A strategy analysis of former development and present strategic position of ČEZ, a.s. is made in this diploma thesis. There were used such analysis as PEST, Porter's 5F model, 4C, SWOT and internal analysis. On the basis of my analysis I formulate conclusion.

Die Erhöhung der Prozessparameter Druck und Temperatur bietet das größte Potenzial für die Effizienzsteigerung von Kraftwerksanlagen. Sie ist jedoch eng an die Werkstoffentwicklung gebunden, da die thermischen und mechanischen Beanspruchungen für eine geforderte Bauteillebensdauer bis an die Grenzbeanspruchbarkeit des Werkstoffes gehen. Um eine sichere Auslegung zu gewährleisten und dennoch eine optimale Werkstoffauslastung zu erreichen, wird weltweit an der Weiterentwicklung der Berechnungsverfahren für komplexe Beanspruchungen gearbeitet, so auch im Institut für Energietechnik der TU Dresden. Ein Forschungsschwerpunkt liegt dabei auf dem Gebiet der thermisch-mechanischen Ermüdung. Aber auch der Betrieb von Anlagen der Hochtemperatur-Energietechnik beeinflusst deren Sicherheit und Verfügbarkeit. Diesbezüglich werden im Beitrag einige Aspekte angerissen. / Raising of the process parame- ters pressure and temperature offers the greatest potential for increased power station effi- ciency. However, this is closely dependent on materials devel- opment, as thermal and mechanical stresses over the required service life approach the stress limits of the materi- als. In order to ensure safe designs, but at the same time to optimise material utilisation, the permanent enhancement of design procedures for complex stresses is a subject for R&D worldwide, including the Institute of Power Engineering of the TU Dresden. Here, ther- mal-mechanical fatigue at high temperatures is the main focus of research. But power station operation similarly influences safety and availability. Corresponding aspects are also touched upon in the paper.

<p><p>In the operation, planning and design of the transmission system it is of greatest concern to quantify the reliability security margin to unwanted conditions. The deterministic N-1 criterion has traditionally provided this security margin to reduce the consequences of severe conditions such as widespread blackouts. However, a deterministic criterion does not include the likelihood of different outage events. Moreover, experience from blackouts shows, e.g. in Sweden-Denmark September 2003, that the outages were not captured by the N-1 criterion. The question addressed in this thesis is how this system security margin can be quantified with probabilistic methods. A quantitative measure provides one valuable input to the decision-making process of selecting e.g. system expansions alternatives and maintenance actions in the planning and design phases. It is also beneficial for the operators in the control room to assess the associated security margin of existing and future network conditions.</p><p>This thesis presents a method that assesses each component's risk to an insufficient transfer capability in the transmission system. This shows on each component's importance to the system security margin. It provides a systematic analysis and ranking of outage events' risk of overloading critical transfer sections (CTS) in the system. The severity of each critical event is quantified in a risk index based on the likelihood of the event and the consequence of the section's transmission capacity. This enables a comparison of the risk of a frequent outage event with small CTS consequences, with a rare event with large consequences.</p><p>The developed approach has been applied for the generally known Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS). The result shows that the ranking of the components is highly dependent on the substation modelling and the studied system load level.</p><p>With the restriction of only evaluating the risks to the transfer capability in a few CTSs, the method provides a quantitative ranking of the potential risks to the system security margin at different load levels. Consequently, the developed reliability based approach provides information which could improve the deterministic criterion for transmission system planning.</p></p>

