O município de Ribeirão Preto - SP, disponibiliza atenção pré-hospitalar pública através do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) e de forma pioneira realiza teletriagem dos chamados de urgência em sua Central de Regulação. Assim, considerando que a teletriagem primária é um complexo método utilizado para garantir segurança, agilidade e eficácia às solicitações de socorro, apresentou-se esta proposta de investigação cujo objetivo foi verificar a aplicação da avaliação multifatorial do grau de urgência, através do mapeamento das teletriagens realizadas pela Central de Regulação do SAMU na cidade de Ribeirão Preto - SP em 2014. Neste sentido, o presente estudo se caracteriza como de abordagem quantitativa, modelo não experimental, retrospectivo, correlacional descritivo e de corte transversal, onde foram analisadas teletriagens primárias(n =2100) realizadas pela Central de Regulação do SAMU em 2014 e foi desenvolvido em quatro etapas: a primeira com uma revisão integrativa da literatura com 21 estudos primários e as demais com o interesse de descrever através do geoprocessamento a análise relacional entre as teletriagens pré-hospitalares da amostra e os fatores etiológicos, que justificam seu arranjo espacial, os casos selecionados foram submetidos a avaliação multifatorial do grau de urgência para posteriormente comparar com as distribuições espaciais encontradas, apresentando coeficiente Kappa = -0,0538. Ao final, houve comparação entre as diferentes configurações espaciais disponíveis e comprovou-se que não há evidencias da utilização da avaliação multifatorial do grau de urgência, nas amostras selecionadas para esta investigação, de teletriagens primárias do SAMU de Ribeirão Preto - SP em 2014, com base no raciocínio estatístico adotado e sob a ótica do geoprocessamento. Com isso, este estudo contribui para o monitoramento das triagens e, consequentemente, favorece o raciocínio dos fluxos do sistema, propondo o realojamento de unidades móveis de atendimento, a criação de mais equipes de suporte avançado, o engajamento em pesquisas de delineamento metodológico para desenvolver protocolos específicos para teletriagem pré-hospitalar no Brasil e tecnologias que apoiem e facilitem todo o processo / The city of Ribeirão Preto in SP, offers public pre-hospital care through the Mobile Emergency Service (SAMU) and a pioneer performs teletriage of so-called urgency in his Central regulation. Thus, considering that the primary teletriaging is a complex method to ensure safety, speed and efficiency to rescue requests, we presented this research proposal aimed to verify the application of multifactorial assessment of the degree of urgency, by mapping the teletriage made by SAMU Regulation Center in Ribeirão Preto - SP in 2014. in this sense, the present study is characterized as a quantitative approach, not experimental, retrospective design, descriptive correlational and cross-sectional, where primary teletriage were analyzed (n = 2100) conducted by the SAMU Regulation Center in 2014 and was developed in four stages: the first with an integrative literature review 21 primary studies and the other in the interest of describing through geoprocessing relational analysis between pre teletriage pre-hospital sample and etiological factors which justify their spatial arrangement; the selected cases were submitted to multifactorial assessment of the degree of urgency to later compare the spatial distributions found, with Kappa = - 0.0538 coefficient. At the end, there was a comparison between the different spatial configurations available and it was shown that there is no evidence of use of the multifactorial assessment of the degree of urgency, in the samples selected for this research, primary teletriagens SAMU of Ribeirão Preto - SP in 2014, with adopted based on statistical reasoning and from the perspective of geoprocessing. Therefore, this study contributes to the monitoring of trials and consequently favors the reasoning of system flows, proposing the relocation of mobile service units, the creation of more advanced support teams, engaging in methodological design of research to develop specific protocols for pre-hospital telescreening in Brazil and technologies that support and facilitate the process

The primary aim of the research project was to develop conceptual models of rural ambulance service delivery based on different worldviews or philosophical positions, and then to compare and contrast these new and emerging models with existing organisational policy and practice. Four research aims were explored: community expectations of pre-hospital care, the existing organization of rural ambulance services, the measurement of ambulance service performance, and the comparative suitability of different pre-hospital models of service delivery. A unique feature was the use of soft systems methodology to develop the models of service delivery. It is one of the major non-traditional systems approaches to organisational research and lends itself to problem solving in the real world. The classic literature-hypothesis-experiment-results-conclusion model of research was not followed. Instead, policy and political analysis techniques were used as counter-points to the systems approach. The program of research employed a triangulation technique to adduce evidence from various sources in order to analyse ambulance services in rural Victoria. In particular, information from questionnaires, a focus group, interviews and performance data from the ambulance services themselves were used. These formed a rich dataset that provided new insight into rural ambulance services. Five service delivery models based on different worldviews were developed, each with its own characteristics, transformation processes and performance criteria. The models developed are titled: competitive; sufficing; community; expert; and practitioner. These conceptual models are presented as metaphors and in the form of holons and rich pictures, and then transformed into patient pathways for operational implementation. All five conceptual models meet the criteria for systemic desirability and were assessed for their political and cultural feasibility in a range of different rural communities. They provide a solid foundation for future discourse, debate and discussion about possible changes to the way pre-hospital services are delivered in rural Victoria.

