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41	Caracterizacao microestrutural do aco maraging de grau 400 de resistencia mecanica ultra-elevada PADIAL, ARMANDO G.F. 09 October 2014 (has links) Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07613.pdf: 5555459 bytes, checksum: 0047c9f052248797761d648268e841ba (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP maraging steels microstructure tensile properties fracture properties electric conductivity age hardening hardening precipitation hardening heat treatments temperature range 0400-1000k temperature range 1000-4000k
42	Développement et validation d’un modèle de vieillissement thermique d’alliages d’aluminium pour application aéronautique / Development and validation of a thermal ageing model on aluminum alloys for aeronautics Grosset, Lisa 01 June 2016 (has links) Les exigences des clients du secteur aéronautique imposent aux entreprises de prendre en compte pour le dimensionnement les effets de la température sur toute la durée de vie du produit. Cependant, aucune loi ne permet actuellement de prévoir l’impact du vieillissement thermique sur le comportement des matériaux. Ce travail a pour objectif de comprendre le mécanisme de vieillissement thermique des alliages d’aluminium et son impact sur les propriétés mécaniques, mais surtout d’acquérir un outil performant capable d’obtenir rapidement des données matériaux après vieillissement.Au cours de cette étude, de nombreuses analyses microstructurales et mécaniques ont été réalisées sur trois alliages d’aluminium à durcissement structural. Différentes combinaisons temps-température de vieillissement ont été testées afin de disposer d’une large base de données sur ces matériaux (caractéristiques mécaniques statiques Rm, Rp0,2 et dureté et tailles des précipités durcissants). Ces données ont ensuite été compilées dans un modèle de vieillissement basé sur les théories classiques de durcissement structural, de croissance et de coalescence des précipités.Le modèle de vieillissement créé répond au besoin initial et prédit de façon conservative le comportement mécanique des alliages ayant subi un vieillissement thermique isotherme. Des axes d’amélioration sont envisagés pour ce modèle évolutif, comme l’intégration de la prévision du comportement en fatigue ainsi que le traitement de cas anisothermes pour une représentation plus réelle des conditions de service des pièces aéronautiques. / In aeronautics, customers ask companies to consider the effects of temperature over the entire life of the product in structural requirements. Indeed, aircraft parts are demanded to last longer (up to 90 000 hours) and operate at higher temperatures (up to 250°C). No laws enable to predict the impact of thermal ageing on materials behavior. Current practices are to perform mechanical testing after ageing in ovens at various temperatures, but they are expensive and incompatible with the development schedules. This work aims to understand the thermal aging mechanism of aluminum alloys and its impact on mechanical properties, but especially to acquire a powerful tool able to quickly obtain material data after aging.During this study, many microstructural and mechanical analyses were conducted on three precipitation hardened aluminum alloys. Different combinations of aging time and temperature were tested to get a large database of these materials (static mechanical characteristics Rm, Rp0,2 and hardness and sizes of hardening precipitates). These data were then compiled into a computing aging model based on the classical theories of precipitation hardening, growth and coarsening of precipitates.The created aging model responds to the initial need and can conservatively predict the mechanical behavior of aluminum alloys under isothermal aging. Improvement areas are considered for this evolutionary model, such as the integration of fatigue behavior prediction and the inclusion of thermal cycles for a more realistic representation of service conditions of aircraft parts. Alliages d’aluminium Vieillissement thermique Précipitation Propriétés mécaniques Durcissement Croissance Coalescence Modélisation Aluminium alloys Thermal ageing Precipitation Mechanical properties Precipitation hardening Growth Coarsening Modelling
43	Koroze neželezných kovových materiálů / Corrosion of Nonferrous Metal Materials Ševčíková, Barbora January 2018 (has links) In the presented dissertation thesis, I closely focused on corrosion resistance of non-ferrous metals. For full understanding of the possibilities for increasing corrosion resistance, it was vital to initially recognize the influences to the corrosion system of the samples and their surrounding environment. For this purpose, I focused on heat treatment, corrosion, and protective coatings, in the theoretical part of the thesis. For the subsequent research, it was necessary to define several constant variables, first. For this purpose, I have chosen a group of magnesium alloys, namely AZ91 Alloy and 3.5 % NaCl Electrolyte. AZ91 Alloy is of heterogenous structure formed by a solid solution of aluminum in magnesium, intermetallic phase in Mg17Al12, and their eutectic. Local microcells tend to occur in these heterogenities, which leads to faster corrosion. In order to increase corrosion resistance of the alloy, I used a combination of heat treatment and protective phosphate coating. For creating of the desired structure, which further affects compact coating formation, I selected a process involving solution heating with precipitation hardening T6. Secondary goals of the thesis involved optimization of standard technical procedures for the sake of increasing efficiency. With regard to this goal, I introduced optimized heat treatment T6 using accelerated cooling of a sample in water and liquid nitrogen. A modification besides the standard phosphating procedure was carried out with no activation step. For evaluation of corrosion resistance of the samples, I conducted water immersion tests using electrochemical methods; such as potenciodynamic curves combined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In order to streamline the evaluation of the corrosion surface in technical practice, I used automatic detection. Substantial improvement of corrosion resistance of the above mentioned system, compared to heat-untreated samples, was proven through electrochemical methods. Due to accelerated cooling, a more homogeneous structure was achieved, which could be further utilized to create more uniform protective coating. For some phosphate coating, specifically manganese phosphate coating, I identified certain modifications that were in line with the set goals; i.e. skipping the activation phase, and using automatic detection for evaluation of uniform corrosion on the samples.
