Background: Little Canadian research exists which examines equitable access to public pharmaceutical insurance. In order to better understand issues related to access to publicly funded, universal prescription drug insurance in Canada, my thesis examines participation with (and therefore access to) the Fair PharmaCare program in BC. Specifically, my thesis: 1) describes methodologies that can be used to create area-level cultural variables for use with BC administrative data; and 2) studies the impact of household and area-level factors, particularly area-level cultural factors, on non-senior households’ registration for Fair PharmaCare in 2003. I hypothesized that the process of registration may act as a barrier to participation with Fair PharmaCare, particularly for households belonging to various culturally defined communities. Methods: Dissemination area (DA) level census data were obtained from Statistics Canada to create dichotomous, ecological variables which capture the collective ethnic composition, English language capacity and immigration status of residents within each DA. In turn, these variables were employed in multivariate, logistic regression analyses, which also included household-level measures of demographics, enabling resources and health status as well as area-level measures of income and health care resources. The outcome of interest was registration for Fair PharmaCare. Findings: Controlling for area-level income and health care resources, household-level demographics, enabling resources and health status, as well as area-level cultural factors, influenced households’ likelihood of registration for Fair PharmaCare. Households belonging to DAs with a high concentration of individuals reporting a Chinese or Punjabi ethnic background, or DAs that were ethnically homogeneous, regardless of the ethnic background, were more likely to register. In contrast households belonging to DAs consisting of a high concentration of recent immigrants or individuals belonging to ethnic minority groups that are underrepresented in BC were less likely to register. Conclusions: Considering the policy context surrounding the implementation of Fair PharmaCare, the findings from my thesis suggest that specific subpopulations within BC may face difficulties with the registration process, thereby reducing their participation in the program. Government interventions however, appear to have improved registration amongst other subpopulations. Consideration should be given to interventions that may reduce inequities in participation amongst other subgroups.

Em virtude da necessidade de se disponibilizar medicamentos nos serviços de atenção à saúde e da utilização racional deste insumo, torna-se imperativo organizar a Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) e reorientar a atuação do farmacêutico no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), aproximando-o do usuário. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar um treinamento em dispensação para promoção do uso racional de medicamentos, composto por sete módulos, aplicado aos farmacêuticos da rede de atenção à saúde de municípios de São Paulo. A estruturação do treinamento se deu a partir do levantamento das necessidades dos serviços de atenção à saúde em relação ao farmacêutico, da definição do seu papel nestes serviços e das competências a serem desenvolvidas para o desempenho desse papel. Para aplicação do treinamento utilizou-se o método de ensino baseado em problemas. A estratégia adotada para esta avaliação foi a aplicação de um mesmo questionário pré e pós-treinamento, seguido pela medida das diferenças encontradas nas respostas fornecidas por cada farmacêutico e pelo grupo de farmacêuticos, antes e depois do treinamento. A avaliação dos módulos de treinamentos não mostrou diferenças significativas entre as médias de acertos das questões, antes e após a sua aplicação. A análise das respostas mostrou que é necessário melhor esclarecer o papel do farmacêutico no SUS e, ainda, promover o desenvolvimento de habilidades para a busca de informação sobre medicamentos, a realização de estudos para a sua utilização e identificação de reações adversas aos mesmos. / In need to provide medicines in health care services and rational use of this input, it is imperative to organize the Pharmaceutical Assistance and redirect the actions of the pharmacist in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS), approaching him to the user. The objective of this study is to evaluate a training in dispensing to promote the rational use of medicines, composed of seven modules, applied to the pharmacists linked to the health care network in municipalities of São Paulo. The structuring of the training came from the needs of health care services in relation to pharmacists, the definition of their role in these services and skills that would be developed to perform this role. The training application is founded on the basedproblem education method. The strategy for this evaluation was the application of the same questionnaire before and after training, followed by measuring the differences responses provided by each pharmacist and the pharmaceutical group, before and after training. The evaluation of the modules for training showed no significant differences between the means of correct questions before and after its implementation. The analysis of responses showed that it is necessary clarify the role of the pharmacist in the Unified Health System, and also promote the development of skills for searching of information on drugs, studies for its use and identification of adverse reactions.