The overall aim of this thesis was to describe patients’ and spouses’ experiences of suspected acute myocardial infarction in the pre-hospital phase. A descriptive survey study was conducted to identify various factors influencing patient delay in 381 patients with suspected myocardial infarction hospitalised at a Coronary Care Unit (I) and ambulance utilisation among 110 myocardial infarction patients (II). In order to obtain a deeper understanding of the myocardial infarction patients’ own conceptions about the event, an interview study with a phenomenographic approach was conducted with 15 strategically selected myocardial infarction patients (III), within 72 hours after admission to hospital. Finally, the pre-hospital experiences of 15 spouses of myocardial infarction patients were also studied through interviews with a phenomenographic approach, within 48 hours after the affected partner’s admittance to hospital (IV). The results showed that 59% of the patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction delayed > 1 hour after onset of symptoms. The most common reasons given for delay in seeking hospital admittance were: (1) Did not consider the symptoms as to be severe enough that they warranted hospital care, (2) thought the symptoms to be temporary and that they would disappear, (3) the chest pain was more of a dull pain, (4) or, as one third of the patients chose to do, contacted the general practitioner instead of going directly to the hospital (I). Furthermore, as a first action, 59% consulted their spouse for advice about what to do henceforth. The most common reason for additional delay when the decision to go to hospital had already been taken was that the myocardial infarction patients stated that they were unaware of the advantages of a rapid decision-making process. Sixty percent went by ambulance, but it was the spouse (40%) or the personnel at the general practitioner’s office (32%) who called the emergency service number, rather than the patient him/her self (5%). The most frequently given reasons for not choosing ambulance, were that the patients did not perceive their symptoms as being serious enough to require ambulance transportation (43%), followed by that they had not thought about ambulance as an alternative at all (38%). As a third reason for not going by ambulance, the patients stated that it was unnecessary to call an ambulance when being affected by symptoms related to a myocardial infarction (26%). The patients who called an ambulance differed in some respects from those who went by private alternatives; patients with large infarctions (ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) went by ambulance more frequently, as did patients suffering from nausea and severe chest pain (II). The patients expressed in the interviews how the interaction with others, described as the need for supportive environment, worries for the family and the utilisation of the health-care resources, was of great importance in the pre-hospital phase. Likewise, symptom awareness, with earlier experiences of a similar situation to compare with, denying the seriousness of the situation and the use of different self-care strategies, were important in order to manage the situation. Vulnerability, expressed as anxiety and a lack of control, also influenced the decision-making process in the pre-hospital phase (III). Spouses seemed to have a strong influence on the course of events when their partner suffered an acute myocardial infarction and it emerged from the interviews how the spouses in many cases were influenced into sharing the denial of the affected partner by respecting his/her independence. The spouses accepted the partner’s need for control; took earlier marital roles and experiences into account; restraining own emotions and seeking agreement with their partners, contributing to delay. However, being resourceful by sharing the experience; having knowledge; understanding the severity; being rational and consulting others when needed, seemed to have a positive influence on the decision time in the pre-hospital phase (IV). Conclusion: The reasons for delaying or not in the pre-hospital phase, as well as the reasons for utilising the ambulance services or not, varied considerably between individuals. Earlier experiences of MI did not influence what actions to take; instead patients’ feelings, emotional attitudes to MI symptoms, inadequate coping strategies, and spouses’ influences were important components in the pre-hospital phase.

