The performance of a new horizontal retort (Steriflow Standard 1-Basket Model, Barriquand, Paris, France) was evaluated on the basis of temperature, heat and lethality distribution. Time-temperature data for these studies were obtained from bare thermocouples (type T), and rectangular bricks fabricated from Teflon$ sp{ rm TM}$ and Lexan$ sp{ rm TM}$ with thermocouples positioned at their geometrical centres. / The effect of entrapped air on processing parameters for bricks packaged in retort pouches was determined using silicone rubber bricks (10 x 14.5 x 2 cm), containing 5 thermocouples with their junctions positioned from the geometrical centre to near the top surface. The processing media employed were steam/air at two temperatures (121.1$ sp circ$C and 115.6$ sp circ$C) and two levels of superimposed air over-pressure, corresponding to 65% and 75% steam content. / With the exception of the highest level of over-pressure (116 kPa), 60 ml of entrapped air caused the heating rate index (f$ sb{ rm h}$) to double. At low levels of air over-pressures, the slowest heating region (often assumed to be the geometrical centre) in the brick was shifted to a height equivalent to 3/4 of the brick thickness from the centre when the entrapped air volume was 60 ml. For similar conditions, the location receiving the least combined lethality during heating and cooling was near the top surface of the brick.

No description available.

Orientador: Claudio Saddy Rodrigues Coy / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T13:58:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tilio_MarcelaSoaresGoncalvesde_M.pdf: 760990 bytes, checksum: c27e1cf16a290781107f621a7697ac7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A proctocolectomia total com reservatório ileal (RI) é a cirurgia mais utilizada em portadores de retocolite ulcerativa (RCUI), porém, trata-se de procedimento de grande porte, que implica em derivação intestinal temporária e elevada morbidade. A experiência adquirida ao longo do tempo evidenciou a ocorrência de várias complicações como distúrbios evacuatórios e a inflamação do reservatório ou bolsite, que podem influenciar negativamente a qualidade de vida do paciente e se contrapor às expectativas iniciais. Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade de vida pós-operatória de pacientes com RI por RCUI. Casuística e métodos: Foram avaliados 31 pacientes operados pela mesma equipe (Grupo de Coloproctologia- FCM/UNICAMP) há pelo menos 1 ano. Empregou-se questionário de avaliação inicial dirigido elaborado pelos autores com o intuito de caracterizar a população e identificar sua satisfação com a cirurgia e questionário específico validado em português para investigação da qualidade de vida após cirurgia de RI (IBDQ), composto por 32 questões que abrangem quatro dimensões: sintomas intestinais, sintomas sistêmicos, aspectos sociais e aspectos emocionais. Cada questão dentro de cada um dos domínios aferidos tem sete alternativas de respostas. Cada opção de resposta vale seu próprio número em pontos, sendo 1 pior qualidade de vida e 7 a melhor. Verificou-se assim, o total de pontos obtidos em cada domínio. Foram avaliados os percentuais com pontuação máxima e mínima para cada item avaliado. Considerou-se resultado satisfatório para as pontuações 5, 6 e 7, regular 4 e insatisfatório valores de 1 a 3. Para análise qualitativa da soma de cada domínio dividiu-se por três o intervalo entre a pontuação mínima e máxima de cada domínio, assim considerando-se para sintomas intestinais escores de 46 até 54,99 como insatisfatório, de 55 até 62,99 regular, de 63 até 70 satisfatório; para domínio sistêmicos, de 8 até 17,99 insatisfatório, 18 até 26,99 regular, de 27 até 35 satisfatório; para aspectos sociais, de 10 até 18,33 insatisfatório, de 18,34 até 26,67 regular e de 26,68 até 35 satisfatório; e para aspectos emocionais, de 22 até 42,66 insatisfatório, de 42,67 até 63,32 regular e de 63,33 até 84 satisfatório. Resultados: A população estudada apresentou qualidade de vida regular em todos os domínios avaliados; ao compararem-se os escores da qualidade de vida entre os gêneros e tipos de reservatórios verificou-se que não há influência significativa em relação ao sexo, tipo de reservatório, tempo de pós-operatório e idade em relação aos maiores e menores do que 40 anos, porém, observou-se uma tendência a escores menores nos mais velhos. Pacientes que estão trabalhando apresentam escores de qualidade de vida físico e social significativamente maiores do que aqueles que não estão trabalhando; indivíduos com derivação intestinal apresentaram escores significativamente menores nos aspectos sistêmico, social, emocional e total. Os escores intestinal, social, emocional, sistêmico e total indicam que portadores de RI por RCUI apresentam qualidade de vida regular após um ano ou mais de pós operatório. Conclusão: Os escores intestinal, social, emocional, sistêmico e total indicam que portadores de RI por RCUI apresentam qualidade de vida regular após um ano ou mais de pós operatório. Aspectos relacionados à idade, presença de derivação intestinal e inatividade influenciam negativamente a qualidade de vida em portadores de RI / Abstract: Restorative proctocolectomy with Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the standard surgical treatment for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), however, involves temporary ileostomy and high morbidity. The acquired experience over time showed the occurrence of various complications, such as, evacuation disturbances and the inflammation of the pouch or pouchitis, which can influence negatively the patients' quality of life (QoL) and as opposed to when compared to the initial expectations. Aim: To evaluate quality of life of patients with UC after IPAA. Patients and Methods: Thirty one patients were evaluated and underwent surgery by the same team with at least one year follow-up after surgery. An initial questionnaire was used for evaluation. It had been elaborated by qualified personnel with the purpose to characterize the patients and to identify their satisfaction with the surgery. A second questionnaire, specifically validated in Portuguese, was used to investigate the QoL after IPAA. It has 32 questions which covered four areas: intestinal and systemic symptoms, plus social and emotional aspects. Each question has seven possible answers. Each answer option has its own value; one represented the worse QoL and seven the best. For classification purposes five to seven points were considered satisfactory, four regular and one to three unsatisfactory. For quantitative analysis, the interval between the minimum and maximum punctuation of each domain were divided by 3, thus considering for physical domain scores between 46 to 54,99 as unsatisfactory, 55 to 62,99 regular, 63 to 70 satisfactory; for systemic domain, 8 to 17,99 unsatisfactory, 18 to 26,99 regular, 27 to 35 satisfactory; for social aspects, 10 to 18,33 unsatisfactory, 18,34 to 26,67 regular and 26,68 to 35 satisfactory; e for emotional aspects, 22 to 42,66 unsatisfactory, 42,67 to 63,32 regular and 63,33 to 84 satisfactory. Results: The group studied presented a regular classification of QoL in all the areas evaluated. Sex, type of reservoir and post-operative period had no significant influence. However, regarding to age it was observed that there was a tendency for lower scores after 40 years old. Patients that were employed presented QoL scores for physical and social activity significantly higher than those who were unemployed. Individuals with ileostomy had significantly lower scores in the systemic, social, and emotional aspects. Conclusion: The intestinal, social, emotional, systemic and total scores indicated that carriers of IPAA for ulcerative colitis presented a regular Qol after post operative period of a year or more. Aspects related to age, presence of ileostomy and inactivity influenced negatively on the QoL who underwent IPPA / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica / Mestra em Ciências