44	Incorporating Functionally Graded Materials and Precipitation Hardening into Microstructure Sensitive Design Lyon, Mark Edward 07 August 2003 (has links) (PDF) The methods of MSD are applied to the design of functionally graded materials. Analysis models are presented to allow the design of compliant derailleur for a case study and constraints are placed on the design. Several methods are presented for relating elements of the microstructure to the properties of the material, including Taylor yield theory, Hill elastic bounds, and precipitation hardening. Applying n-point statistics to the MSD framework is also discussed. Some results are presented for the information content of the 2-point correlation statistics that follow from the methods used to integrate functionally graded materials into MSD. For the compliant beam case study, the best design (98%Al-2%Li) was a 97% improvement over the worst (100%Al). The improvements were primarily due to the precipitation hardening, although anisotropy also significantly impacted the design. Under the constraints for the design, allowing the beam to be functionally graded had little effect on the overall design, unless there was significant stiffening occurring along with particulate formation. microstructure microstructure sensitive design MSD compliant derailleur Taylor yield theory Hill elastic bounds precipitation hardening optimization design elastic plastic crystalline Mechanical Engineering
45	Modelling mechanical properties by analysing datasets of commercial alloys Zander, Johan January 2007 (has links) Commercial alloys are continuously developed to improve their performance. Therefore it is important to develop new optimisation software, which could be used in development of new materials or in materials selection. In this study the mechanical properties which are important in materials selection in mechanical design are investigated. Two types of materials are analysed, aluminium alloys and stainless steels but focus will be on the aluminium alloys. Thermodynamic analysis has been used to evaluate the effect of the microstructure. Solid solution hardening has been successfully modelled for both aluminium alloys and stainless steels and follows the theories by Labusch and Nabarro. The precipitation hardening is most dominant for the hardenable aluminium alloys, but the non-hardenable alloys also increase their strength from precipitation hardening. The non-hardenable alloys are divided into tempers, which differ in the amount of strain hardening. This has also been modelled successfully. Combining these fundamental results with multiple regression, models for mechanical properties have been created. Separate models are developed for wrought aluminium alloys and stainless steels. For the aluminium alloys this includes the solid solution hardening and the precipitation hardening. For the stainless steels the thickness, nitrogen content and ferrite content are included together with the solid solution hardening. / QC 20101122 Aluminium alloys modelling material optimisation mechanical properties solid solution hardening precipitation hardening work-hardening multiple regression stainless steel Materials Engineering Materialteknik
46	The effect of microstructure on the performance of nickel based alloys for use in oil and gas applications Demetriou, Velissarios January 2017 (has links) This research focused on a comprehensive microstructural and mechanical property characterisation study of the Ni-Fe-Cr alloys 718 and 945X. The aim of the project was to better understand the relationship between performance and microstructure of existing (Alloy 718) and newly developed (Alloy 945X) high strength nickel alloys focusing on downhole applications. The main difference between the two alloys is that alloy 945X has lower Nb content than alloy 718, which may minimise the tendency to form delta when combined with correct processing. Previous studies have related the hydrogen embrittlement in alloy 718 with the collection of hydrogen by delta phase. Microstructural characterisation of the new alloy 945X after long term isothermal exposure up to 120 hours in the temperature range 650◦C to 900◦C was conducted with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to generate a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram. The TTT diagram was used as a road map for designing two isothermal heat treatments of alloy 945X on tensile specimens. Then, the effect of hydrogen charging on the tensile properties and microstructure of the 'as-received' and these two variant heat treatments was investigated. Fractographic analysis showed that, in the presence of hydrogen, intergranular fracture occurred for all the heat treatments, regardless the presence of delta phase at grain boundaries. There was no simple correlation between the volume fraction of delta-phase and susceptibility