De acordo com uma perspectiva sociocultural, é no contexto das conversações em que os pais relembram com a criança as suas experiências que esta aprende um modo de avaliar e de lidar com as experiências que envolvem emoções, e desenvolve uma compreensão de si mesma. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a influência da conversação familiar sobre experiências envolvendo emoções na maneira do pré-adolescente lidar com esse tipo de experiência. A amostra foi constituída por 189 famílias de classe média com um filho com idade de 10 a 13 anos. Foram realizados três estudos: o primeiro objetivou conhecer o espaço de conversação familiar e nele, o lugar das experiências envolvendo emoções; já o segundo e o terceiro estudos enfocaram a maneira do pré-adolescente lidar com experiências envolvendo emoções, cujo acesso se obteve por meio de narrativas ficcionais e de narrativas autobiográficas, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos pré-adolescentes costuma compartilhar suas experiências em casa com a família e que as emoções conduzem a esse tipo de conversação. Em comparação com os pré-adolescentes que não costumam conversar em casa sobre suas experiências, aqueles que têm esse costume desenvolveram mais as habilidades para lidar com situações que envolvem raiva, para selecionar experiências self-relevantes e as encaixar em uma linha de continuidade, e também apresentaram um maior conhecimento sobre o próprio self. Esses resultados indicam que a conversação familiar sobre experiências envolvendo emoções é um contexto que favorece o desenvolvimento de estratégias de regulação e da coerência na narrativa autobiográfica. Considerando que a narrativa autobiográfica reflete o grau de integração do self, pode-se dizer ainda que esse contexto forma uma base para o desenvolvimento da identidade que virá a seguir, na adolescência. / From a sociocultural perspective, it is through conversations in which parents reminisce their children‟s experiences that the latter learn how to evaluate and deal with their own emotional experiences and to better understand themselves. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of family conversations on emotions, with a focus on the way preadolescents deal with this type of experience. The sample comprised 189 middle-class families with one son or daughter aged 10 to 13 years. Three investigations were conducted: 1) the first one aimed to describe the context of conversational interaction and the place occupied by emotions within such conversations; the second and third studies focused on the way preadolescents deal with emotional experiences, based on the analysis of fictional and autobiographical narratives, respectively. The results showed that most preadolescents share their experiences with their families and that emotions usually lead to this type of conversation. A comparison between preadolescents who did not talk about their experiences at home and those who did showed that the latter were more able to develop abilities to deal with situations involving anger and to select self-relevant experiences and fit them into a line of continuity; also, preadolescents who shared their emotional experiences presented an improved knowledge of their own selves. These results suggest that family conversation about emotional experiences promote the development of emotions regulation strategies and improve the coherence of autobiographical narratives. Moreover, if we take into consideration that autobiographical narratives provide information on the level of integrated self, it is possible to infer that family conversations about emotional experiences form the basis for identity development in the subsequent adolescence years.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / It is well documented that adolescent substance use is associated with deficits in brain function and behavior. However, possible deficits that predate substance use initiation remain poorly characterized in preadolescents at-risk for developing substance use disorder (SUD). To characterize potential brain and behavioral differences that predate substance use, substance naïve preadolescents, ages 11–12, were recruited into three groups to complete functional magnetic resonance imaging delay discounting: (1) High-risk youth (n=35) with a family history of SUD and externalizing psychiatric disorders, (2) psychiatric controls (n=35) with no family history of SUD, but equivalent externalizing psychiatric disorders as high-risk youth, and (3) healthy controls (n=29) with no family history of SUD and minimal psychopathology. While no behavioral differences between groups were identified, there were group differences in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) function during decision making. Specifically, the high-risk group showed stronger deactivation of the PCC than healthy controls. These results suggest that high-risk preadolescents may need to suppress activity of key nodes of the default mode network (a task negative network) to a greater extent to properly allocate attention to the task.

