This dissertation presents an analytical study on virtual synchronous machine-based power control in active rectifiers for micro grids supported by prototype modelling, simulation results and discussions.Popularity and demand of the distributed energy resources and renewable energy sources are increasing due to their economic and environmental friendliness. Concept of micro grid with an active rectifier (AR) interface has been found to be promising for smart integration of such distributed generation units. Having the presence of a synchronous generator (SG) in a micro grid introduces several advantages in terms of stability and reliability in the power system. This is mainly owed to the inertia, damping and load sharing properties of SG. This in return, gives rise to the question if an AR of a micro grid can imitate the behaviour of a synchronous generator, can the stability and reliability introduced by SG be replicated in a micro grid. A research on the state-of-the-art for uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) has been carried out to identify the implementation and the control strategies of redundancy and parallel operation as UPS has been an established technology over the last decades. The theoretical study on virtual synchronous machine (VSM) concept in the fall, 2011, has been extended in developing a model with classical inner current control and outer voltage control loops based on the synchronous reference frame.The complete active rectifier model has been able to emulate the inertia, damping and load sharing properties of a SG and redundancy and expandability of parallel UPS systems. It must be emphasized that due to the flexibility of the virtual machine parameters and the absence of magnetic saturation and eddy current losses, a much improved performance have been achieved with a VSM compared to a synchronous generator.Simulations have been carried out for single and parallel operation of active rectifiers in island and grid-tied modes with satisfactory stability, damping and power sharing features.Key words – Active rectifier, virtual synchronous machine, micro grid, uninterruptible power supply, load sharing, redundancy, island mode, grid-tied mode, synchronous reference frame

SummaryElectromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) are topics which have been of concern to electrical industry for many years. Excessive generation of electromagnetic noise and interference, resulting inadequate EMC, is one potential source of interaction and performance degradation which may reduce operational effectiveness of the devices. Because of this, EMC testing services and regulation imposed by governments have forced product designer to pay close attention electromagnetic interference level of their products.For improving oil and gas production recovery, from mature fields and for exploitation of deep and ultra-deep offshore reservoirs new downhole technologies are required. Electrification of downhole applications has proven to be very promising and the technologies are designed for deployment in harsh environments. This master thesis deals with the study of EMI problems for downhole drive train system especially caused by EMI phenomena. The two aspects of EMI and EMC are studied, the manner in which how EMI can generate and propagate then affect receptor or victim intentionally and unintentionally are discussed. Followed by types of EMI phenomena (voltage dip, electrostatic discharge (ESD), surge, fast transient and rapid voltage change (dv/dt)) their occurrence and adverse effects of them are studied. dv/dt, overvoltage and EMI filter types are studied and designed. Compressions are made by their performance, size, power loss and cost. To verify their performance simulation model are made for downhole drive system to filter dv/dt and overvoltage at the motor terminals.After having the theoretical base, practical pre-compliance conducted EMI measurements are made for single phase chopper and three phase inverter.The influence of EMI such as reverse recovery current of diode, stray or leakage inductance, gate drive resistance, heat sink grounding, duty cycle and switching frequency are investigated on the single phase chopper. An LfCf harmonic filter is designed and placed between the inverter and motor terminals and differential mode EMI noise is measured in the system.

För att öka skyddet mot elektriska fält i processnätet på Stora Enso Skoghalls bruk utreds det i denna rapport om det går att direktjorda processnätet som i dagens läge endast är skyddsjordat. Eftersom det tidigare endast funnits skyddsjord vill företaget veta om kabeldimensioneringen är tillräcklig så att de skydd man har mot kortslutningsströmmar även fungerar i ett direktjordat nät. I ett direktjordat nät blir den minsta kortslutningsströmmen cirka gånger mindre än icke direktjordat nät då kortslutning kan ske mellan fas och nolla (fasspänning). Nollan finns inte i ett icke direktjordat nät och kablarna är kan alltså vara för långa eller för klena så att en fasspänning inte klarar att driva tillräckligt stor ström vid kortslutning genom kabelns impedans förr att skydden skall lösa ut. Eftersom en nydragning av alla de kilometervis utlagda kablarna skulle bli en så ofantligt kostnad och att tiden för stoppet av processen skulle bli för lång är detta inte ett alternativ. Den här utredningen kommer att visa maximala kabellängden mellan de olika ställverken och motorerna i det befintliga nätet för att man skall kunna direktjorda det. / To increase the protection against electrical fields in the distribution net on Stora Enso’s mill in Skoghall it will be investigated if it’s possible to use direct earth instead of only protective earth as of today. Because the net only has protective earth the company wants to know if the dimensions of the cables are enough to meet the lesser shortcut voltage in a net with direct earth. The smallest shortcut current when using direct earth occurs between one phase and the zero and will be aproximately times less than when using non direct earth where there is not a zero and the shortcut can onlyu occur between two phases. This means that when building a non direct eart net you can use longer or thinner cables with more resistance than you could using direct earth. New cables are not an alternative when the cost would be to great and the downtime of the machines would be too long. This inquiry will show the maximum cabel length from the different protections to the different engines can be if you want to use direct earth and be sure that the fuses will burn when an error occurs.