Bakgrund: Ambulanssjuksköterskans roll innebär bland annat att bedöma en patients tillstånd. I bakgrunden presenteras bedömningsprocessen ur ett psykiatriskt, prehospitalt och kombinationen prehospitalt/psykiatriskt perspektiv. Syfte: Syftet är att belysa på vilka grunder ambulanssjuksköterskor gör sina bedömningar i mötet med personer som kan antas lida av akut psykisk ohälsa. Metod: Studien grundar sig på en kvalitativ forskningsansats. Data har insamlats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och har analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativa innehållsanalys som Granheim och Lundman beskriver den. Resultat: Utgörs av tre huvudkategorier; Patienten i fokus för bedömningen, Omgivningens roll samt Vårdarens tillvägagångssätt Diskussion: Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån andra studerade arbetssätt och tankeprocesser bakom en bedömning. Vidare lyfts reflektioner kring den teoretiska referensramens huvudbegrepp; Miljö, Hälsa, Människosyn och mötet med patienten. / Background: One of the ambulance nurses many responsibilities is assessing the patients’ current health situation. The background presents how this process may manifest itself in the nursing field of pre-hospital care, psychiatry and the combination of pre-hospital and psychiatry.  Aim: The present study aims to illuminate on what basis the ambulance nurse make their assessing decisions in the encounter with patients that might suffer from an acute psychiatric event Methods: Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and have been analysed using the qualitative content analysis as described by Graneheim and Lundman. Results: Three main categories emerged: Assessing the patient, The role of the environment and The nurses approach. Discussions: The results have been discussed comparing other known assessment situations and cognitive models. Reflections from the result, seen through the perspective of the theoretical frameworks, are also presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:47:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HilderjaneCS_DISSERT.pdf: 2963070 bytes, checksum: bff0803d876ff74c7299b7dc49baf353 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / O The aim of this study was to characterize the occurrence of trauma in the elderly population served by the mobile pre-hospital service, in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. This is a descriptive, transversal and quantitative approach and whose population consisted of 2,080 trauma victims. The sample, of systematic random type, consisted of 400 elderly people, aged from 60 years old, assisted by the Office of Mobile Emergency in Natal / RN, between January 2011 and December 2012. Data collection began after consent and assent of the institution of a Research Ethics Committee under No. 309 505. It was proceeded to documentary retrospective analysis of records of this service through a form of self-development, validated by expert judges considered reliable (α> 0.75) and valid (CVI = 0.97) in their clarity and relevance. Data were tabulated by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20.0. The results show that older victims have an average age of 74.19 years old, with a prevalence of female involvement by chronic diseases, especially hypertension, average usage of 2.2 routine medications with vital signs within normal limits. The trauma prevailed during the daytime, in the residence of the victims, north of the city and on weekends. Among the mechanisms of trauma were falls, traffic accidents and physical aggression, whose most common type was brain-cerebral trauma and the main consequences were suture wounds and closed fractures. Basic Support Units were as more driven to pre-hospital care (87.8%) and the main destination place consisted of a referral hospital for emergency of the state (57.5%). Among the most commonly performed procedures by nursing staff immobilization with rigid board and neck collar and the peripheral venipuncture, and the main component used for volume replacement to saline were highlighted. There was a significant relationship between the deaths and the mechanism of injury, mechanism of injury and procedures, except medication administration procedures carried out, except immobilization and unit for service. It is highlighted the prevalence of trauma in the elderly, poor follow-up Pre-Hospital Trauma Life Support protocol and the paucity of records and nursing procedures performed. There is need for a protocol of care specific to elderly trauma victims and education strategies for the prevention of such events / O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a ocorr?ncia de traumas na popula??o idosa atendida pelo servi?o pr?