There is a particularly robust relation between neighborhood disadvantage and youth conduct problems. Given conduct problems are heterogeneous, it is likely that distinct subgroups of youth who differ in conduct problems and related correlates may be identifiable. The present study identified profiles of youth from a low-income, urban community participating in the Coping Power Program. Profiles were characterized by teacher-reported psychosocial and behavioral functioning assessed at pre-intervention among a sample of 61 fourth-grade students (98% Black/African American; M age = 9.87 ± 0.50; 58.3% female). Auxiliary analyses investigated whether and how these profiles differ on concurrent child-reported conduct problems and contextual (i.e., neighborhood, peer) factors and whether profile membership was associated with post-intervention teacher-reported outcomes. Latent profile analysis identified four profiles: (1) Moderate Conduct Problems (Mod CP; n = 6); (2) Moderate Conduct Problems/Callous-Unemotional Behavior with Moderate Peer Victimization (Mod CP/CU+Mod PV; n = 9); (3) High Conduct Problems/Callous-Unemotional Behavior with Low Prosocial Behavior (High CP/CU+Low Pro; n = 7); and Typically Developing (TD; n = 37). Profiles differed on child-reported outcome expectations for aggressive behavior, such that Mod CP/CU+Mod PV and High CP/CU+Low Pro were more likely to expect aggression to reduce aversive treatment from others. The High CP/CU+Low Pro profile had the most consistent post-intervention improvement across outcomes, though profile responsiveness to the intervention was variable and differed based on how outcomes were operationalized. Findings inform identification of youth from low-income, urban communities who may be at risk for negative outcomes and/or more amenable to preventive interventions for conduct problems. / Psychology

The high level of weight and shape concerns amongst preadolescent children has prompted interest in the development of prevention programs for this age group. In the 1990s weight and shape concerns were considered primarily an adolescent phenomenon. However, prevention programs which have been designed with adolescent and adult populations have been found to show limited success. Some researchers have argued that programs which target preadolescent children are more likely to be effective than programs that target adolescents, as by adolescence many attitudes and behaviours have become entrenched so they may be more difficult to modify. On the other hand, children's weight and shape concerns are believed to be more malleable and amenable to change. To date there have been limited controlled studies implementing prevention programs designed to reduce weight and shape concerns with preadolescent populations. The new study conducted as part of this thesis involves the development and implementation of the ‘Everybody’ s Different, Nobody Else Is Me’ preadolescent prevention program. The program was designed to address some of the methodological biases of past research and incorporate three risk factors, social comparisons, negative affect, and self-esteem, to reduce and/or prevent the development of weight and muscle concerns among children. These three risk factors have been found to be associated with weight and shape concerns of adolescents and adults, and there is also increasing evidence that they are important factors among children. Research also suggests that social comparisons, negative affect, and self-esteem are interrelated, which highlights the importance of targeting the variables in one program. The new five session prevention initiative was implemented with 156 grade four children. Both the treatment and control conditions consisted of 78 children. Preliminary evidence from the new prevention initiative indicated that the program reduced muscle bulk and exercise (ie. An over-emphasis on exercise to lose weight rather than health promotion), and negative affect in the long term as assessed by the six month follow-up. At the six month follow-up, children in both the treatment and control conditions reported reduced negative affect, dieting, and muscle bulk and exercise scores and increased positive affect. Consistent with short term follow-up results, boys reported greater muscle bulk and exercise scores than girls at the six month follow-up. Girls, in both conditions, were also found to report greater positive affect than boys. These findings are discussed in relation to past research, and suggestions for future prevention initiatives are highlighted.

