Mit der Querschnittsstudie "Wir und die Anderen – Gruppenbezogene Menschenfeindlichkeit im organisierten Sport in Brandenburg" wurde das Syndrom Gruppenbezogener Menschenfeindlichkeit im organisierten Sport untersucht. Das Konzept der Gruppenbezogenen Menschenfeindlichkeit – ausgehend von einer Ideologie der Ungleichwertigkeit – wurde von Prof. Wilhelm Heitmeyer (Universität Bielefeld) entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichen explizite Aussagen über Ausmaß und Ursachen Gruppenbezogener Menschenfeindlichkeit für den gesellschaftlichen Bereich des Sports. Die Studie wurde im vereinsorgansierten Sport im Bundesland Brandenburg durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden 1.760 Sportlerinnen und Sportler von Oktober 2014 bis Januar 2015 befragt. In der Stichprobe spiegeln 175 Sportvereine mit 44 Sportarten die Vielfalt der Sportpraxis wider. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie Menschen im Sport auf Grund ihres Geschlechts, ihrer sexuellen Identität, Religion oder ihrer kulturellen und ethnischen Herkunft wahrgenommen werden und ob diese Merkmale mit feindseligen Mentalitäten im Sport einhergehen können. Vorurteile gegenüber Menschen mit diesen bestimmten Gruppenzugehörigkeiten teilen einen gemeinsamen Kern, der sich auch im Gesellschaftsbereich Sport als Ideologie der Ungleichwertigkeit empirisch identifizieren lässt. Das Syndrom der Gruppenbezogenen Menschenfeindlichkeit setzt sich in dem vorliegenden Bericht aus den Elementen Fremdenfeindlichkeit, Islamfeindlichkeit, der Abwertung von Homosexuellen (Homophobie), Rassismus, Antisemitismus, Sexismus und der Abwertung von Menschen mit Behinderung zusammen. Die untersuchten Vorurteile hängen empirisch eng miteinander zusammen. Im Ergebnis zeichnen sich zwar Fremdenfeindlichkeit, Rassismus, Islamfeindlichkeit und die Abwertung von Homosexuellen im organisierten Sport als vorrangig handlungsrelevante Dimensionen ab, gleichwohl lässt sich feststellen, dass Sporttreibende, die einer bestimmten Gruppe gegenüber feindselige Mentalitäten haben, auch häufiger dazu neigen, andere Gruppen wie Frauen, Juden/Jüdinnen oder Menschen mit Behinderung abzuwerten. Das Ausmaß Gruppenbezogener Menschenfeindlichkeit lässt sich teilweise durch soziodemografische und strukturelle Faktoren (Alter, Geschlecht, Bildung, Gemeindegröße) und (sport-) spezifische Faktoren wie Nationalismus, Demokratiekritik, Autoritarismus und Gewaltbilligung erklären. / The cross-sectional study "Us and Them – Group-Focused Enmity in Organized Sports in Brandenburg" is the study to investigate the syndrome of group-focused enmity in organized sports. The concept of group-focused enmity, at the heart of which is an ideology of inequality, was developed by Prof. Wilhelm Heitmeyer at the University of Bielefeld, Germany. The findings now put us in a position to make substantiated statements about the extent and causes of group-focused enmity in the social domain of sports. The study was conducted in organized club sports in the German state of Brandenburg. A total of 1,760 athletes were surveyed during October 2014 until January 2015. The sample includes respondents from 175 sports clubs and covers 44 different sports so as to reflect the diversity of everyday sports. The study pursues the question of how people are perceived in sports in terms of gender, sexual identity, religion, or cultural and ethnic background and whether these attributes are associated with hostile mentalities in sports. Prejudice towards people belonging to these groups shares as its common core an ideology of inequality, which can be identified empirically also in the social sphere of sports. The syndrome of group-focused enmity addressed in this report consists of the elements of xenophobia, islamophobia, homophobia, racism, anti-Semitism, sexism, and the devaluation of handicapped persons. These prejudices are closely interconnected. Although we do see that xenophobia, racism, islamophobia, and homophobia are the primary motives that are ultimately translated into action, athletes who harbor a hostile mentality toward a particular group frequently tend to express prejudice against other groups such as women, Jews, or people with handicaps as well. The extent of group-focused enmity can be explained, in part, by socio-demographic and structural factors (age, gender, education, size of the municipality) and (sports-)specific factors such as nationalism, criticism of democracy, authoritarianism, and acceptance of violence.