Em virtude da necessidade de se disponibilizar medicamentos nos serviços de atenção à saúde e da utilização racional deste insumo, torna-se imperativo organizar a Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) e reorientar a atuação do farmacêutico no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), aproximando-o do usuário. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar um treinamento em dispensação para promoção do uso racional de medicamentos, composto por sete módulos, aplicado aos farmacêuticos da rede de atenção à saúde de municípios de São Paulo. A estruturação do treinamento se deu a partir do levantamento das necessidades dos serviços de atenção à saúde em relação ao farmacêutico, da definição do seu papel nestes serviços e das competências a serem desenvolvidas para o desempenho desse papel. Para aplicação do treinamento utilizou-se o método de ensino baseado em problemas. A estratégia adotada para esta avaliação foi a aplicação de um mesmo questionário pré e pós-treinamento, seguido pela medida das diferenças encontradas nas respostas fornecidas por cada farmacêutico e pelo grupo de farmacêuticos, antes e depois do treinamento. A avaliação dos módulos de treinamentos não mostrou diferenças significativas entre as médias de acertos das questões, antes e após a sua aplicação. A análise das respostas mostrou que é necessário melhor esclarecer o papel do farmacêutico no SUS e, ainda, promover o desenvolvimento de habilidades para a busca de informação sobre medicamentos, a realização de estudos para a sua utilização e identificação de reações adversas aos mesmos. / In need to provide medicines in health care services and rational use of this input, it is imperative to organize the Pharmaceutical Assistance and redirect the actions of the pharmacist in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS), approaching him to the user. The objective of this study is to evaluate a training in dispensing to promote the rational use of medicines, composed of seven modules, applied to the pharmacists linked to the health care network in municipalities of São Paulo. The structuring of the training came from the needs of health care services in relation to pharmacists, the definition of their role in these services and skills that would be developed to perform this role. The training application is founded on the basedproblem education method. The strategy for this evaluation was the application of the same questionnaire before and after training, followed by measuring the differences responses provided by each pharmacist and the pharmaceutical group, before and after training. The evaluation of the modules for training showed no significant differences between the means of correct questions before and after its implementation. The analysis of responses showed that it is necessary clarify the role of the pharmacist in the Unified Health System, and also promote the development of skills for searching of information on drugs, studies for its use and identification of adverse reactions.

Em virtude da necessidade de se disponibilizar medicamentos nos serviços de atenção à saúde e da utilização racional deste insumo, torna-se imperativo organizar a Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) e reorientar a atuação do farmacêutico no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), aproximando-o do usuário. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar um treinamento em dispensação para promoção do uso racional de medicamentos, composto por sete módulos, aplicado aos farmacêuticos da rede de atenção à saúde de municípios de São Paulo. A estruturação do treinamento se deu a partir do levantamento das necessidades dos serviços de atenção à saúde em relação ao farmacêutico, da definição do seu papel nestes serviços e das competências a serem desenvolvidas para o desempenho desse papel. Para aplicação do treinamento utilizou-se o método de ensino baseado em problemas. A estratégia adotada para esta avaliação foi a aplicação de um mesmo questionário pré e pós-treinamento, seguido pela medida das diferenças encontradas nas respostas fornecidas por cada farmacêutico e pelo grupo de farmacêuticos, antes e depois do treinamento. A avaliação dos módulos de treinamentos não mostrou diferenças significativas entre as médias de acertos das questões, antes e após a sua aplicação. A análise das respostas mostrou que é necessário melhor esclarecer o papel do farmacêutico no SUS e, ainda, promover o desenvolvimento de habilidades para a busca de informação sobre medicamentos, a realização de estudos para a sua utilização e identificação de reações adversas aos mesmos. / In need to provide medicines in health care services and rational use of this input, it is imperative to organize the