As fases da pré-adolescência e adolescência são complexas porque englobam diversas mudanças nos indivíduos, se passa por rápido crescimento físico, alteração hormonal, mudanças no ambiente social e nas exigências. Estas fases são caracterizadas por comportamentos de risco por falta de controle inibitório, que está relacionado ao córtex pré- frontal, última área a se desenvolver do sistema nervoso. Há também a experimentação de álcool e drogas durante a adolescência e puberdade. Este trabalho realizou três estudos que abrangeram a temática do controle inibitório na pré-adolescência e adolescência. O primeiro foi uma revisão sistemática a respeito da avaliação do controle inibitório na adolescência e uso de neuroimagem. O segundo investigou a relação do consumo de álcool na adolescência com uso excessivo de bebidas alcóolicas dos pais. E o terceiro objetivou avaliar a impulsividade, controle inibitório e consumo de álcool em indivíduos de 10 a 16 anos. Os três artigos sugeriram um padrão de maior controle inibitório ao longo do desenvolvimento na fase da adolescência. Ainda foi possível observar que as bebidas alcóolicas têm sido consumidas cada vez mais precocemente e em maiores quantidades. Além disso, o consumo excessivo de álcool dos pais de adolescentes pode influenciar no consumo dos filhos nesta fase. / Stages of pre-adolescence and adolescence are complex because they involve several changes in individuals, they pass through a fast physical growth, hormonal changes, changes in the social environment and the requirements. These phases are characterized by risk behavior for lack of inhibitory control, which is related to the prefrontal cortex, the last area to develop the nervous system. There are also experimenting with alcohol and drugs during adolescence and puberty. This work conducted three studies which approached the inhibitory control in preadolescence and adolescence. The first was a systematic review regarding the inhibitory control assessment in adolescence and use of neuroimaging. The second investigated the relationship of alcohol consumption in adolescence with excessive use of alcohol from parents. And the third was aimed at evaluating impulsivity, inhibitory control and alcohol consumption in individuals 10-16 years. The three articles suggested a pattern of greater inhibitory control over development in adolescence. Although it was observed that the alcoholic beverages have been consumed ever earlier and in larger quantities. In addition, excessive alcohol consumption of parents of teenagers can influence the consumption of children at this stage.

Perceptions of parenting styles by parents and their 12-year-old preadolescents are studied One hundred seven parents and their adolescents enrolled in the first year of secondary education in one of four Catholic schools in Montevideo completed Affection, Rules and Requirements questionnaires. There were significant differences in parent perception in the critical / rejection and inductive factor subscale, depending on the gender of the adolescent. Preadolescent perceptions exhibit significant differences in indulgent and affection scales for father, and in affection, indulgent and inductive scales for mothers. Parents with a primary school education level appear significantly more inductive than those who were areuniversity graduates. / Se estudiaron los estilos parentales según la percepción de padres, madres y sus hijos e hijas de 12 años. Se aplicaron las escalas de Afecto y de Normas y Exigencias a 107 padres y madres y 107 hijos e hijas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la percepción de padres y madres, en el factor Crítica/Rechazo y en la subescala Inductiva, según el sexo de los hijos que respondieron. Las percepciones de hijos e hijas arrojaron diferencias significativas para los padres, en las escalas Afecto e Indulgente y para las madres en las escalas Afecto, Indulgente e Inductiva. Los padres con nivel de enseñanza primaria aparecieron significativamente más inductivos que quienes tuvieron estudios universitarios. / No artigo são estudadas as percepções dos pais, mais e seus filhos e filhas menores de 12 anos, sobre os estilos parentais em suas famílias. Foram aplicadas as escalas de Afeto, Normas e Exigências a 107 pais e mais e 107 adolescentes. Os resultados mostram diferenças significativas nas percepções sobre os pais e mais nas dimensões de crítica/rejeição e indutiva, dependendo se os respondentes são homens ou mulheres. As percepções de filhos e filhas sobre os pais mostraram diferenças significativas nas escalas de afeto e indulgente e as percepções de filhos e filhas sobre as mais mostraram diferenças nas escalas de afeto, indulgente e indutiva. Os pais com nível de educação primaria apareceram como mais indutivos que os pais que estudaram na universidade.