<p>Distributionen av elektricitet bedrivs i Sverige som naturliga monopol av lokala nätägare. Regleringen av företagens intäkter har genomgått stora förändringar; från att ha varit en kostnadsbaserad reglering, har nu en modell med nätägarnas prestation i fokus tagits i drift: Nätnyttomodellen (NNM). Prestationen mätes i huvudsak av hur stor kundnyttan är, där en av aspekterna är distributionsnätens tillgänglighet. NNM konstruerar ett radiellt referensnät med en annan struktur, än vad det verkliga nätet har. Rapporten beskriver NNM allmänt och tillförlitlighetsmetoden i modellen mer utförligt. För att uppnå detta har intervjuer med modellens upphovsman varit till hjälp.</p><p>Traditionella matematiska metoder för att modellera elnät och beräkna dess tillförlitlighet beskrivs i denna rapport. Datorprogram som använder klassiska metoder har beskrivits och använts. För de flesta analyser har RADPOW använts, ett program som är utvecklat på den institution där examensarbetet bedrevs. Först görs en kvalitativ analys för att ta fram skillnaderna mellan metoden i NNM och de mer traditionella tillförlitlighetsmetoderna och sedan beräknas skillnaderna med en kvantitativ analys. Metoderna har applicerats på ett verkligt nät. En del av Gävle Energis nät har studerats. Nätet som har valts är på 10 kV-nivån, innehåller både lands- och tätort och innefattar ett av totalt nio fördelningsområden (ca 7 % av Gävle Energis ca 50 000 abonnenter är belägna där). Elnätet med dess komponenter har beskrivits, modellerats och tillförlitlighetsindata för området har tagits fram. Både det verkliga nätet och det av NNM framtagna nätet har använts i analyserna.</p><p>Huvudmålet med rapporten: Skildra och jämföra tillförlitlighetsmetoder, med fokus på att göra en utvärdering av Nätnyttomodellens tillförlitlighetsaspekter. Utvärderingen besvarar bland annat frågeställningar som: Vad skiljer metoden i NNM från klassiska metoder och vilka konsekvenser kan användandet av metoden i NNM ge?</p><p>Examensarbetet är utfört i ett samarbete mellan KTH och Gävle Energi AB.</p> / <p>In Sweden, electrical distribution system operators, possesses a natural monopolistic situation in the distribution of electricity. The regulation has changed radically; from a regulation model based on actual costs, to a model with the performance of the distribution in focus – Network Performance Assessment Model (NPAM). Reliability of the distribution is one of the features the new model takes in to consideration. The NPAM creates a reference network, based on objective data. The thesis describes the NPAM in general and the method of reliability in NPAM in detail. The originator of the NPAM has been interviewed in addition tostudying literature.</p><p>More traditional methods of reliability modelling of electrical systems is described. The computer programs RADPOW and NEPLAN, are described. Especially RADPOW, developed at the Royal Institute of Technology, is used in the analyses. The method in the NPAM is evaluated, with a com aring analyse to the more traditional methods and from the study of the NPAM. All the models and calculations are based on the same, in reality existing electrical distribution system.</p><p>The studied distribution system is a part of the distribution network of Gävle Energi AB, a local Swedish electrical distribution system operator. The studied system, is at the 10 kV level and both has parts with many and few customers per area. Whole electrical system and its components have been described and modelled. For every component type, average reliability data for use in the components, used as input data for the models, have been estimated.</p><p>The most important goals of this thesis: Describe and compare different methods of reliability, especially the aspects of the method of the NPAM. Some of the questions at issue to answer are: What consequences do the method of the NPAM lead to and which distinctions are there in different methods?</p><p>The Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm and Gävle Energi AB have assisted in the theses.<strong></strong></p> / QC 20100707 / RCAM

