas, com o plasmídeo que expressa Tax ou com plasmídeos que expressam variantes da proteína p12 (pMEp12) fusionada a um tag de HA (hemaglutinina de influenza) e que expressam porções da Miosina-Va, incluindo a cauda completa neuronal conjugada com GFP (MyoVa FTNeu-eGFP), que funciona como dominante negativo e compete com a Miosina-Va constitutiva pelos seus ligantes intracelulares. A localização intracelular das proteínas foi realizada por ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta utilizando anticorpos contra a Paxilina ou contra o tag de HA e a cauda medial da Miosina-Va. Técnicas de microscopia confocal e obtenção de imagens foram realizadas utilizando o microscópio Zeiss LSM 780 (Carl Zeiss Optical, Chester, Va.) e o software Adobe Photoshop CC. Surpreendentemente, nas células que expressavam Tax, a expressão de Paxilina, avaliada por imunofluorescência, foi menor, necessitando de novos ensaios para confirmação dos resultados. Em relação à p12/p8, foi observada a sua sub-localização celular como já descrito na literatura, apresentando-se na região perinuclear (RE e aparato de Golgi), e co-localização entre p12/p8 e Miosina-Va, embora apenas quando o dominante negativo MyoVa FTNeu-eGFP foi expresso simultaneamente com as variantes de p12, a localização de p12/p8 mostrou-se alterada, de pontos dispersos por todo o citoplasma e superfície celular para apresentar-se em forma de grumos agregados independentemente da variante de p12 expressa, sugerindo que a Miosina-Va desempenha um importante papel no tráfego de p8 partindo de Golgi até a superfície celular. / HTLV-1 ORFs I and IV encode respectively p12/p8 (accessory protein) and Tax (regulatory protein). The 99 amino acid p12 protein can be proteolytically cleaved at the amino terminus to generate the p8 protein. The first proteolytic cleavage removes the ER retention/retrieval signal at the amino terminus of p12, while the second cleavage generates the p8 protein. The p12 protein localizes to cellular endomembranes, within the ER and Golgi apparatus, while p8 traffics to lipid rafts at the cell surface and is recruited to the immunological synapse upon T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation, virological synapse and conduits. Tax on the other hand acts as viral transactivator and induces expression of many cellular genes, increasing proliferation and migration of infected cells. In secretory vesicle transport, vesicles produced as post-Golgi are moved along the cytoskeleton by motor proteins. The unconventional myosin motor, Myosin-Va, moves several cargoes including secretory vesicles, synaptic vesicles, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Another cytoskeleton associated protein is Paxillin, an adapter on focal adhesions which expression is increased in TSP-HAM patients. To understand if Tax play a role on increased expression of Paxillin and parallel if p8 traffics from Golgi apparatus to cell surface on a myosin-Va dependent manner, lineage cells were transfected with Tax plasmids or pMEp12 plasmids which express variants (p12WT, p12Δ29 and p12G29S) of the fusion protein of HTLV-1 p12 tagged with the influenza hemagglutinin (HA1) tag and with the Myo-Va plasmids including full-tail neuronal-eGFP conjugated (MyoVa FTNeu-eGFP) plasmid which expresses a negative dominant of myosin Va and competes for intracellular ligands with cellular putative myosin. Proteins intracellular localization were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay using antibodies against Paxillin or the HA-tag and the Myo-Va protein. Confocal microscopy and image collection was performed by using a Zeiss LSM 780 microscope (Carl Zeiss Optical, Chester, Va.) with Adobe Photoshop CC software. Surprisingly in Tax-expressing cells Paxillin fluorescence was decreased requiring another assay to confirm this find. It was reported that p12 expression in Jurkat T, as previous described, was shown in perinuclear region which might be RE and Golgi apparatus and that p12/p8 and MyoVa proteins colocalizes in lineage cells, however only when MyoVa FTNeu-eGFP was simultaneously expressed with pMEp12 plasmids, p12/p8 localization showed to be altered from dots dispersed all over cytoplasm and cell surface to form cytoplasmic aggregates independently on variant of p12 expressed, suggesting that myosin Va plays an important role on traffics of p8 from Golgi to cell surface.

Primate lentiviruses encode four “accessory proteins” including Vif, Vpu, Nef, and Vpr/ Vpx. Vif and Vpu counteract the antiviral effects of cellular restrictions to early and late steps in the viral replication cycle. The functions of Vpx/ Vpr are not well understood. This study presents evidence that the Vpx proteins of HIV-2/ SIVSMpromote HIV-1 infection by antagonizing an antiviral restriction in myeloid cells. Fusion of macrophages in which Vpx was essential for virus infection, with COS cells in which Vpx was dispensable for virus infection, generated heterokaryons that supported infection by wild-type SIV but not Vpx-deleted SIV. The restriction potently antagonized infection of macrophages by HIV-1, and expression of Vpx in macrophages in transovercame the restriction to HIV-1 and SIV infection. Similarly, the cellular restriction is the obstacle to transduction of macrophages by MLV. Neutralization of the restriction by Vpx rendered macrophages permissive to MLV infection. Vpx was ubiquitylated and both ubiquitylation and the proteasome regulated the activity of Vpx. The ability of Vpx to counteract the restriction to HIV-1 and SIV infection was dependent upon the HIV-1 Vpr interacting protein, damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1), and DDB1 partially substituted for Vpx when fused to Vpr. This study further demonstrates that this restriction prevents transduction of quiescent monocytes by HIV-1. Although terminally differentiated macrophages are partially permissive to HIV-1, quiescent monocytes, which are macrophage precursors, are highly refractory to lentiviral infection. Monocyte-HeLa heterokaryons were resistant to HIV-1 infection, while heterokaryons formed between monocytes and HeLa cells expressing Vpx were permissive to HIV-1 infection, suggesting the resistance of quiescent monocytes to HIV-1 transduction is governed by a restriction factor. Encapsidation of Vpx within HIV-1 virions conferred the ability to infect quiescent monocytes. Introduction of Vpx into monocytes by pre-infection also rendered quiescent monocytes permissive to HIV-1 infection. Infection of monocytes by HIV-1 either with or without Vpx did not have an effect on temporal expression of CD71. In addition, Vpx increased permissivity of CD71– and CD71+cells to HIV-1 infection with no apparent bias. These results confirm that Vpx directly renders undifferentiated monocytes permissive to HIV-1 transduction without inducing their differentiation. The introduction of Vpx did not significantly alter APOBEC3G complex distribution, suggesting a restriction other than APOBEC3G was responsible for the resistance of monocytes to HIV-1. Collectively our results indicate that macrophages and monocytes harbor a potent antiviral restriction that is counteracted by the Vpx protein. The relative ability of primate lentiviruses and gammaretroviruses to transduce non-dividing myeloid-cells is dependent upon their ability to neutralize this restriction.