-hospitalar m?vel, no munic?pio de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de delineamento transversal e abordagem quantitativa, cuja popula??o foi constitu?da por 2.080 v?timas de trauma. A amostra, do tipo aleat?ria sistem?tica, consistiu em 400 pessoas idosas, com idade a partir de 60 anos, assistidas pelo Servi?o de Atendimento M?vel de Urg?ncia de Natal/RN, entre janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. A coleta de dados teve in?cio ap?s consentimento da institui??o e parecer favor?vel de um Comit? de ?tica em Pesquisa sob o n? 309.505. Procedeu-se ? an?lise documental retrospectiva das fichas de atendimento do servi?o atrav?s de um formul?rio de elabora??o pr?pria, validado por ju?zes especialistas, considerado como confi?vel (α>0,75) e v?lido (IVC=0,97) em sua clareza e relev?ncia. Os dados foram tabulados pelo software Statistical Package for Social Science, vers?o 20.0. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que as v?timas idosas possuem idade m?dia de 74,19 anos, com preval?ncia do sexo feminino, acometimento por doen?as cr?nicas, especialmente a hipertens?o arterial, uso m?dio de 2,2 medicamentos rotineiros, com sinais vitais dentro dos padr?es de normalidade. Os traumas prevaleceram no per?odo diurno, na resid?ncia das v?timas, zona norte da cidade e nos fins de semana. Entre os mecanismos de trauma destacaram-se as quedas, os acidentes de tr?nsito e as agress?es f?sicas, cujo tipo de trauma mais comum foi o cranioencef?lico e principais consequ?ncias os ferimentos passivos de sutura e as fraturas fechadas. As Unidades de Suporte B?sico estiveram como as mais acionadas para o atendimento pr?-hospitalar (87,8%) e o principal local de destino consistiu no hospital de refer?ncia em urg?ncia do Estado (57,5%). Entre os procedimentos mais realizados pela equipe de enfermagem destacaram-se a imobiliza??o com prancha r?gida e colar cervical, bem como a pun??o venosa perif?rica, e principal componente utilizado para reposi??o vol?mica a solu??o fisiol?gica. Houve rela??o significativa entre os ?bitos e o mecanismo de trauma; mecanismo de trauma e procedimentos realizados, exceto administra??o de medicamentos; procedimentos realizados, exceto de imobiliza??o, e unidade destinada ao atendimento. Ressalta-se a preval?ncia do trauma na popula??o idosa, o seguimento deficiente do protocolo Pre-Hospital Trauma Life Support e a incipi?ncia dos registros de procedimentos de enfermagem realizados. H? necessidade de um protocolo de atendimento ao trauma espec?fico ?s v?timas idosas e estrat?gias de educa??o para a preven??o de eventos desta natureza

Submitted by Rafael Arruda Alves (alves.a.rafael@gmail.com) on 2018-09-02T19:03:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final de Rafael Arruda Alves.pdf: 2482600 bytes, checksum: 9403ffa0524bb4525d6449decfc63f9f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sulamita Selma C Colnago null (sulamita@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-09-03T16:22:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_ap_me_bot.pdf: 2482600 bytes, checksum: 9403ffa0524bb4525d6449decfc63f9f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:22:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_ap_me_bot.pdf: 2482600 bytes, checksum: 9403ffa0524bb4525d6449decfc63f9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-01 / A Urgência e Emergência se constitui em um importante componente da assistência à saúde, principalmente devido ao crescimento do número de acidentes e da violência urbana. O Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) foi criado pelo governo federal em 2003 com função tanto operacional, voltada para os atendimentos pré-hospitalares através das ambulâncias de suporte básico de vida (USB) e suporte avançado de vida (USA), quanto pela central de regulação das urgências, que atende aos chamados telefônicos do 192, com papel de organizar os fluxos de atenção integral às urgências. Essa organização permite proporcionar dados provenientes de seu funcionamento que devem servir como importante ferramenta para o planejamento de ações estratégicas para saúde regional. O SAMU de Bauru foi iniciado em 2004 