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Black Americans experience poverty at disproportionately high rates that are concerning both because of the perils of poverty as well as the belief that one’s race should not affect one’s opportunities in life. This paper extends the Capability Approach and argues that basic needs play an important economic role in providing people with a minimum level of opportunity that allows them to avoid poverty. Using MSA-level data on basic needs access and poverty rates, this paper finds that increasing rates of homeownership, high school graduation, and car access as well as decreasing rates of disability are all significantly associated with lower poverty rates for Black Americans. However, the empirical results also show that higher rates of high school graduation and car access for White populations are associated with higher rates of Black poverty, likely due to spillover effects in the labor market that crowd out Black workers.

M.Com. (Economics and Econometrics) / Poverty is a multi-dimensional problem that requires a solution that is both multi-dimensional and systematic. The research contained in this dissertation is important because it explores the Shari’ah approach to multi-dimensional poverty reduction as a more suitable alternative to the conventional, uni-dimensional approaches to poverty reduction, especially from a theoretical perspective. The main argument presented in this dissertation is that the theoretical Shari’ah approach to poverty reduction provides a more detailed framework than the conventional uni-dimensional approach for addressing the various dimensions of poverty and their interrelationships under secular conditions. The study was based on a non-empirical, critical analysis of the available literature. The motive for addressing the problem in this manner was because a truly comprehensive conceptual framework surrounding the Shari’ah approach did not truly exist prior to this study. The first of two important conclusions reached in this study are that Shari’ah could theoretically assist with offering a holistic and systemic theoretical framework...

This thesis describes and discusses a study conducted in a centralwest Bangladesh village, between March 1981 and January 1982, with a view to testing the hypothesis that intra-household allocation of food discriminates against women and children and that the discrimination puts the vulnerable members of the household at extra risks during periods when food and financial resources of households are scarcest. Intra-household allocation of food was studied by weighing the individual food intakes of household members for three consecutive days, at four different seasons covering periods of normal food availability, relative shortage and abundance of food. Nutritional status was assessed py consecutive measurement of weight (monthly) and height (quarterly). Information was collected on socio-economic status of households, people's perception of food needs (physiological) of individuals, household decision making and strategies in coping with shortage by structured and unstructured interviews and through personal observations. The sample consisted of 320 individuals in 53 households. Analysis of the study revealed lack of marked and consistent socioeconomic differentials in intake and outcome, but that highly significant seasonal differences did exist. The most important finding of the study is that although the intake of women and girls over 5 years was lower than that of men and boys over 5 years, the male-female differential did not generally exceed the differential between the two sexes that might be expected on the basis of body size and activity. Only in the 1-4 year age group was there a significant difference between energy intakes of males and females when corrected for body size. Furthermore, contrary to what has been generally postulated in the literature, (often based on qualitative information), women and children were not discriminated against during periods of food shortage, but were rather generally given preferential treatment in the allocation of available food. It is believed that the study adds to our understanding as to how seasonal fluctuations affect the food intake of 'poor' people in rural Bangladesh and how people cope with predictable cyclical periods of food shortage.

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M. Comm. / No country's economy can survive if the majority of its population remains without income, basic services, and tangible assets that will allow for a secure and sustainable livelihood. Addressing poverty and its causes is therefore a core developmental challenge facing the world economy. Throughout history, various explanations and theories have been advanced in the attempt to understand the causes and persistence of poverty. These theories have evolved into an understanding of the complex phenomenon of poverty, as it is perceived today. The importance of these theories is evident in the creation of poverty alleviation strategies and policies, thus a sound understanding of poverty and its complexities is essential. The new poverty agenda formulated by the DFID in conjunction with other international agents has developed strategic guidelines for the alleviation of poverty that have been based on past experience and theoretical literature. These guidelines include the need for economic growth, equality, security, participation, opportunities, and sustainability. South Africa has effectively incorporated these guidelines into its own poverty activities that consider the nature of South Africa's poverty situation. South Africa has a high incidence of poverty, and its society is characterised by extreme inequality. Poverty is disproportionately divided between South Africa's nine provinces, localities, race groups, genders, and age groups. Inequalities and high poverty rates are caused by political, social, economic, and environmental factors. Politically, South Africa was shaped by the apartheid regime that manifested inequality amongst race groups by oppressing and exploiting the black population in favour of the white minority. Social dimensions, such as the inadequacy of food security, lack of education and other basic needs have also contributed to impoverishment. Contributing economic factors include the poor growth of South Africa's economy since the 1980s that has inevitably lead to increases in poverty and unemployment rates. Poor and inadequate living conditions common in South Africa have resulted in environmental degradation, and this has further impoverished the population.

M.Com. (Economics) / Combating poverty is at the frontier of analyses in South Africa today. The study to combat poverty in South Africa is six-fold. After setting the nature of the study to be pursued in Chapter 1, the dissertation analyses the theories of poverty in Chapter 2. The record of poverty in South Africa is analysed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 focuses on the methods to combat poverty in South Africa. Chapter 5 is a summary of the main findings of the study. A proposed structure plan to combat poverty in South Africa is investigated in Chapter 6. Chapter I analyses the problem and its setting. Reducing poverty is the fundamental objective of economic development. It is estimated that 18 million people in the RSA live in absolute poverty. They live in households with incomes below the minimum income level ofR695 per month at 1990 prices. Sustainable economic growth is needed in the RSA to combat this poverty. Chapter 2 discusses the theories of poverty. Theories of poverty are today in a state of crisis. The alternative model derived from radical and structuralist interpretations of poverty has also proved disappointing. Myrdal's theory argues that poverty is caused by the inequality problem which is closely related to unemployment and material poverty. The minority group theory explains that poverty is caused by the death of the chief wage-earner and chronic irregularities of work opportunities. The sub-culture theory explains poverty as a way of life.

This dissertation is a philosophical inquiry into the problem of the slums that develop in and around large cities in the Global South, considered in the context of globalization. I argue first that theories of global justice must consider this new human condition engendered by the global slums; second, that the language of alienation and dignity is crucial to conceptions of global poverty; third, that this alienation is in large part predicated on the exploitation of women's labor; and finally, that this dignitarian response to alienation is a critical addition to the Capabilities Approach.