The topic of this diploma thesis is the ways of harmonization of harmonization of scientific work and care in the context of the transformation of science. The author aims to describe the transformation of the institutional aspects of scientific work and its'reflection in the biographies of women scientists. At first the author focuses on the insight into the history of science to map participation of women on the scientific inquiry and to describe the transformation of science. Afterwards she moves her focus towards the actual discourse of equal chances for men and women in science, which high lightens contradictory pressures of the standards of scientific work and motherhood that women in science must face. In the main part of the paper the results of a qualitative survey conducted by the author are presented. The author came to a conclusion that even though the gender stereotypes on men's' and women's' role in science and family are still persisting some progress towards the equality of men and women in science has been made. On the other hand the transformation of scientific work is posing new threat of insecurity of the scientific work that is grounded in the principles of free market Keywords: Science, women, transformation of science, precarity

Thesis advisor: Carlo Rotella / This country currently finds itself in a backwards way. Since the late 1970s, our policy choices have led to a significant disparity between national economic productivity and individual workers’ pay. As GDP steadily grew between 1979 and 2020, wages remained largely stagnant and many Americans now find themselves incapable of keeping up with rising costs of living. Unlike most workers struggling in this precarious economy, college students graduating from elite universities are given the choice to embark on careers in financial and consulting sectors to achieve financial stability. That stability can only be achieved through only a handful of work-options, however, can feel restrictive to many college students, meaning this new America of limited opportunity is not felt exclusively by the working class and instead can be intuited at every class level. Over the course of one dissolute summer, I sought to better understand why many students, despite having the option to work lucrative jobs, feel pessimistic about working after graduation. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: English.

Over the last decade, each year 2500 - 6000 Thai go to Sweden to work as berry pickers during the berry season via a regulated system of temporary work permits. Bangkok-based staffing agencies rely on the networks of local brokers to recruit workers in Thailand’s more peripheral northeastern Isan region, as part of the larger migration industry in Thailand. During the berry season, these local brokers also travel to Sweden and are part of the division of labour. Next to picking berries, their jobs can be cook, camp leader, and driver. Key concerns raised in relation to this seasonal work are precarity and vulnerability to exploitation, resulting from to the need to pay high fees to staffing agencies and a piece-rate wage-system. This thesis aims to analyze roles and positions across time and space of local Thai brokers. It does so by examining how they have come to occupy their current positions, and what their roles are in the recruitment process in Thailand and during the during the berry season in Sweden. Moreover, it investigates the interlinkages between these two roles, and how differences in remuneration and payments of fees shape precarity at the micro-scale. Based on the analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted in the Kaeng Khro district in Thailand in March 2019, this study suggests that the local brokers are industry veterans. Moreover, is suggests a large degree of variation in size and scope of local brokerage. During the berry season in Sweden, the local brokers tend to occupy positions above the regular berry pickers. Moreover, it is suggested that there is a differentiated precarity within the group of brokers, resulting from differences in the payment of wages and the need to pay fees to staffing agencies.