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Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor bör arbeta efter ICN:s etiska kod för att främja god vård, de ska uppvisa egenskaper så som trovärdighet och integritet. Vårdandet ska bygga på respekt och ömsesidighet samt främja patienters hälsoprocess. Om patienter känner sig diskriminerade uppstår ett lidande och det blir svårt att skapa en vårdande relation. Attityder och värderingar kan vara både positiva och negativa, fördomar är en del av negativa attityder. Sjuksköterskor möter överviktiga patienter på alla vårdinrättningar. Syfte: Att beskriva hur sjuksköterskors attityder och värderingar kan påverka vårdandet av överviktiga patienter. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med 10 kvalitativa artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet sammanställs i fyra teman: Fördomar gentemot överviktiga patienter, Bristande omvårdnad, Risk för lidande och Synen på övervikt och fetma. Diskussion: Överviktiga patienter ses som annorlunda och krävande, sjuksköterskor har förutfattade meningar om patienter. Överviktiga patienter känner sig diskriminerade och utsatta. Det finns inte utrustning för att vårda överviktiga patienter på ett värdigt sätt. Sjuksköterskor är medvetna om stigmatiseringen överviktiga patienter får utstå, men saknar kunskap om hur ämnet bör tas upp. / Background: Nurses should work by ICN’s code of ethics to promote good health and must demonstrate qualities such as credibility and integrity. Caring must encourage patient’s health process, and should be based on respect and reciprocity. If patients feel discriminated, a suffering arises and it becomes difficult to create a caring relationship. Attitudes and values can be both positive and negative, prejudice is a part of the negative attitudes. Nurses encounter obese patients in all health care facilities. Aim: The aim is to describe how nurses’ attitudes and values can affect the care of obese patients. Method: Literature review based on 10 qualitative articles. Results: The results are compiled in four themes: Prejudice against obese patients, Lack of care, Risk of suffering and Views on overweight and obesity. Discussion: Obese patients are seen as different and challenging, nurses have preconceptions about the patients. Obese patients feel vulnerable and discriminated. There is no equipment to care for obese patients in a dignified manner. Nurses are aware of the stigma obese patients suffer, but lack the knowledge of how the subject should be addressed.

The current retributive approach to tackling hate crime, while intuitively grounded in the principle of proportionately, does little to either repair the harms caused by incidents of hate or engender greater levels of acceptance of those deemed as “different”. This thesis therefore explores whether restorative justice, a relatively new theory and practice of criminal justice, is better placed to tackle the causes and consequences of hate victimisation. The 18 month empirical study, carried out to examine the thesis’ aims, uses a triangulation approach by incorporating observations of restorative justice meetings, semi-structured interviews with victim participants and semi-structured interviews with restorative practitioners who have experience facilitating hate crime cases. The mainly qualitative data collated provides for a detailed evaluation of the various processes found within restorative practices that: 1) helped to alleviate the distress caused by hate victimisation and 2) prevented the recurrence of hate-motivated incidents. A broad conceptualisation of hate crime was used within the thesis that included “hate incidents”. This allowed me to explore the utility of restorative practices in cases involving serious violence and the more pervasive “low-level”, but nonetheless highly deleterious, non-criminal incidents of hate that are frequently committed against minority group individuals. There were also several unanticipated findings from the study. First, data emerged which highlighted various aspects of the restorative practice which were unforeseen as being central to the successful application of restorative processes, these are discussed throughout the thesis. Second, great insight was gained into the nature of hate victimisation, helping to unravel some of the complex socio-cultural factors pivotal to both the cause and effect of hate victimisation. It is hoped that these additional findings provide important epistemological advancements in both fields of study.

