Estudo comparativo das propostas da Web Semântica e da Web Pragmática, com base nas teorias da organização e recuperação de informações, com o objetivo de propor uma modelagem de representação de dados, que inclua contextos, para melhorar a qualidade dos processos informacionais. Dirige-se o foco da pesquisa aos problemas da representação e recuperação de informações em acervos bibliográficos, principalmente com o uso de RDF e Topic Maps. Para isso, são apresentadas as origens da Web Semântica e da Web Pragmática e os conceitos fundamentais relacionados a esse ambiente, tais como linguagem, representação e recuperação da informação e do conhecimento; termos e terminologia; semântica e pragmática. A metodologia do trabalho foi construída a partir da análise e discussão dos conceitos fundamentais, a modelagem em Diagrama Entidade-Relacionamento e a codificação em RDF e XTM para representar contextos, aplicados a um repositório de textos científicos. Com base na análise crítica das propostas de organização e recuperação de informação das Web Semântica e Web Pragmática, apresenta-se uma proposta de representação de informações com contexto que poderá contribuir para melhorar a relevância dos resultados da recuperação de informações na WWW. Os contextos representados são: Citações, Domínio de Origem do Documento, Domínio da Palavra-Chave, Áreas de Formação do Indivíduo, Áreas de Publicação do Indivíduo, Áreas de Publicação da Revista e Interesses do Indivíduo. A pesquisa permitiu observar que há limites para introduzir contextos em sistemas de informação e compreender, também, que termos como semântica e pragmática requerem abordagem crítica. De fato, a operacionalização de conceitos semânticos e pragmáticos ainda está longe de ser realidade nos sistemas de informação contemporâneos no contexto da www. É importante ressaltar que a presente pesquisa tem cunho interdisciplinar por abordar problemas discutidos tanto na Ciência da Computação como na Ciência da Informação. Esta abordagem interdisciplinar ocorre, em primeiro lugar, porque o objeto de pesquisa, embora tenha origem na Ciência da Computação, requer as teorias e métodos da representação da informação estudados na Ciência da Informação para ser desenvolvido de forma adequada. / Comparative study of the proposals of the Semantic Web and Pragmatic Web, based on the information organization and retrieval studies, in order to propose a model that includes contexts to improve the quality of information retrieval processes. Information representation and retrieval in library collections are the focus of the approach, especially with the use of RDF and Topic Maps. For the development of this research, the origins of the Semantic Web and Pragmatic Web and its fundamental concepts such as language, information and knowledge representation and retrieval; terms and terminology; semantics and pragmatics were discussed. The methodology of this work consisted of the analysis and discussion of key concepts, such as Entity-Relationship Diagram modeling and encoding in RDF and XTM to represent contexts, applied to a repository of scientific texts. Based on the critical analysis of proposed information organization and retrieval from the Semantic Web and Pragmatic Web, it is proposed an information representation with context that could improve the of relevance of the results of information retrieval processes in WWW. The contexts represented were: Quotation, Document Source Domain, Keyword Domain, Person\'s Education Areas, Person\'s Publication Areas, Journal\'s Publication Areas and Person\'s Interests. This research allowed to undestand that there are limits to introduce contexts in information systems and that terms such as semantic and pragmatic require critical approach. Indeed, the operationalization of semantic and pragmatic concepts is still far from reality in contemporary information systems in the context of www. This research has interdisciplinary nature by addressing problems discussed both in Computer Science and in Information Science. The interdisciplinary approach was adopted because the object of research, although originated in Computer Science requires the to be appropriately developed, theories and methods of information representation studied in Information Science.