to hydrogen assisted embrittlement. Rather, it was demonstrated that the morphology and distribution of delta-phase along grain boundaries plays a key role and the other precipitate phases also have an influence through their effect on the ease of strain localisation. This study also examined the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of nickel alloy 718 given four different heat treatments to obtain various microstructural states. Each heat treatment leads to differences in the precipitate morphologies of γ', γ'' and delta phases. Material characterisation and fractography of the examined heat treatments were performed using a high resolution FEG-SEM. Three specimens of each condition were pre- charged with hydrogen and tensile properties were compared with those of non-charged specimens. It was observed that hydrogen embrittlement was associated with intergranular and transgranular microcrack formation, leading to an intergranular brittle fracture. delta phase may assist the intergranular crack propagation, and this was shown to be particularly true when this phase is coarse enough to produce crack initia- tion, but this is not the only factor determining embrittlement. Other microstructural features play a role, as does the strength of the material. Finally, the evolution of delta-(Ni3Nb) phase in alloy 718 from the early stages of precipitation, with a particular focus on identifying the grain boundary characteristics that favour precipitation of grain boundary delta phase was investigated. Results showed that delta phase was firstly formed on Σ3 boundaries after 5 hours at the examined temperature (800◦C). Increasing ageing time at 800◦C was observed to lead to an increase in size and precipitation of phases γ'-γ''-delta, an increase in fraction of the special CSL boundaries and an evolution in the morphology of twins and the growth of grains. 620.1
47	Fabrication of precipitation-hardened aluminum microchannel cooling plates for adsorption-based hydrogen storage systems Supriya, Pawar V. 21 March 2013 (has links) The need for clean and renewable fuel such as hydrogen is driven by a growing worldwide population and increasing air pollution from fossil fuels. One of the major barriers for the use of hydrogen in automotive industry is the storage of hydrogen. Physisorption is the most promising storage technique due to its high storage density, reversibility and rapid sorption kinetics besides being safe and volume-efficient. A major challenge for physisorption is the need to manage the heat of adsorption at cryogenic temperatures. In this thesis, a 6061 aluminum microchannel cooling plate is designed to remove the equivalent heat flux required by the adsorption of hydrogen within an adsorption bed. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to determine whether laser welding and heat treating strategies can be developed for a 6061 aluminum microchannel cooling plate as part of a larger hydrogen storage thermal management system. Key manufacturing process requirements include controlling the hermeticity, strength and dimensional stability of the heat-treated weld joint. A hermetic microchannel cooling plate was successfully laser welded and heat treated using free convection in air to quench the solution heat treatment. The weld strength and warpage obtained were within acceptable limits. Experimental testing of the fabricated microchannel cooling plate showed acceptable percent error with an experimental heat removal rate within 13.4% of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses and an average pressure drop error of 25%. Calculations show that the cooling plate developed could support a hydrogen storage thermal management system taking up 5.0% and 10.3% of the system displacement volume and mass, respectively. / Graduation date: 2013 Microchannel Hydrogen Storage Laser welding Aluminum alloy Warpage Heat treatment Heat exchanger Hydrogen as fuel -- Storage -- Cooling Microreactors Physisorption Hydrogen -- Absorption and adsorption Precipitation hardening Laser welding Aluminum alloys -- Heat treatment Heat of adsorption
48	Beitrag zur Eigenschaftsoptimierung von ausscheidungshärtbaren niedriglegierten Kupfer-Titan-Legierungen Kurdewan, Tom 25 February 2022 (has links) Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Ausscheidungshärtung und deren Einfluss auf mechanische und elektrische Eigenschaften von Kupfer-Titan-Legierungen mit Legierungsgehalten unter 1 Ma.-% Titan. Ein besonderer Fokus lag dabei auf der Optimierung der erzielbaren elektrischen Leitfähigkeit bei gleichzeitig hoher Festigkeit. Die zentralen Inhalte der Untersuchungen waren: • Der Einfluss des Titangehalts, der Temperatur und Dauer der Wärmebehandlung auf die aus der Ausscheidungshärtung resultierenden mechanischen und elektrischen Eigenschaftsänderungen wurde anhand von Legierungen mit 0,2 Ma.