As fases da pré-adolescência e adolescência são complexas porque englobam diversas mudanças nos indivíduos, se passa por rápido crescimento físico, alteração hormonal, mudanças no ambiente social e nas exigências. Estas fases são caracterizadas por comportamentos de risco por falta de controle inibitório, que está relacionado ao córtex pré- frontal, última área a se desenvolver do sistema nervoso. Há também a experimentação de álcool e drogas durante a adolescência e puberdade. Este trabalho realizou três estudos que abrangeram a temática do controle inibitório na pré-adolescência e adolescência. O primeiro foi uma revisão sistemática a respeito da avaliação do controle inibitório na adolescência e uso de neuroimagem. O segundo investigou a relação do consumo de álcool na adolescência com uso excessivo de bebidas alcóolicas dos pais. E o terceiro objetivou avaliar a impulsividade, controle inibitório e consumo de álcool em indivíduos de 10 a 16 anos. Os três artigos sugeriram um padrão de maior controle inibitório ao longo do desenvolvimento na fase da adolescência. Ainda foi possível observar que as bebidas alcóolicas têm sido consumidas cada vez mais precocemente e em maiores quantidades. Além disso, o consumo excessivo de álcool dos pais de adolescentes pode influenciar no consumo dos filhos nesta fase. / Stages of pre-adolescence and adolescence are complex because they involve several changes in individuals, they pass through a fast physical growth, hormonal changes, changes in the social environment and the requirements. These phases are characterized by risk behavior for lack of inhibitory control, which is related to the prefrontal cortex, the last area to develop the nervous system. There are also experimenting with alcohol and drugs during adolescence and puberty. This work conducted three studies which approached the inhibitory control in preadolescence and adolescence. The first was a systematic review regarding the inhibitory control assessment in adolescence and use of neuroimaging. The second investigated the relationship of alcohol consumption in adolescence with excessive use of alcohol from parents. And the third was aimed at evaluating impulsivity, inhibitory control and alcohol consumption in individuals 10-16 years. The three articles suggested a pattern of greater inhibitory control over development in adolescence. Although it was observed that the alcoholic beverages have been consumed ever earlier and in larger quantities. In addition, excessive alcohol consumption of parents of teenagers can influence the consumption of children at this stage.

As fases da pré-adolescência e adolescência são complexas porque englobam diversas mudanças nos indivíduos, se passa por rápido crescimento físico, alteração hormonal, mudanças no ambiente social e nas exigências. Estas fases são caracterizadas por comportamentos de risco por falta de controle inibitório, que está relacionado ao córtex pré- frontal, última área a se desenvolver do sistema nervoso. Há também a experimentação de álcool e drogas durante a adolescência e puberdade. Este trabalho realizou três estudos que abrangeram a temática do controle inibitório na pré-adolescência e adolescência. O primeiro foi uma revisão sistemática a respeito da avaliação do controle inibitório na adolescência e uso de neuroimagem. O segundo investigou a relação do consumo de álcool na adolescência com uso excessivo de bebidas alcóolicas dos pais. E o terceiro objetivou avaliar a impulsividade, controle inibitório e consumo de álcool em indivíduos de 10 a 16 anos. Os três artigos sugeriram um padrão de maior controle inibitório ao longo do desenvolvimento na fase da adolescência. Ainda foi possível observar que as bebidas alcóolicas têm sido consumidas cada vez mais precocemente e em maiores quantidades. Além disso, o consumo excessivo de álcool dos pais de adolescentes pode influenciar no consumo dos filhos nesta fase. / Stages of pre-adolescence and adolescence are complex because they involve several changes in individuals, they pass through a fast physical growth, hormonal changes, changes in the social environment and the requirements. These phases are characterized by risk behavior for lack of inhibitory control, which is related to the prefrontal cortex, the last area to develop the nervous system. There are also experimenting with alcohol and drugs during adolescence and puberty. This work conducted three studies which approached the inhibitory control in preadolescence and adolescence. The first was a systematic review regarding the inhibitory control assessment in adolescence and use of neuroimaging. The second investigated the relationship of alcohol consumption in adolescence with excessive use of alcohol from parents. And the third was aimed at evaluating impulsivity, inhibitory control and alcohol consumption in individuals 10-16 years. The three articles suggested a pattern of greater inhibitory control over development in adolescence. Although it was observed that the alcoholic beverages have been consumed ever earlier and in larger quantities. In addition, excessive alcohol consumption of parents of teenagers can influence the consumption of children at this stage.

No description available.