Estudo comparativo das propostas da Web Semântica e da Web Pragmática, com base nas teorias da organização e recuperação de informações, com o objetivo de propor uma modelagem de representação de dados, que inclua contextos, para melhorar a qualidade dos processos informacionais. Dirige-se o foco da pesquisa aos problemas da representação e recuperação de informações em acervos bibliográficos, principalmente com o uso de RDF e Topic Maps. Para isso, são apresentadas as origens da Web Semântica e da Web Pragmática e os conceitos fundamentais relacionados a esse ambiente, tais como linguagem, representação e recuperação da informação e do conhecimento; termos e terminologia; semântica e pragmática. A metodologia do trabalho foi construída a partir da análise e discussão dos conceitos fundamentais, a modelagem em Diagrama Entidade-Relacionamento e a codificação em RDF e XTM para representar contextos, aplicados a um repositório de textos científicos. Com base na análise crítica das propostas de organização e recuperação de informação das Web Semântica e Web Pragmática, apresenta-se uma proposta de representação de informações com contexto que poderá contribuir para melhorar a relevância dos resultados da recuperação de informações na WWW. Os contextos representados são: Citações, Domínio de Origem do Documento, Domínio da Palavra-Chave, Áreas de Formação do Indivíduo, Áreas de Publicação do Indivíduo, Áreas de Publicação da Revista e Interesses do Indivíduo. A pesquisa permitiu observar que há limites para introduzir contextos em sistemas de informação e compreender, também, que termos como semântica e pragmática requerem abordagem crítica. De fato, a operacionalização de conceitos semânticos e pragmáticos ainda está longe de ser realidade nos sistemas de informação contemporâneos no contexto da www. É importante ressaltar que a presente pesquisa tem cunho interdisciplinar por abordar problemas discutidos tanto na Ciência da Computação como na Ciência da Informação. Esta abordagem interdisciplinar ocorre, em primeiro lugar, porque o objeto de pesquisa, embora tenha origem na Ciência da Computação, requer as teorias e métodos da representação da informação estudados na Ciência da Informação para ser desenvolvido de forma adequada. / Comparative study of the proposals of the Semantic Web and Pragmatic Web, based on the information organization and retrieval studies, in order to propose a model that includes contexts to improve the quality of information retrieval processes. Information representation and retrieval in library collections are the focus of the approach, especially with the use of RDF and Topic Maps. For the development of this research, the origins of the Semantic Web and Pragmatic Web and its fundamental concepts such as language, information and knowledge representation and retrieval; terms and terminology; semantics and pragmatics were discussed. The methodology of this work consisted of the analysis and discussion of key concepts, such as Entity-Relationship Diagram modeling and encoding in RDF and XTM to represent contexts, applied to a repository of scientific texts. Based on the critical analysis of proposed information organization and retrieval from the Semantic Web and Pragmatic Web, it is proposed an information representation with context that could improve the of relevance of the results of information retrieval processes in WWW. The contexts represented were: Quotation, Document Source Domain, Keyword Domain, Person\'s Education Areas, Person\'s Publication Areas, Journal\'s Publication Areas and Person\'s Interests. This research allowed to undestand that there are limits to introduce contexts in information systems and that terms such as semantic and pragmatic require critical approach. Indeed, the operationalization of semantic and pragmatic concepts is still far from reality in contemporary information systems in the context of www. This research has interdisciplinary nature by addressing problems discussed both in Computer Science and in Information Science. The interdisciplinary approach was adopted because the object of research, although originated in Computer Science requires the to be appropriately developed, theories and methods of information representation studied in Information Science.

The semantic web aims to make the meaning of data on the web explicit and machine processable. Harking back to Leibniz in its vision, it imagines a world of interlinked information that computers `understand' and `know' how to process based on its meaning. Spearheaded by the World Wide Web Consortium, ontology languages OWL and RDF form the core of the current technical offerings. RDF has successfully enabled the construction of virtually unlimited webs of data, whilst OWL gives the ability to express complex relationships between RDF data triples. However, the formal semantics of these languages limit themselves to that aspect of meaning that can be captured by mechanical inference rules, leaving many open questions as to other aspects of meaning and how they might be made machine processable. The Semantic Web has faced a number of problems that are addressed by the included publications. Its germination within academia, and logical semantics has seen it struggle to become familiar, accessible and implementable for the general IT population, so an overview of semantic technologies is provided. Faced with competing `semantic' languages, such as the ISO's Topic Map standards, a method for building ISO-compliant Topic Maps in the OWL DL language has been provided, enabling them to take advantage of the more mature OWL language and tools. Supplementation with rules is needed to deal with many real-world scenarios and this is explored as a practical exercise. The available syntaxes for OWL have hindered domain experts in ontology building, so a natural language syntax for OWL designed for use by non-logicians is offered and compared with similar offerings. In recent years, proliferation of ontologies has resulted in far more than are needed in any given domain space, so a mechanism is proposed to facilitate the reuse of existing ontologies by giving contextual information and leveraging social factors to encourage wider adoption of common ontologies and achieve interoperability. Lastly, the question of meaning is addressed in relation to the need to define one's terms and to ground one's symbols by anchoring them effectively, ultimately providing the foundation for evolving a `Pragmatic Web' of action.

The semantic web aims to make the meaning of data on the web explicit and machine processable. Harking back to Leibniz in its vision, it imagines a world of interlinked information that computers `understand' and `know' how to process based on its meaning. Spearheaded by the World Wide Web Consortium, ontology languages OWL and RDF form the core of the current technical offerings. RDF has successfully enabled the construction of virtually unlimited webs of data, whilst OWL gives the ability to express complex relationships between RDF data triples. However, the formal semantics of these languages limit themselves to that aspect of meaning that can be captured by mechanical inference rules, leaving many open questions as to other aspects of meaning and how they might be made machine processable. The Semantic Web has faced a number of problems that are addressed by the included publications. Its germination within academia, and logical semantics has seen it struggle to become familiar, accessible and implementable for the general IT population, so an overview of semantic technologies is provided. Faced with competing `semantic' languages, such as the ISO's Topic Map standards, a method for building ISO-compliant Topic Maps in the OWL DL language has been provided, enabling them to take advantage of the more mature OWL language and tools. Supplementation with rules is needed to deal with many real-world scenarios and this is explored as a practical exercise. The available syntaxes for OWL have hindered domain experts in ontology building, so a natural language syntax for OWL designed for use by non-logicians is offered and compared with similar offerings. In recent years, proliferation of ontologies has resulted in far more than are needed in any given domain space, so a mechanism is proposed to facilitate the reuse of existing ontologies by giving contextual information and leveraging social factors to encourage wider adoption of common ontologies and achieve interoperability. Lastly, the question of meaning is addressed in relation to the need to define one's terms and to ground one's symbols by anchoring them effectively, ultimately providing the foundation for evolving a `Pragmatic Web' of action.