-% bis 1 Ma.-% Titan untersucht. • Der Einfluss einer erhöhten Versetzungsdichte auf die Ausscheidungshärtung und die daraus resultierenden Eigenschaften wurde anhand von unterschiedlich stark kaltumgeformten und ausscheidungsgehärteten Proben ermittelt. • Die Untersuchung des Optimierungspotentials der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit durch den Einsatz von geringen Mengen von Aluminium, Nickel, Silizium, Zink und Zinn. • Die Bestimmung des Einflusses einer Kombination von vorgelagerter Kaltumformung und Einsatz eines dritten Legierungselements auf die aus der Ausscheidungshärtung resultierenden mechanischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erstmals nach dem derzeit bekannten Stand der Technik und der Literatur umfassend die Ausscheidungshärtung von Kupfer-Titan-Legierungen mit weniger als 1 Ma.-% Titan untersucht. Bisherige Untersuchungen beschäftigten sich mit dem Bereich von 1,5 Ma.-% bis 6 Ma.-% Titan und in der industriellen Anwendung kommt bisher nur eine Legierung mit 3 Ma.-% Titan zum Einsatz. Aufgrund der guten, durch Ausscheidungshärtung erreichbaren, mechanischen Eigenschaften werden Kupfer-Titan-Legierungen in binärer Form oder als Mehrstofflegierungen mit Titan als Hauptlegierungselement als Substitutionswerkstoffe für Kupfer-Beryllium-Legierungen angesehen. So kommen diese vermehrt bei Steckverbindern im Automobilbau oder als Werkstoff für den Batteriekontakt oder die Kamera in Smartphones zum Einsatz. Jedoch weisen Kupfer-Titan-Legierungen eine deutlich geringere elektrischen Leitfähigkeit als Kupfer-Beryllium-Legierungen auf. Der Ansatz für die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Untersuchungen ist, dass durch den Einsatz geringerer Titan-Gehalte in Kombination mit geeigneter Wärmebehandlung und Optimierung durch vorgelagerte Kaltumformung und den Einsatz weiterer Legierungselemente eine möglichst hohe elektrische Leitfähigkeit bei Erhalt guter mechanischer Eigenschaften erreichbar wird. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen von Kupfer-Titan-Legierungen mit bis zu 1 Ma.-% Titan und deren Wärmebehandlungen zur Erzielung verschiedener Auslagerungszustände zeigen, dass vor allem Legierungen mit 0,8 Ma.-% bis 1 Ma.-% Titan ein großes Potential hinsichtlich einer Ausscheidungshärtung aufweisen. Bei diesen lassen sich durch die Ausscheidungshärtung gute mechanische Eigenschaften und eine gute elektrische Leitfähigkeit einstellen. Eine deutliche Steigerung dieser Werkstoffkennwerte ist vor allem durch eine vorgelagerte Kaltumformung zu erzielen. Die Verwendung geringer Anteile an Silizium und Zink führten zu einer Beschleunigung der Ausscheidungshärtung bei einem ähnlichen Eigenschaftsprofil. Durch den Einsatz einer vorgelagerten Kaltumformung bei den Legierungen mit geringen Zusätzen von dritten Elementen zeigte sich noch eine erheblich schnellere Aushärtung bei Erzielung guter Ergebnisse für die Härte, Zugfestigkeit und elektrische Leitfähigkeit. Vor allem die schnelle Aushärtung liefert eine gute Grundlage für eine wirtschaftliche und energieeffiziente Herstellung dieser Legierungen in einer industriellen Anwendung. info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/620 ddc:620 Kupferlegierung Titan Aushärtung Mechanische Eigenschaft Elektrische Eigenschaft Kaltumformen
49	Strengthening Mechanisms in Microtruss Metals Ng, Evelyn 18 December 2012 (has links) Microtrusses are hybrid materials composed of a three-dimensional array of struts capable of efficiently transmitting an externally applied load. The strut connectivity of microtrusses enables them to behave in a stretch-dominated fashion, allowing higher specific strength and stiffness values to be reached than conventional metal foams. While much attention has been given to the optimization of microtruss architectures, little attention has been given to the strengthening mechanisms inside the materials that make up this architecture. This thesis examines strengthening mechanisms in aluminum alloy and copper alloy microtruss systems with and without a reinforcing structural coating. C11000 microtrusses were stretch-bend fabricated for the first time; varying internal truss angles were selected in order to study the accumulating effects of plastic deformation and it was found that the mechanical performance was significantly enhanced in the presence of work hardening with the peak strength increasing by a factor of three. The C11000 microtrusses could also be significantly reinforced with sleeves of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-53wt%Fe. It was found that the strength increase from work hardening and electrodeposition were additive over the range of structures considered. The AA2024 system allowed the contribution of work hardening, precipitation hardening, and hard anodizing to be considered as interacting strengthening mechanisms. Because of the lower