com três ambulâncias, passando a um serviço regional em 2011, abrangendo dezessete munícipios, atualmente, dispõe de duas motos (URAM), sete ambulâncias de suporte básico e duas de suporte avançado, ligadas através da central reguladora com oito bases descentralizadas instaladas em munícipios da região, atendendo uma área de 5.312,399km² e 634.195 habitantes. Emerge deste contexto o problema da presente pesquisa, desenhado a partir do questionamento sobre os resultados nas condutas pré-hospitalares e do processo de trabalho da central de regulação das urgências do município de Bauru, visando mensurar a contribuição com a assistência da urgência ao longo dos anos, cooperando para as ações de planejamento futuras, através de dados norteadores que possibilitem a construção de diretrizes técnicas. Os atendimentos realizados pelo SAMU Bauru regional no período de 7 anos foram analisados quanto ao tipo de ocorrência, variabilidade sazonal e adequação da regulação, e nesse período houve uma média de 8985 chamadas telefônicas/mês, sendo 83% delas reguladas, resultando em 242.162 em atendimentos. Destes, 67% se referiam a causas clínicas, 23% a emergências traumáticas, 9% foram classificados como outros tipos de causa, e 3537 resultaram em óbitos, o que representa 1,5% de todas as ocorrências realizadas. Para esclarecimento do perfil dos usuários, foi organizada uma estratificação dos dados desta série histórica com foco no ano de 2016, que permite confirmar que o SAMU é um observatório valioso da saúde loco regional, pois não apenas se configura como um importante serviço de atendimento ao usuário em suas necessidades de saúde, como também se mostra uma peça gestora de importância para organização da rede de saúde, atuando como um termômetro destas atuações, uma vez que a maior parcela da população ao ligar para o 192 tem uma necessidade real, seja por dificuldade ou impedimento de acesso a uma unidade de saúde, por um problema real de seus agravos clínicos, ou por eventos agudos e súbitos. / Emergency and Urgent Care is an important component of health care, mainly due to the increase in the number of accidents and urban violence. The Emergency Mobile Care Service (SAMU) was created by the federal government in 2003 with both an operational function aiming prehospital care through ambulances of basic life support (USB) and advanced life support (USA), as well as by the emergency regulation center, which attends the calls to the 192 line, with the role of organizing the flows of integral attention to the to provide data from its functioning that should serve as important tools for the planning of strategic actions for regional health. The SAMU of Bauru started serving in 2004 with three ambulances, becoming a regional service in 2011, covering seventeen municipalities, and currently has two motorcycles (URAM), seven ambulances of basic support and two of advanced support, linked through the regulation central by eight decentralized bases installed in municipalities in the region, serving an area of 5,312,399km² and 634,195 inhabitants. It emerges from this context the problem of the present research, designed by the questioning about the results in the prehospital conducts and the work process of the regulation center of urgencies in the city of Bauru, aiming to measure the contribution offered by the assistance of the urgency over the years, cooperating for the actions of future planning, through guiding data that enabled the construction of technical guidelines. SAMU Bauru regional consultations in the 7-year period were analyzed by type of occurrence, seasonal variability and adequacy of regulation. There was an average of 8985 telephone calls per month, which 83% were regulated, resulting in 242,162 consultations, 67% referred to clinical reasons, 23% were due to traumatic emergencies, 9% were classified as other causes, and 3537 were fatal victims, representing 1.5% of all occurrences. In order to clarify the profile of the users, a stratification of the data of this historical series was carried out focusing on the year 2016, confirming that SAMU is a valuable regional loco health observatory, and not only an important service of attending the user to its needs It is clear that the largest part of the population, when to call 192, has a real need, either due to difficulty or impediment of access to health services, a health unit, and a real problem of their clinical problems, or by sudden and acute events.