This paper is an account of the Theatre VCU mainstage production of Pride & Prejudice, in which I played the roles of Mrs. Bennet and of the vocal coach. In order to address the various skill levels of the cast, I planned to coach the production in a manner inspired by immersion language learning programs, with the cast speaking in dialect throughout the rehearsal process so as to learn the necessary vocal skills and to grow together as a theatrical ensemble. When the director of Pride & Prejudice was not receptive to this plan, I had to compromise and adapt while fulfilling my duties as actor and coach. The paper includes my initial ideas, a detailed account of pre-production, rehearsals, and performances, and an analysis of the many lessons I learned about artistic collaboration and the art of dialect coaching for the stage.

This study explores the phenomenon of discrimination as it pertains to the experiences of international students studying in Southeast Louisiana. This qualitative study seeks to answer the questions of where and how international students perceive discrimination, and how discrimination affects a student's overall experience as a foreign student in the United States. The intent of this research study is to address the sizable gap in the literature on perceived discrimination towards international students, and introduces specific concepts from critical theory in developing a formal conceptual framework model for continued research in this area. Utilizing the concept of sites of struggle as a conceptual framework, eleven international students studying in Southeast Louisiana were interviewed about their perceptions of discrimination from within three areas of interest: federal regulations, educational arena, and social arena. Their responses are presented using their own words via verbatim transcripts of the interview sessions. A discussion of the respondents' experiences and its significance to their perceptions of discrimination within the three areas of interest follows. Implications for policy, practice, and research, along with suggestions for future research conclude this study.

Prejudice establishes coercive contingencies that restrict human rights and diminish quality of life. Social media has made the oppression experienced by individuals more apparent. Perspective taking and empathy can change prejudicial behavior by fostering relationships and encouraging self-identification with those who are different from ourselves. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a guided collective shaping program on the occurrence of perspective taking and empathetic responses when viewing social justice media. The effects of the workshop were evaluated using a multiple baseline design across workshop topics. Written responses to video clips were analyzed before, during, and after training. The results of the study were inconclusive. The results of the training, based on the responses measured, indicate an increase in one measure of perspective taking and no changes in the other measures. At the same time, anecdotal observations indicated a change in the way participants talked about the issues over the course of the training. The results are discussed within the context of response form measurement, the COVID-19 pandemic, and potential research directions.

Rollkongruensteorin innebär att kvinnor har svårare än män att nå ledarroller och kvinnliga ledares beteende bedöms mindre fördelaktigt än manliga ledares på grund av att ledarroller anses passa stereotypiskt manliga egenskaper bättre än stereotypiskt kvinnliga egenskaper. Studien undersökte om män och kvinnor uppskattade en chef och dennes meddelande med hård ton bättre eller sämre beroende på chefens kön och yrke som militär- eller förskolechef. Fyrtionio män och fyrtiofem kvinnor besvarade en av fyra versioner av enkäter innehållande frågor och påståenden med svarsalternativ. Variansanalyser visade att kvinnor tyckte att militärchefer hade bättre yrkeslämplighet och bättre ledaregenskaper än förskolechefer. Både kvinnor och män ansåg att ledaregenskaperna hos en manlig chef var bättre än hos en kvinnlig chef. Chefen ansågs ha mer relationsinriktade egenskaper om denne var militär eller man. Vidare ansåg kvinnor att kvinnliga chefer var yrkeslämpliga i större utsträckning än vad män ansåg. Resultatet både stöder och motsätter sig rollkongruensteorin.