formability of AA2024 compared to C11000, several different perforation geometries in the starting sheet were considered in order to more effectively distribute the plastic strain during stretch-bend fabrication. A T8 condition was selected over a T6 condition because it was shown that the plastic deformation induced during the final step was sufficient to enhance precipitation kinetics allowing higher strengths to be reached, while at the same time eliminating one annealing treatment. When hard anodizing treatments were conducted on O-temper and T8 temper AA2024 truss cores, the strength increase was different for different architectures, but was nearly the same for the two parent material tempers. Finally, the question of how much microtruss strengthening can be obtained for a given amount of parent metal strengthening was addressed by examining the interaction of material and geometric parameters in a model system. microtruss strengthening copper C11000 aluminum AA2024 cellular metal mechanical properties compressive strength densification energy modulus work hardening precipitation hardening heat treatment nanocrystalline coating aluminum oxide coating coating anodizing electrodeposition strengthening mechanisms geometry pyramidal compression buckling architecture truss uniaxial compression perforation Ramberg-Osgood Holloman nickel-iron annealing relative density periodic cellular hybrid composite microhardness stretch bend peak strength scanning electron microscopy stress strain bending stretching failure yielding column critical buckling strength critical buckling stress yield strength forming 0794
50	Strengthening Mechanisms in Microtruss Metals Ng, Evelyn 18 December 2012 (has links) Microtrusses are hybrid materials composed of a three-dimensional array of struts capable of efficiently transmitting an externally applied load. The strut connectivity of microtrusses enables them to behave in a stretch-dominated fashion, allowing higher specific strength and stiffness values to be reached than conventional metal foams. While much attention has been given to the optimization of microtruss architectures, little attention has been given to the strengthening mechanisms inside the materials that make up this architecture. This thesis examines strengthening mechanisms in aluminum alloy and copper alloy microtruss systems with and without a reinforcing structural coating. C11000 microtrusses were stretch-bend fabricated for the first time; varying internal truss angles were selected in order to study the accumulating effects of plastic deformation and it was found that the mechanical performance was significantly enhanced in the presence of work hardening with the peak strength increasing by a factor of three. The C11000 microtrusses could also be significantly reinforced with sleeves of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-53wt%Fe. It was found that the strength increase from work hardening and electrodeposition were additive over the range of structures considered. The AA2024 system allowed the contribution of work hardening, precipitation hardening, and hard anodizing to be considered as interacting strengthening mechanisms. Because of the lower formability of AA2024 compared to C11000, several different perforation geometries in the starting sheet were considered in order to more effectively distribute the plastic strain during stretch-bend fabrication. A T8 condition was selected over a T6 condition because it was shown that the plastic deformation induced during the final step was sufficient to enhance precipitation kinetics allowing higher strengths to be reached, while at the same time eliminating one annealing treatment. When hard anodizing treatments were conducted on O-temper and T8 temper AA2024 truss cores, the strength increase was different for different architectures, but was nearly the same for the two parent material tempers. Finally, the question of how much microtruss strengthening can be obtained for a given amount of parent metal strengthening was addressed by examining the interaction of material and geometric parameters in a model system. microtruss strengthening copper C11000 aluminum AA2024 cellular metal mechanical properties compressive strength densification energy modulus work hardening precipitation hardening heat treatment nanocrystalline coating aluminum oxide coating coating anodizing electrodeposition strengthening mechanisms geometry pyramidal compression buckling architecture truss uniaxial compression perforation Ramberg-Osgood Holloman nickel-iron annealing relative density periodic cellular hybrid composite microhardness stretch bend peak strength scanning electron microscopy stress strain bending stretching failure yielding column critical buckling strength critical buckling stress yield strength forming 0794

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