Orientador: Adriana Polachini do Valle / Resumo: A Urgência e Emergência se constitui em um importante componente da assistência à saúde, principalmente devido ao crescimento do número de acidentes e da violência urbana. O Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) foi criado pelo governo federal em 2003 com função tanto operacional, voltada para os atendimentos pré-hospitalares através das ambulâncias de suporte básico de vida (USB) e suporte avançado de vida (USA), quanto pela central de regulação das urgências, que atende aos chamados telefônicos do 192, com papel de organizar os fluxos de atenção integral às urgências. Essa organização permite proporcionar dados provenientes de seu funcionamento que devem servir como importante ferramenta para o planejamento de ações estratégicas para saúde regional. O SAMU de Bauru foi iniciado em 2004 com três ambulâncias, passando a um serviço regional em 2011, abrangendo dezessete munícipios, atualmente, dispõe de duas motos (URAM), sete ambulâncias de suporte básico e duas de suporte avançado, ligadas através da central reguladora com oito bases descentralizadas instaladas em munícipios da região, atendendo uma área de 5.312,399km² e 634.195 habitantes. Emerge deste contexto o problema da presente pesquisa, desenhado a partir do questionamento sobre os resultados nas condutas pré-hospitalares e do processo de trabalho da central de regulação das urgências do município de Bauru, visando mensurar a contribuição com a assistência da urgência ao longo dos anos, cooperando para as ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Emergency and Urgent Care is an important component of health care, mainly due to the increase in the number of accidents and urban violence. The Emergency Mobile Care Service (SAMU) was created by the federal government in 2003 with both an operational function aiming prehospital care through ambulances of basic life support (USB) and advanced life support (USA), as well as by the emergency regulation center, which attends the calls to the 192 line, with the role of organizing the flows of integral attention to the to provide data from its functioning that should serve as important tools for the planning of strategic actions for regional health. The SAMU of Bauru started serving in 2004 with three ambulances, becoming a regional service in 2011, covering seventeen municipalities, and currently has two motorcycles (URAM), seven ambulances of basic support and two of advanced support, linked through the regulation central by eight decentralized bases installed in municipalities in the region, serving an area of 5,312,399km² and 634,195 inhabitants. It emerges from this context the problem of the present research, designed by the questioning about the results in the prehospital conducts and the work process of the regulation center of urgencies in the city of Bauru, aiming to measure the contribution offered by the assistance of the urgency over the years, cooperating for the actions of future planning, through guiding data that enabled the construction of technical guidelines.... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, de natureza histórico-social e ético-legal, desenvolvido a partir da análise documental como parte do método histórico. As bases de dados nacionais e internacionais pesquisadas foram CINAHL, LILACS, MEDLINE, PeriEnf e PubMed, com os descritores: enfermagem, atendimento pré-hospitalar e aspectos ético-legais, publicados nos últimos 10 anos. O método histórico estuda os fatos sociais e suas relações, a partir de documentos, surgidos de fontes, contextos e momentos distintos, e envolve a reconstrução do conhecimento e novas interpretações dos fatos. A escassez de literatura específica, sobre os aspectos ético-legais no atendimento pré-hospitalar (APH) e a inserção do enfermeiro nesta modalidade de serviço, motivou a realização deste estudo. Igualmente, a experiência profissional como enfermeiro e a vivência de situações críticas no Grupo de Resgate e Atendimento de Urgências (GRAU - RESGATE 193), despertaram o interesse pelo tema e as bases para a incursão no campo do Direito. Com este estudo pretendeu-se fazer um resgate histórico do surgimento do APH e a inserção do enfermeiro com os objetivos de levantar a legislação e as funções do enfermeiro no atendimento pré-hospitalar; identificar os desafios éticos e legais do enfermeiro no exercício profissional nesse atendimento; e, traçar o tipo de enfermeiro profissional necessário para o atendimento pré-hospitalar / This is a descriptive, exploratory study of historical-social and ethical-legal nature, developed through a documentary analysis as part of the historical method. National and international data basis were searched at CINAHL, LILACS, MEDLINE, PeriEnf e PubMed utilizing the following descriptors: nursing, pre-hospital care, and ethical-legal aspects, published in the last ten years. The historical method studies social facts and its relations, from documents found in sources, contexts and distinct moments, and involve the knowledge reconstruction and new interpretation of facts. Lack of specific literature on ethical-legal aspects within pre-hospital care and the nurse´s insertion into this kind of service, has motivated this study. Also, the professional experience as nurse and having lived critical situations within the Rescue Group for Urgent Care (GRAU-Resgate 193), has created the interest on the theme and the basis for this into the Law field. This study aimed at making an historical rescue about the emergence of pre-hospital care and the nurse´s insertion in it with the objectives: to survey the legislation and the nurses´ functions in this service; to identify the nurses´ ethical and legal challenges at professional practice; and, to outline the kind of nurse needed for pre-hospital care