<p>Power system maintenance optimisation involves obtaining the minimum total costs, including preventive and corrective maintenance costs and the cost of failures for both supplier and customer. To calculate the cost of failure, information is needed about the equipment reliability characteristics. It is also necessary to know how maintenance affects component reliability. The aim of the work leading up to this thesis has been to develop reliability models that include the effect of maintenance.</p><p>Three case studies have been carried out for different types of power system components using three distinct methods. In the first study the reliability of the first generation XLPE cables was modelled with respect to failures caused by water treeing using load-strength modelling. The model was based on assumptions of the ageing process and the distribution system characteristics. This study showed that it is possible to and overvoltage and insulation characteristics that can be fitted to agree with failure statistics for water tree ageing in XLPE cables. The second case study included a study of all circuit breaker failures in the Swedish transmission grid during the period from 1 January 1999 to 30 June 2003. In a subsequent investigation a method to combine information from the design process with maintenance records and failure statistics was employed using Bayesian methods. The resulting reliability model is continuously updated as more failure and maintenance data</p><p>becomes available. This case study showed that it is possible to develop reliability models for components that have not yet failed by utilising information from the design process and right-censored observations from inspections. Finally, in the third case study a quantitative method for establishing the condition of disconnector contacts by the use of thermography was developed. Two sets of measurements on disconnector contacts in the Swedish transmission</p><p>grid were carried out to establish the accuracy of the method. By utilising the results from the measurements estimates of the statistical distributions of the error sources were produced.</p><p>The results from the case studies show that the lack of detailed, high-quality data remains a critical problem when modelling reliability of power system equipment, even when using methods that require a minimum of data.</p>

A quarter of CO2 emissions in the European Union currently comes from transport, which causes a significant deterioration of air quality. Therefore, it contributes to the deterioration of the health of people living in these areas. The number of cars on the roads continues to increase globally, and with them the increase in CO2 emissions. Alternative fuel in various forms began appearing on the market. Electric cars, with their emission-free operation, are trying to find their place here. Their wider use, especially in densely populated cities, could help people to a cleaner environment. Currently, there are some technical and economic problems with a wider introduction of electric vehicles. Technology and an associated high cost of storage of the necessary power are the main challenges. Nonetheless, experts believe that electric cars have future. Each country approaches the development of electromobility in a different manner.

<p>In  this  Master Thesis  a  review  of  different  type  of  vertical  axis  wind turbines (VAWT)  and  a preliminary investigation of a new kind of VAWT are presented.</p><p>After an introduction about the historical background of wind power, the report deals with a more accurate analysis of the main type of VAWT, showing their characteristics and their operations. The aerodynamics of the wind turbines and a review of different type on generators that can be used to connect the wind mill to the electricity grid are reported as well.</p><p>Several statistics are also presented, in order to explain how the importance of the wind energy has grown  up  during  the  last  decades  and  also  to  show  that  this development  of  the  market  of  wind power  creates  new  opportunity  also  for VAWT,  that  are  less  used  than  the  horizontal  axis  wind turbine (HAWT).</p><p>In the end of 2009 a new kind of vertical axis wind turbine, a giromill 3 blades type, has been built in Falkenberg, by the Swedish company VerticalWind. The tower of this wind turbine is made by wood,  in  order  to  get  a  cheaper  and  more environment  friendly  structure,  and  a  direct  driven synchronous multipole with permanent magnents generator is located at its bottom. This 200 kW VAWT represents the intermediate step between the 12 kW prototype, built in collaboration with the Uppsala University, and the common Swedish commercial size of 2 MW, which is the goal of the company.</p><p>A  preliminary  investigation  of  the  characteristics  of  this  VAWT  has  been done, focusing  in particular on the value of the frequency of resonance of the tower, an important value that must be never reached during the operative phase in order to avoid serious damage to all the structure, and on the power curve, used to evaluate the coefficient of power (Cp) of the turbine. The results of this investigation and  the steps  followed  to  get  them  are  reported.  Moreover  a  energy production analysis of the turbine has been done using WindPro, as well as a comparison with and older type on commercial VAWT.</p>