Klimatförändringar börjar allt mer få en viktig roll i allas vardag och för energibranschen har arbetet med att minska miljöpåverkan bara börjat. Branschen har sedan en tid tillbaka premierat fjärrvärme som bra miljöval för uppvärmningskälla för bostäder och lokaler. Faktum kvarstår dock att beroende på hur fjärrvärmesystemet ser ut så påverkar näten miljön olika. I denna rapport behandlas det lokala energibolaget Halmstads Energi och Miljös fjärrvärmesystem genom en optimering av systemkostnaden. Utifrån optimeringen studeras sedan skuggpriser, drift och miljöpåverkan för systemet. Studien behandlar även de stora fördelarna med att energibolaget samarbetar med en eventuellt kommande energikrävande industrier, i detta fall en etanolfabrik. I och med samarbetet bildas ett energikombinat där fjärrvärme, el och etanol tillverkas. För analysen används ett energisystemperspektiv som får större geografiska gränser än bara Halmstad. Undersökningen av systemet görs med hjälp av datorprogrammet MODEST som är ett energioptimeringsprogram som utvecklats på Linköpings Tekniska högskola. Modellen av Halmstads fjärrvärmenät baseras och valideras mot driftsäsongen 2005 och har visat sig stämma med verkligheten bra. Resultatet visar att Halmstad Energi och Miljö planerade effekthöjningar används fullt ut men att det nätet kommer få stora effekttoppar inom en snar framtid. Energikombinatet som analyseras visar sig både ha ekonomiska som miljöfördelar för både energibolaget och en etanolfabrik. Spillvärmen som kan utvinnas kan även den minska användningen av topplastanläggningarna i fjärrvärmenätet.

The three phase permanent magnet synchronous generator with full scale converter arrangement has gained significant market share in win energy turbine topology. This is because of the advancement in production of superior magnetic properties and steady decline in price of the magnets. Permanent magnet synchronous generators are of compact in size and light in weight. They become attractive for offshore wind application. But offshore wind energy system has to be not only light weight and compact in size but also reliable operation. The majority of failures of wind turbines are the electrical systems. To increase the reliability of the ordinary three phase wind energy system, a six phase wind energy system is proposed: a six phase permanent magnet synchronous connected to six leg converter. To harness the maximum energy from the wind, the viable option is using variable speed wind turbine. Variable speed operation of drive is achieved by suitable control of generator-converter system.This project deals with the design, simulation and implementation vector control of six phase permanent magnet synchronous generator-converter system. Step by step approach is used to tackle the problem. First the dynamic modeling of six phase permanent magnet in different references frames is studied. Then the time average and switching model of a six leg converter is presented. The different modulation technique of six leg converter is studied. Last the design or tuning of control parameters for the speed and current controllers are done. Dc link voltage control design is also done.After having the theoretical base, the majority of the work is done in preparation of laboratory setup, understanding of FPGA platforms and fighting with sporadic practical problem.Finally, it is of great personal success to be able to model, and control in the laboratory a low speed Non Standard Six Phase PMSG having 33.27 degree separations between the phase groups.