The study of contact and desegregation in post apartheid South Africa has not received adequate attention (Durrheim & Dixon, 2005b). Mondeor, a previously White populated suburb in the South of Johannesburg has been identified as being a racially diverse neighbourhood . By focusing on this suburb, the current study investigated whether or not residents interacted or mixed with members from other race groups and whether or not increased contact with members of different race groups in a residential neighbourhood would promote positive intergroup attitudes. Zones were identified for the purpose of this study whereby each Zone was predominantly comprised of a specific race group. Quantitative data was collected by means of distributing an intergroup attitude and contact questionnaire to the residents according to the zones in which they resided. A sample of N=197 respondents was obtained. The results indicated that there was generally no significant difference in contact for the Zones (racially exclusive zones and racially mixed zones), however, significant differences existed in levels of contact for the various race groups. In addition to this it was found that significant differences in contact existed for the various education levels of the respondents. As expected, a significant negative relationship (r = -0.16) was found to exist between contact and affective prejudice. In addition to these results, significant relationships were found to exist between affective prejudice and the following variables: Intergroup anxiety (r=0.37), and social distance (r=0.27). In conclusion, it was found that residents were not mixing as much as what was envisaged for a racially mixed neighbourhood. In addition to this, contact in and of itself was not found to be a predictive measure for affective prejudice. Thus, this finding lends support to Allport’s contact hypothesis making it clear that it is imperative to examine the nature of the contact as this may be pertinent in the promotion of the reduction of affective prejudice in intergroup contact situations.

The essay aims to study how Islam is presented in the teaching and how these representations are interpreted based on Edward Said's theory of Orientalism and Mattias Gardell's theory of Islamophobia. Said's theory is based on a "we" and "them" perspective where Said believes that ideas have been created that represent the Orient or the Middle East, the Arab and Islam in a way where the West becomes its counterpart. Islamophobia is about perceptions that Islam would be a repressive, aggressive, and combative religion. The study has a qualitative approach that is based on five interviews with teachers who teach religious knowledge. Three teachers teach at the upper secondary school and two teachers teach at the high school. These teachers are not representative of all teachers throughout Sweden. In addition to interviews, observations have also been carried out in a class on two occasions at a high school. The pupils in the class are studying their third year at the upper secondary school, where all the students are over 18 years old and read a vocational preparation program. The result shows that there are many prejudices among students about Islam and that the teachers feel that Islam is the most difficult subject to teach about in the religious education. The reason why it is a complicated subject to talk about in the religious education is because Islam is a controversial subject today that is being raised in the media. The result shows that teachers' teaching on Islam is based on the representations that appear in the media. The teachers claim that the media depicts Islam and Muslims in a negative way, which results in many people perceiving Islam as a woman oppressive, male-dominated, aggressive, and combative religion. / Uppsatsen syftar till att studera hur islam framställs i undervisningen samt hur dessa framställningar tolkas utifrån Edward Saids teori om Orientalism och Mattias Gardells teori Islamofobi. Saids teori grundar sig i ett ”vi” och ”dem” perspektiv där Said menar att det har skapats föreställningar som framställer Orienten eller Mellanöstern, araben samt islam på ett sätt där västerlandet blir dess motbild. Islamofobi handlar om uppfattningar om att islam skulle vara en förtryckande, aggressiv och stridslysten religion. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats som bygger på fem intervjuer med lärare som undervisar i religionskunskap. Tre lärare undervisar på högstadiet och två lärare undervisar på gymnasiet. Dessa lärare är inte representativa för alla lärare i hela Sverige. Utöver intervjuer har det även genomförts observationer i en klass vid två tillfällen på en gymnasieskola. Eleverna i klassen går tredje året på gymnasiet där samtliga elever är över 18 år gamla och läser ett yrkesförberedande program. Resultatet visar att det förekommer många fördomar bland elever om islam och att lärarna upplever att islam är det svåraste ämnet att undervisa om i religionskunskapen. Anledningen till att det är ett komplicerat ämne att tala om i undervisningen är för att islam är ett kontroversiellt ämne idag som aktualiseras i media. Resultatet visar att lärarnas undervisning om islam har sin utgångspunkt i de framställningar som framkommer i media. Lärarna hävdar att media gestaltar islam och muslimer på ett negativt sätt, vilket leder till att många människor uppfattar islam som en kvinnoförtryckande, mansdominerad, aggressiv och stridslysten religion.