No description available.

The object of this research was to develop a retort for research and development of thermal processes which use common commercial thermal processing techniques. An FMC 500W laboratory sterilizer, designed to operate with an FMC weir product racking system, was modified for conventional steam, positive flow steam/air and water immersion/air overpressure thermal processing of foods in thin profile retortable packages. The research included the modification of the retort plumbing and the fabrication of a set of product trays and a racking system. The completed system was tested for temperature distribution and stability, and heat transfer distribution for each processing mode. The latter was achieved by comparing the heat penetration parameters calculated from the centerpoint temperature histories of conduction heating teflon transducers. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Graduate

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

In light of the exponential growth of the nicotine pouch industry, major tobacco-industry players have shown increasing interest in newer nicotine and tobacco products, despite the lack of discernible differences them. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the differentiation strategies of companies within the Swedish nicotine pouch market, and further, the long-term competitiveness of these strategies. The study has applied an abductive and qualitative method to interpret non-numerical data of 14 companies through a document analysis, complemented by two semi-structured interviews. Empirical findings have been analysed using a conceptual model based on previous theories and research on product differentiation. The thesis identified five traditional, alongside three industry-specific modes of differentiation apparent within the market. Primarily, companies differentiate through branding and marketing, adaptiveness, health advocacy and sustainable branding. Interestingly, besides flavour innovation, technology and innovation-driven differentiation is less common within the industry. Most strategies identified within the market are, however, easily imitable, and therefore not competitive long- term. Ultimately, findings suggest the industry is at a crossroads: Consumers currently hold a significant amount of power with a variety of options and little to nothing swaying them in one direction or the other.