Die Erhöhung der Prozessparameter Druck und Temperatur bietet das größte Potenzial für die Effizienzsteigerung von Kraftwerksanlagen. Sie ist jedoch eng an die Werkstoffentwicklung gebunden, da die thermischen und mechanischen Beanspruchungen für eine geforderte Bauteillebensdauer bis an die Grenzbeanspruchbarkeit des Werkstoffes gehen. Um eine sichere Auslegung zu gewährleisten und dennoch eine optimale Werkstoffauslastung zu erreichen, wird weltweit an der Weiterentwicklung der Berechnungsverfahren für komplexe Beanspruchungen gearbeitet, so auch im Institut für Energietechnik der TU Dresden. Ein Forschungsschwerpunkt liegt dabei auf dem Gebiet der thermisch-mechanischen Ermüdung. Aber auch der Betrieb von Anlagen der Hochtemperatur-Energietechnik beeinflusst deren Sicherheit und Verfügbarkeit. Diesbezüglich werden im Beitrag einige Aspekte angerissen. / Raising of the process parame- ters pressure and temperature offers the greatest potential for increased power station effi- ciency. However, this is closely dependent on materials devel- opment, as thermal and mechanical stresses over the required service life approach the stress limits of the materi- als. In order to ensure safe designs, but at the same time to optimise material utilisation, the permanent enhancement of design procedures for complex stresses is a subject for R&D worldwide, including the Institute of Power Engineering of the TU Dresden. Here, ther- mal-mechanical fatigue at high temperatures is the main focus of research. But power station operation similarly influences safety and availability. Corresponding aspects are also touched upon in the paper.

<p>Hydroware Elevation Technology AB sells control and regulation equipment for hydraulic elevators. The company now wants to investigate the possibility of changing their present softstarters to frequency inverters to supply power to their pump engines. They also want to investigate the possibility of future use in so called ”intelligent” houses.</p><p>The purpose of this report is to investigate these possibilities.</p>

<p>Fläkt Woods har ett fläktlab i Växjö där man utför kund och leveransprover av axiella fläktar.</p><p>Befintlig anläggning är i dag bristfällig när det gäller driftsäkerhet och personsäkerhet. Även möjligheten att köra varvtalsreglerat är idag begränsad.</p><p>Uppgiften är att projektera en ny anläggning omfattande en ny jordkabel, mellan- och lågspänningsställverk, transformatorer, kopplingsutrustningar och frekvensomriktare.</p>

The goal of the thesis is to analyze an existing Axial Flux Permanent Magnet motor used for Shell Eco Marathon from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). The existing machine has been analysed and modified to achieve improved power density at high efficiency with lowered weight.A detailed literature study on AFPM machine topologies, winding and magnet arrangements is covered. The magnet arrangement of the existing machine has been transformed from conventional North-South to Halbach array. The preliminary analytical calculations were done by using analytical expressions. After that, for an improved design, an efficiency-based optimization has been used to improve the obtained parameters from analytical calculation. This optimization has been performed with the help of fmincon solver in the Matlab optimization tool. The optimized values after being compared with the analytical calculation, has been used to run Finite Element Method simulations.The new design with optimum performance parameters displays an improvement of overall efficiency with decreased weight in comparison. The new machine has a 97.2% efficiency and weights only 6.24 kg. In comparison with the existing machine, the weight of the new machine is almost half with improved efficiency.KeywordsAxial Flux, Permanent Magnet, Synchronous Motor, Ironless Stator, Halbach.

The issue of substation integration is recognized as a very important one ever since the process of technological development brought a multitude of new computer-based devices and functions into substation operation. During the relatively short time period after the first microprocessors were invented, a myriad of computer-based devices found their application in power engineering. Those devices had a variety of input and output data formats, which hampered exchange of data among different devices. Recent initiatives for standardization of substation data formats and communication protocols have progressed to facilitate production of devices with standardized data formats and data exchange capabilities. Central substation computers now have an opportunity to collect and process data from such computer-based devices. An advanced data collecting and processing solution is developed and implemented as Integrated Substation Software in an effort to enhance substation integration. This report describes a solution that comprises data generation using a substation model, data collecting from modeled apparatus and instruments and finally application of data processing and consistency checking algorithms for creating outputs. The process of data collecting and processing is automated and repeated in equidistant time intervals. Results of processing and related reports are concisely displayed on the user interface screen and exported through data files. The Substation Integration Software was tested through the set of scenarios where each scenario is used to test one of the processing and consistency checking algorithms. The results show that measurements are improved and applicable for usage by other substation and system-wide applications.