The exhausting fossil fuels have stimulated heating researches on alternative renewable energy, as well as energy friendly studies. In a country like Taiwan, with high density on population and buildings, fresh cold air are supplied by either fan-coil units or air-condition units. However, with the lack of intelligent control and poor justification on thermal comfort, these machines failed to provide optimal thermal comfort, a situation that always leads to "excessive control" and energy waste as a consequence. Optimal thermal comfort is pursued by using PMV fuzzy control theory, along with thermal comfort monitoring system derived from LabView icon-control software. Thermal Comfort indices such as Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percent of Dissatisfied (PPD) according to the ISO 7730 are used as indicators of thermal comfort.Sensors, conscious of variations in humidity and temperatures, can figure out PMV and PPD via LabView Online Real Time calculation, and then we can control the environment comfort around PMV=1 next by using fuzzy control theory as well as energy efficient equipment such as AC stepless fans and AC stepless heaters. Many comfort simulation cases, comfort simulation with random humidity and temperatures, and a 12-hour automatic control, were presented as three testing items to check whether PMV FUZZY algorithm is competitive in fixing the environment thermal comfort around PMV=1. The confirmation of this question can be proved by this empirical study.

The transition towards electrification in the bus sector is necessary to achieve the global climate goals and has gained significant traction in recent years. However, there are critical challenges associated with this transition, one of them being the absence of excess heat that traditional combustion engines provided to warm the bus cabin. Consequently, a large portion of the battery’s energy is consumed by the heating system. This thesis aims to address this issue by investigating the optimal indoor bus temperature in relation to thermal comfort and energy efficiency for different outdoor climate conditions. Measurements were conducted in Stockholm city during winter conditions and surveys were administered to passengers in order to assess their thermal comfort for different temperatures. The two methods Predicted Mean Vote (PMV-PPD) and Equivalent temperature (Teq) were used to evaluate thermal comfort and provide a basis for a generalized adapted theoretical model. Previous measurements conducted in Ottawa and Dubai were integrated into the analysis to incorporate different outdoor climate conditions. The results showed that the optimal bus temperature for Stockholm was 17.5 and 19.1°C for outside temperatures of 4 and 8 °C respectively. This indicates that the bus temperature can be lowered in relation to the current standard of 21 degrees. The analysis of Ottawa and Dubai, corresponding to outside temperatures of -14 and 39°C, showed that the optimal temperatures were 16.6 and 23.5 degrees respectively. The potential energy saving from reducing the bus temperature by one degree is 0.36 kWh per kilometer. Moreover, the analysis of time dependency in relation to thermal comfort showed that time has no significant impact on bus trips shorter than 15 minutes. The adapted theoretical model for the PMV-PPD method showed the best results when correlating to actual passenger responses. A sensitivity analysis of the measured parameters showed that fixed values and theoretical correlations could be employed for relative humidity, air velocity, and mean radiant temperature without affecting the output, thus reducing the number of sensors needed for future measurements. The clothing insulation values are highly dependent on geographic location and culture, thus it is not possible to develop an all-encompassing theoretical correlation for the clothing insulation. Further measurements are required in different climatic conditions for a more detailed and accurate analysis. / Elektrifieringen av bussektorn är av ytterst vikt för att uppnå de globala klimatmålen och har fått betydande uppmärksamhet de senaste åren. Omställningen till elbussar medför dock vissa utmaningar, bland annat avsaknaden av överskottsvärme, som traditionellt sett kunnat tillhandahållas från förbränningsmotorer för att värma passagerarkabinen. Stora delar av energiåtgången i bussbatterierna går till följd av detta åt att värma passagerarutrymmet. Denna avhandling avser att hantera denna utmaning genom att undersöka den optimal inomhustemperaturen på bussar i förhållande till termisk komfort och energieffektivitet för olika utomhusklimat. Mätningar utfördes i Stockholm stad under vinterklimat och passagerares termiska komfort undersöktes genom enkäter vid olika temperaturintervall. Den termiska komforten utvärderades med hjälp av de två metoderna Predicted Mean Vote (PMVPPD) och Ekvivalent temperatur (Teq), och en allmän anpassad teoretisk metod utvecklades med dessa som grund. Tidigare mätningar genomförda i Ottawa och Dubai integrerades i analysen för att inkludera olika klimatförhållanden. Resultaten visade att den optimala busstemperaturen för Stockholm var 17.5 och 19.1 °C vid utomhustemperaturer på 4 respektive 8 °C. Detta indikerar att busstemperaturen kan sänkas jämfört med den nuvarande standarden på 21 grader. Analysen av Ottawa och Dubai, motsvarande utomhustemperaturer på -14 respektive 39 °C, visade att temperaturer på 16.6 respektive 23.5 grader var optimala för termisk komfort. Den potentiella energibesparingen genom att sänka bussens temperatur med en grad är 0.36 kWh per grad och kilometer. Vidare visade en analys av tidsberoendet att tiden som passagerarna suttit på bussen inte har en avsevärd inverkan på termisk komfort för bussturer under 15 minuter. Den teoretiskt anpassade modellen för PMV-PPD visade bäst korrelation med passagerarsvaren. En känslighetsanalys av de mätta parametrarna visade att fasta värden och teoretiska korrelationer kan användas för relativ fuktighet, vindhastighet och strålningstemperatur utan att påverka slutresultatet markant, vilket tillåter färre sensorer vid framtida mätningar. Beklädnadsnivån är starkt beroende av geografisk plats och kultur, vilket omöjliggör för framtagning av en heltäckande teoretisk korrelation för beklädnadsnivån. Ytterligare mätningar krävs under olika klimatförhållanden för en mer detaljerad och korrekt analys.

