The presence of partial discharges (PD) in high voltage components is generally a sign of defects and degradation in the electrical insulation. To diagnose the condition of high voltage insulation, PD measurements is commonly used. The Variable Frequency Phase Resolved PD Analysis (VF-PRPDA) technique measures PD at variable frequency of the applied voltage. With this technique, the frequency dependence of PD can be utilized to extract more information about the insulation defects than is possible from traditional PD measurements at a single applied frequency. In this thesis the PD process in a disc-shaped cavity is measured and modelled at variable frequency (0.01 - 100 Hz) of the applied voltage. The aim is to interpret the PD frequency dependence in terms of physical conditions at the cavity. The measurements show that the PD process in the cavity is frequency dependent. The PD phase and magnitude distributions, as well as the number of PDs per voltage cycle, change with the varying frequency. Moreover, the PD frequency dependence changes with the applied voltage amplitude, the size of the cavity and the location of the cavity (insulated or electrode bounded). A physical model is presented and used to dynamically simulate the sequence of PDs in the cavity at different applied frequencies. The simulations show that essential features in the measured PD patterns can be reproduced. The PD frequency dependence is interpreted as a variation in influence on the PD activity from the statistical time lag of PD and the charge transport in the cavity surface, at different applied frequencies. The simulation results also show that certain cavity parameters, like the cavity surface conductivity and the rate of electron emission from the cavity surface, change with the time between consecutive PDs, and accordingly with the applied frequency. This effect also contributes to the PD frequency dependence. / QC 20100722

Maintenance optimisation is essential to achieve cost-efficiency, availability and reliability of supply in electric power systems. The process of maintenance optimisation requires information about the costs of preventive and corrective maintenance, as well as the costs of failures borne by both electricity suppliers and customers. To calculate expected costs, information is needed about equipment reliability characteristics and the way in which maintenance affects equipment reliability. The aim of this Ph.D. work has been to develop equipment reliability models taking the effect of maintenance into account. The research has focussed on the interrelated areas of condition estimation, reliability modelling and maintenance modelling, which have been investigated in a number of case studies. In the area of condition estimation two methods to quantitatively estimate the condition of disconnector contacts have been developed, which utilise results from infrared thermography inspections and contact resistance measurements. The accuracy of these methods were investigated in two case studies. Reliability models have been developed and implemented for SF6 circuit-breakers, disconnector contacts and XLPE cables in three separate case studies. These models were formulated using both empirical and physical modelling approaches. To improve confidence in such models a Bayesian statistical method incorporating information from the equipment design process was also developed. This method was illustrated in a case study of SF6 circuit-breaker operating rods. Methods for quantifying the effect of maintenance on equipment condition and reliability have been investigated in case studies on disconnector contacts and SF6 circuit-breakers. The input required by these methods are condition measurements and historical failure and maintenance data, respectively. This research has demonstrated that the effect of maintenance on power system equipment may be quantified using available data. However, realising the full potential of these methods requires the gathering and utilisation of failure and maintenance data as well as condition measurements to be improved. / QC 20100823