Pharmaceutical Assistance and redirect the actions of the pharmacist in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS), approaching him to the user. The objective of this study is to evaluate a training in dispensing to promote the rational use of medicines, composed of seven modules, applied to the pharmacists linked to the health care network in municipalities of São Paulo. The structuring of the training came from the needs of health care services in relation to pharmacists, the definition of their role in these services and skills that would be developed to perform this role. The training application is founded on the basedproblem education method. The strategy for this evaluation was the application of the same questionnaire before and after training, followed by measuring the differences responses provided by each pharmacist and the pharmaceutical group, before and after training. The evaluation of the modules for training showed no significant differences between the means of correct questions before and after its implementation. The analysis of responses showed that it is necessary clarify the role of the pharmacist in the Unified Health System, and also promote the development of skills for searching of information on drugs, studies for its use and identification of adverse reactions.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-27T14:17:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelosilvasilverio.pdf: 1069610 bytes, checksum: 43e73e568df0511e0f30985da5203e18 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-28T12:58:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelosilvasilverio.pdf: 1069610 bytes, checksum: 43e73e568df0511e0f30985da5203e18 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T12:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelosilvasilverio.pdf: 1069610 bytes, checksum: 43e73e568df0511e0f30985da5203e18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A produção e difusão de conhecimento sobre padrões quantitativos de utilização de medicamentos, perfis de prescrição, qualidade do que se usa, automedicação, vendas e custos comparativos contribuem para a formação de uma consciência critica da sociedade no uso dos medicamentos. Os estudos de utilização de medicamentos, como um dos ramos da farmacoepidemiologia, tem como principal objetivo gerar informações que possam racionalizar o uso dos medicamentos. O trabalho avaliou o perfil farmacoepidemiológico do município de Muriaé, MG, através de um estudo de utilização de medicamentos em Farmácias comunitárias e hospitalares. Foi avaliado o consumo de medicamentos industrializados e manipulados, em farmácias comunitárias, através do registro de comercialização em 4 estabelecimentos sem e 3 com manipulação, durante 3 meses, além do recolhimento 800 prescrições médicas para avaliação da qualidade das mesmas. As prescrições foram avaliadas pelos indicadores de prescrições da OMS, pela legibilidade e presença das informações essenciais. Em 4 hospitais do município, foi avaliado o uso de medicamentos cardiovasculares, psicotrópicos e antimicrobianos, durante 3 meses, e os resultados foram expressos em dose diária definida (DDD) por 100 leitos-dia. O estudo demonstrou que foi prescrita uma média de 2,2 medicamentos por receituário comum, que porcentagem de antibióticos prescritos foi de 22,1%, que 33% das prescrições ocorreram pelo nome genérico e que 46,5% dos medicamentos prescritos constavam na RENAME. As prescrições estavam em 68% dos casos pouco legíveis ou ilegíveis e as informações essenciais estavam ausentes em grande parte das prescrições. Os medicamentos comercializados, em mais de 30%, não estão presentes na RENAME, ocorreu um alto consumo de combinações em doses fixas, de antimicrobianos, e elevado uso de medicamentos sem valor terapêutico alto. Além disso, os produtos mais comercializados são diferentes nas Farmácias com e sem manipulação. No estudo hospitalar as cefalosporinas (51,1%) foram os antimicrobianos mais utilizados e o uso em DDD/100 foi de 45,69, considerados os 10 antimicrobianos mais utilizados. Entre os cardiovasculares os antitrombóticos (23,12%) e os IECA/ARA-II (22,80%) foram os grupos mais utilizados. Os ansiolíticos (35%) foram a classe de psicoativos mais utilizada, com destaque para o Midazolam (38,15 DDD/100) e o Diazepam (29,10 DDD/100). Estes resultados mostram que o uso de medicamentos no município, o que pode se repetir em municípios de porte semelhante. Como no Brasil ainda existem lacunas neste tipo de informação farmacoepidemiológica, este trabalho pode contribuir com novos estudos e servir de modelo para execução dos mesmos, além de contribuir para a formulação de estratégias sanitárias na área do medicamento. / The production and dissemination of knowledge on quantitative