Bakgrund: Ett vanligt symtom inom ambulanssjukvården är smärta, vilken ofta kan förvärra den smärta som redan upplevs av patienten, då de nödvändiga förflyttningarna genomförs av besättningen till bår och ambulans. Det är sjuksköterskorna i ambulansbesättningen som gör bedömningen huruvida smärtlindring krävs akut eller inte under transporten till sjukhus. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att studera patienters upplevelser av intranasal (i.n) smärtlindring jämfört med intravenös (i.v) smärtlindring inom ambulanssjukvården i Stockholm. Metod: Studien är en empirisk studie med deskriptiv design. Huvudresultat: Studien visade endast signifikant skillnad i området där upplevelsen av oro och/eller rädsla mättes i samband med i.n kontra i.v smärtlindringsmetod. Det var fler som upplevde en negativ aspekt i form av oro och eller rädsla i den grupp som fått i.n smärtlindring. Inga andra signifikanta skillnader i upplevelsen av varken, nöjdhet av smärtlindringens effekt, själva sättet att erhålla läkemedlet eller upplevelse av biverkningar påvisades. En jämförelse mellan de rapporterade biverkningarna visade att illamående var den vanligaste biverkningen och den var vanligast i den grupp som erhållit i.n smärtlindring. Slutsats: Med bakgrund av detta resultat kan man ifrågasätta om administreringssättet är avgörande kring effekten och upplevelsen av positiva eller negativa aspekter av smärtbehandlingen. / Background: A common symptom of ambulance care is pain, which can often exacerbate the pain already experienced by the patient, as the necessary movements are carried out by the crew to the stern and ambulance. It is the nurses in the ambulance crew who assess whether pain relief is required urgently or not during transport to hospitals.   Objective: The purpose of this study was to study patient´s experiences of intranasal (i.n) pain relief compared to intravenous (i.v) pain relief within the ambulance service in Stockholm area.    Method: The study is an empirical study with a descriptive design.   Main results: The study showed that the only significant difference in the area where the experience of anxiety and/or fear was measured in connection with i. n versus i. v. pain relief method. It was more that experienced a negative aspect in the form of anxiety and or fear in the group that received in n pain relief. No other significant differences in the experience of pain relief, satisfaction of neither the ring's power, the way to obtain the medicine or experience side effects was demonstrated. A comparison of the reported showed that the most common side effect was nausea, and it was most common in the group that received in n pain relief.   Conclusion: Based on this result, one can question whether the mode of administration is crucial for the effect and experience of positive or negative aspects of pain management.

Background: Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is an advanced airway skill commonly performed in the pre-hospital setting globally. In South Africa, pre-hospital RSI was first approved for non-physician providers by the Health Professions Council of South Africa in 2009 and introduced as part of the scope of practice of degree qualified Emergency Care Practitioners (ECPs) only. The aim of the research study was to investigate and describe, based on the components of the minimum standards of pre-hospital RSI in South Africa, specific areas of interest related to current pre-hospital RSI practice. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design in the form of an online survey were conducted amongst operational ECPs in the pre-hospital setting of South Africa, using convenience and snowball sampling strategies. Results: A total of 87 participants agreed to participate. Eleven (12.6%) incomplete survey responses were excluded while 76 (87.4%) were included in the data analysis. The survey response rate could not be calculated. Most participants were operational in Gauteng (n=27, 35.5%) and the Western Cape (n=25, 32.9%). Overall participants reported that their education and training were perceived as being of good quality. An overwhelming number of participants (n=69, 90.8%) did not participate in an internship programme before commencing duties as an independent practitioner. Most RSI and post-intubation equipment were reported to be available, however, our results found that introducer stylets and/or bougies and EtCO2 devices are not available to some participants. Only 50 (65.8%) participants reported the existence of a clinical governance system within their organisation. Furthermore, our results indicate a lack of clinical feedback, deficiency of an RSI database, infrequent clinical review meetings and a shortage of formal consultation frameworks. Conclusion: The practice of safe and effective pre-hospital RSI, performed by non-physician providers or ECPs, rely on comprehensive implementation and adherence to all the 51 components of the minimum standards. Although there is largely an apparent alignment with the minimum standards, recurrent revision of practice needs to occur to ensure alignment with recommendations. Additionally, there are areas that may benefit from further research to improve current practice.