Esta pesquisa observa a relação entre migrantes transnacionais e dinâmicas urbanas na cidade de São Paulo, através de uma observação etnográfica participante e móvel, e da análise de trajetórias habitacionais de migrantes que passaram por diferentes tipos de ocupações de moradia. Desenvolvem-se as hipóteses de que migrantes, assim como não migrantes, são atores urbanos cuja relação com a cidade engendra agenciamentos, redes e alianças que resultam em diferentes formas de ação política transnacionalizada. A investigação demonstra que a presença migrante em ocupações é resultado de situações próprias da vida urbana, na qual há uma distribuição desigual da condição precária e deslocamentos cada vez maiores e mais frequentes de migrantes e não migrantes dentro e através das cidades. Nesse sentido, argumenta-se sobre a necessidade de se tomar a cidade como plano de referência para compreensão das mobilidades transnacionais de modo a observar, inclusive, os agenciamentos ao redor de categorias jurídico-políticas e identidades étnicas e nacionais. A pesquisa demonstra que a relação de migrantes com a cidade resulta em pontos de inflexão e entrecruzamentos nas trajetórias habitacionais dos atores, assim como em modificações no tecido social e nos próprios espaços - alguns deles funcionando como potentes conectores urbanos. Destaca-se que, nestes contextos, surgem conexões de interdependência e ações políticas que desafiam a condição precária e ao mesmo tempo colocam em xeque tanto a moral humanitária quanto a noção do migrante empreendedor de si mesmo. Nesse sentido, a investigação busca contribuir a uma compreensão mais heterogênea e menos excepcionalista da experiência migrante na cidade e aponta para a necessidade de uma agenda de pesquisa pós-nacional comprometida com a emergência de diferentes tipos de movimentos de resistência transnacionalizados. / This research observes the relationship between transnational migrants and urban dynamics in the city of São Paulo, through a participant and movel ethnographic observation, and the analysis of migrants\' housing pathways that crossed ocupações (squats). The hypothesis developed are that that migrants, as well as non-migrants, are urban actors whose relaonship with the city engenders agency, networks and alliances that result in different forms of transnational political action. The research shows that the migrant presence in ocupações is a result of urban life situations, in which there is an uneven distribution of precarity and increasing and more frequent displacements of migrants and non migrants within and through cities. In this sense, this work argues about the need to consider the city as the plane of reference for a proper understanding of transnational mobilities, which even allows the observance of the agencies around juridical-political categories and ethnic and national identities. This research shows that the relationship of migrants with the city results in inflection points and intersections in the housing pathways of the actors, as well as in changes in the social fabric and in the spaces themselves - some of them functioning as powerful urban connectors. It is noteworthy that, in these contexts, there are connections of interdependence and political actions that challenge the precarious condition and at the same time put in question both the humanitarian morality and the notion of the entrepreneurial migrant. In this sense, the research seeks to contribute to a more heterogeneous and less exceptionalist understanding of the migrant experience in the city, and it points to the need for a post-national research agenda that is committed to the emergence of different types of transnationalized resistance movements.

During the recent years in Turkey, the word &ldquo / apache&rdquo / had taken its place in Turkish popular culture as a pejorative word that is used to label a group of slum-dweller, working class youth. Those young people are distinguished through their visual styles, music consumption, and everyday activities that form a subculture. This thesis, firstly, is an attempt to understand the material, social and cultural circumstances which produce this subculture. Secondly, the thesis seeks to analyze the cultural reflections of these circumstances into the subculture that is emerging. As an attempt to understand that process, a four months media survey and a ten months field research with in-depth interviews and participant observation was conducted with the members of this subculture in Ankara-Turkey. As a result of the media survey and the field research it was observed that the most dominant factor that leads to/produces this subculture is the precarious working conditions that these youths are embedded. The members of that subculture are composed of the young members of the working class who enter into labor market under the &lsquo / internalized&rsquo / conditions of precarity. They consistently, experience employment under the precarious working conditions and unemployment. Therefore, they occupy a liminal and marginalized position in which they neither articulate to their class position nor depart from it. Their ambiguous position in the relations of production redounds on their cultural practices. They create a subculture both through the mediation of their socio-economically obscure position and as a cultural response to it. They seek to construct a new position through the survival strategies and daily tactics in the realm of cultural practices / through a subculture in which they can define and situate themselves within the bounds of possibilities of their material conditions. However, this subculture also constitutes a continuum with their material conditions and consolidates their liminality. They are labeled as Apaches in that subculture and experience a similar kind of a marginalization with their counterpart precarious youth in all around the world. This thesis examines that subculture in which the cultural reflections of young people to precarity became concrete.