The dissertation deals with an account of actual problem, which can arise within EMC and power quality. The cause of power interruption and what can be done to minimise the power interruption is discussed. It also includes a definition of planning levels and which factors one needs to have control over to carry out a possible planning strategy and how the local distributions net could be more secure. The electrical net could be secure but no system can be free from interruption. The dissertation examines two distribution transformers: GLA40T1 (Glansås) and T399 in Tranås Energy which don’t have regulators. It applies a planning level for voltage variation in the voltage of second level with +/-5 % of nominal voltage. The purpose is to reduce the consequence of high voltage variation and to keep the costs at an acceptable level. The research also makes even clear the similarity between results of the theoretical calculations and results of the practical measurements taken from Tranås Energy. The examination shows that the supposed planning level is fulfilled. / Examensarbetet behandlar de faktiska problem som kan uppstå inom EMC (Electro Magnetic Compatibility) och el-kvalité, orsaken till elavbrott diskuteras och vad som kan göras för att minimera avbrotten. Arbetet innehåller också en definition av planeringsnivåer och vilka faktorer man behöver ha kontroll över för att genomföra ett eventuellt planeringsutrymme, och hur lokala distributionsnät kan bli säkrare. Näten kan bli säkrare men inget system kan bli avbrottsfritt. I examensarbetet undersöks två fördelningstransformatorer: GLA40T1(Glansås) och T399 i Tranås energi. Båda transformatorerna saknar regulator. Man tillämpar en planeringsnivå för spänningsvariationen på spänningen på sekundära sidan som är +/-5 % av nominell spänning. Avsikten är att minska konsekvenserna av höga spänningsvariationer och att hålla kostnaden på en acceptabel nivå. Undersökningen omfattar också en jämförelse mellan de teoretiska beräkningsresultaten och de verkliga mätningarna som är hämtade från Tranås energi. Undersökningen visar att antagna planeringsnivån är uppfyllda

No description available.

OKG AB äger de tre kokvattenreaktorerna Oskarshamn 1, 2 och 3. Kärnkraftverket ligger i Simpevarp norr om Oskarshamn. Examensarbetet har utförts på Oskarshamn 1 inom ett projekt som kallas CEM. Oskarshamn 1 togs i drift 1972 och kan leverera en elektrisk effekt på 491 MW. Examensarbetet behandlar underhållsaspekter som bör tas hänsyn till vid projektering och konstruktion av det nya automatiskt gasturbinsäkrade 6,3 kV ställverket i system 642. Ställverket är huvudfördelningsställverk inom Oskarshamn 1 och ska bytas ut på grund av hög ålder samt brist på reservdelar. I syfte att uppnå hög driftsäkerhet och tillgänglighet för det nya ställverket har aspekter som förbättrar dess funktionssäkerhet, underhållsmässighet och underhållssäkerhet specificerats. Förslag på ny lastfördelning samt uppställning av ställverkets fack ges också. Resultatet av examensarbetet är de framtagna underhållsaspekter som kan tillämpas vid projektering och konstruktion av ställverket. De viktigaste underhållsaspekterna som tagits fram är att utrustningen ska vara personsäker, det ska finnas tillräckligt med utrymme i facken för att kunna utföra underhållsarbete samt att fullständig dokumentation ska levereras samtidigt som utrustningen. Ett förslag till ny lastfördelning av ställverkets belastningar har utförts utifrån en teknisk specifikation. Förslaget på uppställning av ställverkets fack tyder på att tillräckligt utrymme finns i befintliga ställverksrum. / OKG AB is the owner of the three boiling water reactors Oskarshamn 1, 2 and 3. The nuclear power plant is located in Simpevarp north of Oskarshamn. The thesis has been carried out at Oskarshamn 1 within a project called CEM. Oskarshamn 1 started to produce electricity in 1972 and can today deliver an electrical power of 491 MW. The thesis considers maintenance aspects which are to be taken into consideration before planning and construction of the new automatic gas turbine secured switchgears in system 642. The switchgears are the main distribution switchgears within Oskarshamn 1 and are to be replaced because of high age and lack of spare parts. In purpose to achieve high availability performance and availability for the switchgears, aspects which improves the reliability, maintainability and maintenance supportability has been specified. Suggestion of new distribution of the loads between the busbars and arrangement of the cubicles has also been carried out and specified. The results of the thesis are the specified maintenance aspects which can be used when planning and constructing the switchgears. The most important maintenance aspects are that the equipment has high personnel safety, that there is enough space in the cubicles to perform maintenance and that a complete documentation is delivered together with the equipment. Suggestion of new load distribution between the busbars has been carried out with the help of a technical specification. The suggestion of new arrangement for the switchgears implies that there is enough space in the existing electrical room for the switchgears.