<p>Utsikterna att kunna genomföra en återstart av de två små vattenkraftverk som behandlas i denna rapport år goda. Förutsättningarna är gynnsamma i så måtto att planerna för återstarten ligger väl i linje med praxis som etablerats genom avgöranden i de högre rättsliga instanserna gällande liknande fall. Ägaren planerar att driva verksamheten i stort sett så som den ursprungligen bedrevs, vilket visat sig betydelsefullt för att få återupptag av nedlagd vattenkraftverksamhet godkänt Dessa kraftverk är små, väldigt små. Detta betyder att investeringskostnaderna måste minimeras om det skall finns någon chans att uppnå en acceptabel återbetalningstid för investeringen. Några kostnader kan inte påverkas alls, till exempel anslutningen till elnätet. Vissa, såsom de för nya tuber, intagsgaller, samt kabel och utrustning till kraftverken, kan påverkas i någon mån genom att omsorgsfullt välja leverantörerna av utrustningen, samt välja de mest kostnadseffektiva (ofta liktydigt med de enklaste men ändå fungerande) lösningarna. Några få komponenter, såsom generatorn, kan gå att få tag på som begagnade, vilket hjälper till att hålla nere kostnaderna. Slutligen bör inte de pengar som finns att spara på att göra så mycket som möjligt av arbetet själv underskattas.</p> / <p>The prospects of achieving a restart of the two small hydropower plants studied in this report are good. The basic conditions are favourable in the sense that the plans for a restart are well in line with accepted procedures such as established by decisions in the highest courts regarding similar cases. The owner plans to run the operation in essentially the same way it was originally run, a circumstance which has proven to be important when seeking to get restart of discontinued hydropower activities approved. These power plants are small, very small. This means that investment costs has to be minimized if there is to be any chance of achieving an acceptable pay-off time for the investment. Some can't be affected at all, such as the cost for getting connected to the power network. Some, such as those of new tubes, intake bars and electrical wiring and equipment for the plants, can be affected to some extent by carefully choosing the suppliers of the equipment and choosing the most cost-efficient (in most cases synonymous with the simplest but yet functional) solutions. A few components, such as the generator, can possibly be obtained as used equipment, which helps keeping the costs down. Lastly, the potential of saving money by doing as much as possible of the work yourself should not be underestimated.</p>

<p>Den här rapporten undersöker möjligheterna att standardisera och modulariseralågspänningsställverken i ABB:s HVDC-stationer. Anläggningarna har idag heltkundanpassade lösningar, vilket tar för lång tid att projektera för att kunna svara mot denökade efterfrågan på HVDC-lösningar.Arbetet baseras på tretton stationer i åtta pågående och avslutade projekt. Dessa skiljer sigtill storlek, lokalisering, ålder, dokumentation och stationstyp.För att kunna erhålla en korrekt men samtidigt överskådlig bild överlågspäninngsställverkets laster, granskades varje stations dokumentation. Informationensammanställdes i en databas, som visade de belastningar som var ständigt återkommande.Arbetet visar att det är möjligt att standardisera valda delar av lågspänningsställverken, docktas ingen hänsyn till vare sig storleks- eller kostnadsökning. Arbetet behandlar de mestfrekvent förekommande brytarstorlekarna för de typiska lasterna.Det standardförslag som tagits fram har anpassats för att täcka de brytarstorlekar somförekommit för de typiska lasterna i stationerna. För strömriktartransformatorerna erbjudstvå varianter av skåp, medan det för övriga laster endast förekommer ett alternativ.En alternativ lösning på problemet skulle kunna vara att ta fram en standard för varjestationstyp. Detta förutsätter dock ett större antal projekt av varje typ än de som tagits medi detta arbete.</p> / <p>This thesis investigates the possibilities to standardize and modularize the low-voltageswitchgear in ABB’s HVDC-stations. The reason for this is that the customized solutionthey use today take too much engineering and production time to meet the expectedincrease of projects.The report is based on thirteen stations in eight different closed or ongoing projects. Theselection was based on the station size, geographical location, commissioning year andstation type.In order to obtain a correct representation of the loads in the low-voltage switchgear, therelevant station documentation was reviewed and compiled in a database. The data wasthen analyzed to determine the most frequently occurring loads and their characteristics.The thesis shows that it’s possible to standardize some components in the low-voltageswitchgear. However, this report doesn’t take into consideration any possible increase oftotal size and cost. It also shows the most frequent sizes of the circuit breakers for each ofthe common loads.The standard proposition for the common loads was developed to cover all the occurringsizes of the circuit breakers in the stations. For the converter transformers coolingequipment there’s two different cubicles to choose from, while the remaining loads islimited to a single alternative.An alternative solution could be to develop a standard for each occurring station type.However, this would require that the data from a larger number of projects, for all stationtypes, are reviewed and compiled.</p>