By using contemorary work-theory this thesis aim to show how Yarden. En berättelse, puts into play the circumstances of precarian work, circumstances that have gender political as well as identity political overtones. It tries to show how the idea of ”class-jouney” is used as a conciliatory element. An element that, acitvitated increasingly towards the end of the text, is significant for the selfs posisiton in relationship to his class identity and the workers collective around him as well as other spheres. It is also significant in relationship to the work which is the writing, and to the product of that work, which is both Yarden and the litterary persona produced by Yarden. This is something that I try to trace to a conflict between class belonging and other identitory political projects that Yarden expresses. The reality which is produced by the text is not only a staging of a litterary persona and the following class-journey. In my thesis I try to show that it is also possible to read it in it self as something that gives us valuable insights on how reality is produced under the circumstances of precarity. Insights that in turn can show us both how the supression of labour is organised in contemporary late-capitalism, and what expressions resistance in turn might take.

La précarité aujourd’hui prend de plus en plus de place dans notre vie quotidienne. Elle place celui ou celle qui la subit dans un état incertain, une situation instable ou un temps indéterminé. Aujourd’hui, de nombreux artistes s’intéressent à des espaces touchés par cette précarité, comme les bidonvilles, les camps de migrants, les favelas, etc., en les considérant comme lieu d’expérimentation artistique. Quel est le sens de telles actions artistiques autour, dans et à partir de ces espaces, surtout quand il s’agit de collaboration directe avec ses habitants ? Dans quelle éthique la relation entre l’artiste et ces personnes doit-elle s’envisager lors de la construction d’un travail collaboratif ? Les réponses à ces questions sont proposées à travers une analyse d’oeuvres d’artistes qui ont rencontré cette population et travaillé auprès d’elle, ainsi que par la mise en place de certaines de mes créations artistiques. La première partie de cette thèse dessine les contours du concept de « précarité », en le situant dans des espaces qui permettent de l’appréhender. La deuxième se concentre sur mon expérience auprès des personnes migrantes habitant dans les camps de Calais, ainsi que sur une analyse d’autres travaux artistiques comme ceux de l’artiste Monica Nador, réalisés dans des favelas au Brésil, afin de voir comment l’art permet de créer de la rencontre, d’engendrer du lien social autant que collectif auprès des personnes rencontrées. La dernière partie traite du concept de frontière sous ses différents aspects, et envisage les interventions artistiques permettant des perceptions différentes de la frontière. La thèse se clôt sur la manière dont les actions artistiques peuvent renouveler notre représentation des espaces précaires et de ceux qui les occupent. Par ailleurs, l’impact de la précarité sur les productions artistiques conduit à une autre manière de concevoir la posture de l’artiste quand son art est déplacé dans un terrain d’expérimentation non institutionnel. / Precarity takes more and more place in our life nowadays. It conditions the person who undergoes it in an uncertain state, an unstable situation or an indefinite time. Many artists are interested today in spaces affected by this precarious situation, such as shantytowns, migrant camps, favelas, etc., as a place for artistic experimentation. What is the meaning of artistic actions performed in, from and around these spaces, especially those involving a direct collaboration with itsinhabitants ? What is the ethics in relationship between the artist and these people when building a collaborative work ? I tried to find answers for these questions in this thesis, through the analysis of work of artists who met these people and worked with them, as well as through some of my artistic creations. The first part of this thesis draws the outlines of the concept of « precariousness », situating it in spaces that allow to comprehend it. The second focuses on my experience with migrant people living in the Calais camps, as well as an analysis of other artistic works such as those of Monica Nador, made in Brazil’s favelas, in order to see how art could make it possible to create encounters, to generate social and collective links between people in these places. The last part deals with the concept of border in its various aspects, and considers the artistic interventions allowing different perceptions of the border. The thesis concludes with the way that artistic actions could renew our representation of precarious spaces and those who occupy them. Moreover, the impact of precariousness on artistic productions leads to another way of conceiving the artist’s posture when his art is carried out into a non-institutional field of experimentation.