<p>Detta examensarbete beskriver hur en Monte Carlo simulering (MCS) kan användas för tillförlitlighetsanalys av ett eldistributionssystem. Metoden har implementerats i verktyget RADPOW som nu kan utföra både analytiska och numeriska beräkningar. Angreppssättet för att utveckla denna MCS metod i RADPOW innefattade följande aktiviteter:</p><p>• Vidareutvecklade av RADPOW med införandet av ett grafiskt användargränssnitt för Windows.</p><p>• Utveckling och implementering av en iterativ analytisk metod för känslighetsanalys av eldistributionssystem i RADPOW.</p><p>• Utveckling och implementering av MCS metoden i RADPOW, vilken placerades i en fristående modul kallad Sim.</p><p>Den implementerade MCS metoden har validerats i en jämförande studie innefattande två testsystem med datorprogrammet NEPLAN. Resultat från denna studie visar att MCS metoden ger samma resultat som den analytiska metoden i RADPOW och det kommersiella verktyget NEPLAN.</p> / <p>This master thesis describes an implementation of a Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method for reliability assessment of electrical distribution systems. The method has been implemented in the reliability assessment tool RADPOW which now is able to perform both analytical and simulation evaluations. The main contributions within this thesis includes the following activities;</p><p>• Further development of RADPOW by the introducing of a graphical user interface for Windows.</p><p>• Development and implementation of an analytical sensitivity analysis routine for RADPOW.</p><p>• Development and implementation of a sequential MCS method in RADPOW in a stand alone module referred to as Sim.</p><p>The implemented MCS method has been validated in a comparable study for two case systems by a commercial software NEPLAN. Results shows that the implemented MCS method provides the same results as the analytical method in RADPOW and the NEPLAN software.</p>

<p>The dissertation deals with an account of actual problem, which can arise within EMC and power quality. The cause of power interruption and what can be done to minimise the power interruption is discussed. It also includes a definition of planning levels and which factors one needs to have control over to carry out a possible planning strategy and how the local distributions net could be more secure. The electrical net could be secure but no system can be free from interruption.</p><p>The dissertation examines two distribution transformers: GLA40T1 (Glansås) and T399 in Tranås Energy which don’t have regulators. It applies a planning level for voltage variation in the voltage of second level with +/-5 % of nominal voltage. The purpose is to reduce the consequence of high voltage variation and to keep the costs at an acceptable level. The research also makes even clear the similarity between results of the theoretical calculations and results of the practical measurements taken from Tranås Energy. The examination shows that the supposed planning level is fulfilled.</p> / <p>Examensarbetet behandlar de faktiska problem som kan uppstå inom EMC (Electro Magnetic Compatibility) och el-kvalité, orsaken till elavbrott diskuteras och vad som kan göras för att minimera avbrotten. Arbetet innehåller också en definition av planeringsnivåer och vilka faktorer man behöver ha kontroll över för att genomföra ett eventuellt planeringsutrymme, och hur lokala distributionsnät kan bli säkrare. Näten kan bli säkrare men inget system kan bli avbrottsfritt.</p><p>I examensarbetet undersöks två fördelningstransformatorer: GLA40T1(Glansås) och T399 i Tranås energi. Båda transformatorerna saknar regulator. Man tillämpar en planeringsnivå för spänningsvariationen på spänningen på sekundära sidan som är +/-5 % av nominell spänning. Avsikten är att minska konsekvenserna av höga spänningsvariationer och att hålla kostnaden på en acceptabel nivå. Undersökningen omfattar också en jämförelse mellan de teoretiska beräkningsresultaten och de verkliga mätningarna som är hämtade från Tranås energi. Undersökningen visar att antagna planeringsnivån är uppfyllda</p>

No description available.