Denna avhandling är fokuserad på modellering av elkraftsystemkomponenter och deras representation vid simuleringar av elkraftsystem. Avhandlingen jämför olika linjäriseringstekniker. Dessa tekniker är såväl numeriska som analytiska och används vid linjärisering av ett dynamiskt system. Efter en linjärisering är det möjligt att beräkna egenvärdena av det linjäriserade systemet samt använda andra verktyg ämnade för studier av linjära system. I avhandlingen visas hur olika linjäriseringtekniker influerar egenvärdesberäkningen av det linjära systemet. I avhandlingen tas fram bandviddsreducerade linjära modeller av en kraftsystemkomponent med hjälp av två tekniker. Senare görs simuleringar med de linjära modellerna tillsammans med ett introducerat gränssnitt. Den studerade kraftsystemkomponenten är en tyristorstyrd seriekondensator (TCSC). En fördel med att använda en linjär representation av en kraftsystemkomponent är att det förenklar simuleringarna. Storleken på komplexiteten av en simulering vid lösandet av ekvationerna minskar och den konsumerade fysiska tiden att simulera minskar. En nackdel med en linjär modell är att dess giltighet kan vara begränsad. Behovet av att bygga linjära modeller av kraftsystemkomponenter torde även finnas i framtiden. Med dagens horisont (år 2006) finns behov av att bygga linjära modeller utgående från detaljerade modeller av bl a högspända likströmslänkar (HVDC-länkar), reaktiva effektkompensatorer (SVC) samt tyristorstyrda seriekondensatorer (TCSC). Hur skall dessa representeras när vi vill studera dynamiken av ett helt kraftsystem och det då är nödvändigt att reducera deras komplexitet? Denna frågeställning uppkommer när vi vill genomföra tidsdomänsimuleringar på en inte alltför detaljerad nivå av de individuella kraftsystemkomponenterna eller när vi vill linjärisera kraftsystemet för att studera dess stabilitet med hjälp av småsignalanalys. / This thesis is focused in modelling of power system components and their representation in simulations of power systems. The thesis compares different linearization techniques. These techniques are both numerical as well as analytical and are utilized when linearization of a dynamic system is desired. After a linearization it is possible to calculate the eigenvalues of the linearized system as well as to perform other applicable activities on a linear system. In the thesis it is shown how the linearization techniques influence the calculation of eigenvalues of the linear system. In the thesis bandwidth-reduced linear models of a power system component are developed using two techniques. The simulations with the linear models are done with an introduced interface system. The studied power system component is a Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC). One advantage with using a linear representation of a power system component is that it simplifies the simulations. The size of the complexity of a simulation when solving the equations decreases and the consumed physical time to simulate becomes shorter. A disadvantage of a linear model is that its validity might be limited. The need of building linear models of power systems will continue to attract interest in the future. With the horizon of today (year 2006) there is a need of among other models to build linear models of detailed models of High Voltage Direct Current-links (HVDC-links), Static Var Compensators (SVCs), as well as Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSCs). How should these be represented when we want to study the dynamics of a whole power system and it is necessary to reduce their complexity? This question rises when we want to perform time-domain simulations with a not too detailed level of complexity of each individual power system component or if we want to linearize the power system and study it within small-signal stability analysis. / QC 20100915