Marknadsföring av hälsofarliga produkter inom områden som till exempel alkohol och tobakhar länge ifrågasatts då det går emot främjandet av folkhälsan. Tidigare forskning tyder på att exponering för marknadsföring av dessa produkter leder till ett ökat konsumtionsbeteende hos unga. Lagar kring regleringar av bland annat åldersgränsen och marknadsföring av dessa produkter har således stiftats, men nya produkter sätter ständigt krav på en granskning av dessa lagar. De relativt nya tobaksfria nikotinprodukterna reglerades inte på flera år under en lag och företag kunde således använda sig av flertalet strategier för att marknadsföra nikotinprodukter, exempelvis vitt snus och e-cigaretter. Fåtalet forskning har gjorts kring exponeringen förmarknadsföringen av nikotinprodukterna och ungas påverkan av denna, men de som har gjorts visar på ett samband mellan exponeringen och en ökad mottaglighet samt en ökad sannolikhet till att börja konsumera produkterna. Studien syftar till att öka förståelsen för hur företags marknadsföring av nikotinprodukten vitt snus uppfattas av generation Z i Sverige och till vilken grad marknadsföringen påverkar dem för att således nyansera problemet. En kvalitativ studie genomfördes där tre fokusgruppsintervjuer med totalt femton deltagare genomfördes. Empirin samlades in genom att spela in samtliga intervjuer vilka sedan transkriberades för att möjliggöra en objektiv analys. Empirin visar att respondenterna upplevde att företags marknadsföring av vitt snus framhäverpositiva attribut hos produkten genom färgglada och tilltalande annonser där produkten marknadsförs likt en essentiell accessoar. Vitt snus ansågs även vara normaliserat och marknadsfördes likt en godis eller ett tuggummi vilket riktade sig mot en ung målgrupp. Det framgick även att deltagare har fått en förändrad attityd gentemot produkten vid en längre tids exponering via dels marknadsföring, dels vänners konsumerande av produkten. Deras negativa och hälsofarliga uppfattning av vitt snus hade minskat till den grad att de till slut konsumeradeprodukten. Vidare visade influencers ha betydelse för ungas konsumtionsbeteende och deras roll som förebild ifrågasattes av respondenterna med tanke på deras stora inflytande på sina följare. Slutligen fanns det även ifrågasättanden gällande influencers verkliga anledning till samarbeten med företag där marknadsföring av hälsofarliga produkter ansågs endast bero på den ekonomiska aspekten då de gör reklam för ett hälsofarligt konsumerande. / Marketing of health-hazardous products in areas such as alcohol and tobacco has long been a discussed topic as it questions the promotion of public health. Previous research indicates that exposure to marketing of these products leads to increased consumption behavior among young people. Laws surrounding the regulation of, for instance, the age limit and marketing of these products have thus been established. However, newly established products on the market constantly require an inspection of these laws. The relatively new tobacco-free nicotine products were not regulated for several years when these entered the market. Therefore,companies were able to use several productive strategies to market nicotine products, for example white nicotine pouches and e-cigarettes. Research on nicotine products marketing exposure and the effect on young people shows an association between the marketing exposure and an increased susceptibility and a behavior change. This study aims to contribute with a profound understanding of how companies' nicotine product marketing of nicotine pouches is perceived by generation Z in Sweden and to what extent themarketing influences them, in order to nuance this questioned topic. A qualitative method was applied where three focus group interviews with fifteen participants were conducted. The interviews were recorded to get a full transcription and enable an objective analysis. The results show that the participants perceived the companies' nicotine pouches marketing to emphasize positive attributes of the product through colorful and appealing advertisements,where the product appeared like an essential accessory. The nicotine pouches were also perceived to be normalized in society and were marketed like candy or chewing gums which targeted a younger audience. It also emerged that participants had a reduced harm perceptionsof nicotine pouches through a longer period of market exposure and exposure of the product through friends. Their reduced harm perceptions resulted in consumption of the product. Furthermore, influencers were shown to have an impact on young people's consumption behavior and their part as a role model was questioned by respondents regarding their influence on their followers. Finally, the results show participants critically question influencers' real reason for collaborations with companies. The marketing of health-hazardous products was considered only a financial manner as the influencers promote a health-hazardous consuming.