Dynamic security limits the power transfer capacity between regions and therefore has an economic impact. The power modulation control of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links can improve the dynamic security of the power system. Having several HVDC links in a system creates the opportunity to coordinate such control, and coordination also ensures that negative interactions do not occur among the controllable devices. This thesis aims to increase dynamic security by coordinating HVDC links, as an alternative to decreasing the transfer capacity. This thesis contributes four control approaches for increasing the dynamic stability, based on feedforward control, adaptive control, optimal control, and exact-feedback linearization control. Depending on the available measurements, dynamic system model, and system topology, one of the developed methods can be applied. The wide-area measurement system provides the central controller with real-time data and sends control signals to the HVDC links. The feedforward controller applies rapid power dispatch, and the strategy used here is to link the N-1 criterion between two systems. The adaptive controller uses the modal analysis approach; based on forecasted load paths, the controller gains are adaptively adjusted to maximize the damping in the system. The optimal controller is designed based on an estimated reduced-order model; system identification develops the model based on the system response. The exact-feedback linearization approach uses a pre-feedback loop to cancel the nonlinearities; a stabilizing controller is designed for the remaining linear system. The conclusion is that coordinating the HVDC links improves the dynamic stability, which makes it possible to increase the transfer capacity. This conclusion is also supported by simulations of each control approach. / QC 20110302

Denna rapport innehåller en utredning av effektflöden på Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB:s mottagningsstationer och optimering av driftläggning för dess effektkondensatorbatterier och transformatorer. Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB har sedan 30 år haft effektkondensatorbatterier inkopplade nästan hela året och dessa behöver av åldersskäl snart bytas ut. Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB har därför behov av nya rutiner för driftläggning av effektkondensatorbatterier efter det att Svenska Kraftnät och Vattenfall AB har infört nya regler för de reaktiva effektflödena i elnätet. I utredningen om effektkondensatorbatterier har det gjorts en investeringskalkyl med tre alternativ för inköp. Alternativ 1 med central faskompensering på mottagningsstation, alternativ 2 med faskompensering på mottagningsstation kompletterat med faskompensering på abonnentstationer och alternativ 3 med lokal faskompensering på abonnentstationer.  Det framkom i utredningen att alternativ 2: Central faskompensering kompletterat med faskompensering på abonnentstationer är mest lämplig att genomföra.   Det har tidigare konstaterats att det under delar av året har varit låg belastning på några av mottagningsstationernas transformatorer. Det har aldrig utretts om det är lönsamt att stänga av den ena transformatorn under hela eller delar av året. I utredningen om driftläggning av transformatorerna på mottagningsstationerna har det beaktats tre alternativ. Ett alternativ innebär att en transformator körs i tomgång utan last och ett alternativ med en helt avstängd transformator. Det tredje alternativet är att inte göra någon förändring. I utredningen framkom det att det mest lämpliga är att inte göra någon förändring eftersom riskerna med avstängning är större än den ekonomiska vinsten på c:a 101000 SEK. / This report contains a study of power flows in Uddevalla Energi AB receiving stations and optimization of the operation control of its power capacitor batteries and transformers. For the past thirty years, Uddevalla Energi AB has employed power capacitor batteries almost all year around and these need soon to be replaced due to ageing. Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB has a need for new procedures for the operation control of the power capacitor batteries following new regulations introduced by Svenska Kraftnät and Vattenfall AB for reactive power flows on the grid. In the study of power capacitor batteries, there has been an investment calculation with three alternative purchase options. Option one is central phase compensation at the receiving station, option two is phase compensation at the receiving station supplemented with phase compensation at subscriber stations and option three is a local phase compensation at subscriber stations. The investment calculation shows that the second option: Central phase compensation supplemented with phase compensation at subscriber stations is the most favourable to implement. It has previously been found that, during certain times of the year, there has been a low load on some of the transformers of the receiving stations. It has never been investigated if it is profitable to turn off one of the transformer for the entire, or part of the year. In the investigation of the operation control of the transformers at the receiving stations, three alternatives have been considered. One alternative is that one transformer is in idle operation without load, the second alternative is that one transformer is completely turned off. The third alternative is to make no change. The study showed that the preferred alternative is to make no change, because the risks of turning off transformers are greater than the economic gain, that is approximately 101000 SEK.