Cette recherche présente les résultats d’une étude menée auprès de jeunes diplômés en cuisine. Si la restauration est un secteur qui présente un fort taux de roulement, paradoxalement, il s’agit également de l’un des secteurs d’activité où le manque de main d’oeuvre est le plus criant. D’une manière générale, cette thèse vise à rendre compte des différents types de difficultés et de contraintes qui perturbent l’insertion et la stabilisation des jeunes diplômés de cuisine (cuisiniers), et faire l’état de leur situation professionnelle, trois ans après leur sortie du système scolaire. Les résultats de cette recherche mettent en évidence quatre principaux types de difficultés rencontrées par les jeunes cuisiniers, à savoir : les difficultés liées aux conditions structurelles du marché du travail, les difficultés liées aux logiques de fonctionnement du secteur de la restauration, les difficultés d’ordre social et familial et les difficultés liées aux attitudes et caractéristiques de jeunes eux-mêmes. Pour faire face à ces différents types de difficultés, les jeunes cuisiniers ont recours aux trois grands types de stratégies suivants à savoir : les stratégies de maintien et de stabilisation en emploi, les stratégies visant la sortie de l’emploi salarié ou du secteur de la restauration, et enfin les stratégies de désinvestissement progressif du marché du travail. / This research presents the results of a study conducted with young graduates of the restaurant industry (young cooks). If restoration is an area that has a high turnover rate, paradoxically, itis also one of the sectors where the lack of workforce is the highest. In general, this thesis aims to reflect the different types of difficulties and constraints that interfere with the integration and stabilization of young kitchen graduates (cooks) and to shed light on their professional situation, three years after leaving the school system. The results of this research highlight four main types of difficulties faced by young chefs,namely the difficulties associated with structural conditions in the labor market, the difficulties associated with the operating logic of the restaurant industry, the social and family difficulties and difficulties related to attitudes and characteristics of young people themselves. To cope with these types of difficulties, young cooks use three types of strategies: strategies for maintaining and stabilizing their employment, strategies to get out of the employment or the restaurant industry, and finally strategies of gradual divestment from the labor market.

This thesis engages deindustrialization as a lived process and applies the concepts of precarity as they relate to communities navigating processes of deindustrialization. Through ethnographic interviews and participant observation research conducted over the summer of 2017 I examine the lived experiences of circular migrant labourers and their significant others, who live in the former coal town of Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, as they engage in strategies to keep their families in the community. I explore the continuities of industrialization, deindustrialization and labour; the history of work in the region; the present sacrifices that families make to stay in the communities; why families stay; and what they circular migrant labourers and their significant others imagine the future of the region will look like as they raise their children there. Further, as circular migrant labourers are away from home and their families for significant amounts of time, often at irregular schedules, I ask about the strategies that labourers and their families use to eke out a living in a marginalized community. I ask participants what it is like to have to leave the community for work; what it is like to stay behind while your significant other is away for work; what is it like to be home together; and what strategies are used to keep in touch. One such strategy is the use of internet communication technologies to negotiate physical and social distance. However, these technologies do not always necessarily make up for time spent away from loved ones. / Graduate / 2019-04-17

Background: Considering the growing popularity of gig organisations and the socioeconomic situation enabling precarity in this type of firms, there is the need to investigate potential gains and losses of this type of work contract from the organisational side.  Aim: The aim is to understand the benefits and losses platform organisations may face by offering precarious work conditions. Apart from economic influence, as on direct labour costs and staff turnover, there are expected to be cultural and social capital losses. Methodology: A qualitative study approach was chosen to discover new details and access the background of the employees. Six food deliverers from three different app-based food delivery companies in Sweden were interviewed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the problem. Findings: The empirical findings indicated that apart from decreasing direct labour costs and high turnover, offering precarious working conditions may deprive organisations of access to a qualified workforce and knowledge pool that the employees bring.