This study try to understand which aspects were fundamental to indoor climate and how to obtain them in order to provide the best possible experience in the thermal comfort of individuals. Thus, arose the studies of Fanger, which was the seed for a new era of discoveries in the area and founded the knowledge our society have today in this globally used standards and norms. Referring to these fundamental aspects of the indoor comfort, data collection was taken in situ to show in details what was happening. This study was executed in order to demonstrate the differences between the data previous and after a process of retrofitting in dwellings built in the 60s and 70s of the century past, in the district of Tjärna Ängar, Borlänge, Sweden. The comparative results using criteria such as Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD), Draft Rate (DR), air velocity, Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT), Relative Humidity (RH) and air temperature, showed an improvement in 6 of the 8 parameters analyzed. Confirming the expectation that through the retrofitting the residents will be more satisfied, obtain better quality of indoor climate comfort and also increase occupied area in these dwellings.

Thermal comfort in an indoor environment is largely dependent on the four environmental and two personal parameters which is most commonly measured by the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model developed by Fanger. It has been studied that variations in these parameters beyond a range could lead to discomfort complaints. However, little research has been done on the effect of mean radiant temperature variations and its influence on predicted mean vote and thermal comfort specially in an actual building environment. This study aims to investigate the relationship between mean radiant temperature and predicted mean vote in indoor environment. Using the methods of on-site measurement of indoor environmental parameters and subjective votes on thermal sensation in an educational building; it was found that rise in mean radiant temperature lead to rise in PMV value and discomfort vote amongst occupants seated near glazed façade. A very strong positive correlation was found between mean radiant temperature and PMV near the window side of the room under warm and sunny weather conditions. Analysis of indoor environmental data from the several measurement sessions concluded that rise in mean radiant temperature and PMV was not noticed until there was a direct solar transmission through the window. It is advisable to use solar shading on windows, but special consideration should be given to the trade-offs between energy consumption (heating or cooling) and lighting energy consumption. No conclusions could be made in terms of ankle draft discomfort due to experimental limitations and more research would be required to investigate this phenomenon. / Termisk komfort inomhusmiljö är till stor del beroende av de fyra miljö och två personlig parametrar som oftast mäts av Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) modell som utvecklats av Fanger. Det har studerats att variationer i dessa parametrar utanför en limit kan leda till missnöjeklagomål. Däremot har lite forskning gjorts på effekten av mean radiant tempratur och dess inverkan på predicted mean vote och termisk komfort speciellt i en verklig byggnadsmiljö. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan mean radiant tempratur och predicted mean vote i inomhusmiljö. Användning mätmetoderna av inomhusmiljöparametrar och subjektiva röster av termisk komfort uppfattning i en byggnad för utbildning; det konstaterades att stiga i medel leda mean radiant tempratur att stiga i predicted mean vote värde och missnöje rösta bland byggnad brukarna sitter nära glasfasaden. En väldigt positiv korrelation mellan men radiant tempratur och predicted mean vote nära en fönstersida under varma och soliga väder var noterat. Genom att analysera data av inomhusmiljön från de multipla mätningssessionerna konkluderat att ökningen i mean radiant tempratur och predicted mean vote inte märktes tills det fanns en direkt soltransmission genom fönstret. Det är rekommenderar att använda solskydd på fönster, men med tanke på kompromisser mellan energiförbrukning (värme eller kyla) och ljussättning konsumtion.   Inga slutsatser kan göras om luftdrag på fotled grund av experimentella begränsningar och mer forskning skulle krävas för att undersöka detta fenomen.

The topic of this diploma thesis is heating of apartment buildings, where an attention was focused on thermal comfort in heated rooms. The first theoretical part brings results of CFD simulations which compare radiators with floor heating. The second part consits of practical application o the given building. There are two options in this project - heating by radiators or floor heating. The third part describes two experiments - measurement of indoor environment in two rooms and measurement of gas consumption in apartment buildings with different heating concepts. In the last part the mean radiant temperature is simulated. There are compared different kind of heating, which have impact to distribution of mean radiant temperature in the room. The personal software was created for deeper understanding of mean radiant temperature.