standards of drug use, prescription profiles, quality of what you use, self-medication, sales and comparative costs contribute to the formation of a critical conscience of society in the use of drugs. The utilization studies of drug, as a arms of pharmacoepidemiology, has as a major objective is to generate information that can rationalize the use of drugs. The study evaluated the pharmacoepidemiological profile of the city of Muriaé, MG, through a study of utilization study of drug in community and hospital pharmacies. Was evaluated the use of manufactured and manipulated drugs by record sales in 4 pharmacies without manipulation and 3 with manipulation, for 3 months, furthermore collected 800 prescriptions for evaluating the quality of these same establishments. The prescriptions were assessed by the WHO prescribing indicators, the presence of essential information and legibility. In four hospitals in the city was evaluated the use of cardiovascular drugs, psychotropic and antibiotics for 3 months, and the results were expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 beddays. The study showed that was prescribed an average of 2.2 drugs per prescription common, what percentage of antibiotics prescribed was 22.1%, that 33% of prescriptions were for generic name and that 46.5% of prescription drugs contained in RENAME. The prescriptions were in 68% of cases little readable or unreadable and essential information were largely absent from the prescriptions. The drugs marketed in more than 30%, are not present in the RENAME, there was a high consumption of fixed-dose combinations and of antimicrobials, elevated use of drugs without therapeutic value high. Furthermore, most products marketed in manipulation pharmacies are different from without manipulation. In the hospital study cephalosporins (51.1%) were the most commonly used antimicrobials and use in DDD/100 was 45.69, considered the 10 most used antimicrobial agents. Among the cardiovascular antithrombotics (23.12%) and ACEI / ARB (22.80%) were the most commonly used groups. Anxiolytics (35%) were the most commonly used class of psychoactive drugs, especially the Midazolam (38.15 DDD/100) and Diazepam (29.10 DDD/100). These results show that the use of drugs in the city, which can be repeated in cities of similar size. As in Brazil there are still gaps in this information pharmacoepidemiological, this work may contribute to new studies and serve as a model for their implementation, and contribute to the formulation of health strategies in the field of drugs.

Background: Little Canadian research exists which examines equitable access to public pharmaceutical insurance. In order to better understand issues related to access to publicly funded, universal prescription drug insurance in Canada, my thesis examines participation with (and therefore access to) the Fair PharmaCare program in BC. Specifically, my thesis: 1) describes methodologies that can be used to create area-level cultural variables for use with BC administrative data; and 2) studies the impact of household and area-level factors, particularly area-level cultural factors, on non-senior households’ registration for Fair PharmaCare in 2003. I hypothesized that the process of registration may act as a barrier to participation with Fair PharmaCare, particularly for households belonging to various culturally defined communities. Methods: Dissemination area (DA) level census data were obtained from Statistics Canada to create dichotomous, ecological variables which capture the collective ethnic composition, English language capacity and immigration status of residents within each DA. In turn, these variables were employed in multivariate, logistic regression analyses, which also included household-level measures of demographics, enabling resources and health status as well as area-level measures of income and health care resources. The outcome of interest was registration for Fair PharmaCare. Findings: Controlling for area-level income and health care resources, household-level demographics, enabling resources and health status, as well as area-level cultural factors, influenced households’ likelihood of registration for Fair PharmaCare. Households belonging to DAs with a high concentration of individuals reporting a Chinese or Punjabi ethnic background, or DAs that were ethnically homogeneous, regardless of the ethnic background, were more likely to register. In contrast households belonging to DAs consisting of a high concentration of recent immigrants or individuals belonging to ethnic minority groups that are underrepresented in BC were less likely to register. Conclusions: Considering the policy context surrounding the implementation of Fair PharmaCare, the findings from my thesis suggest that specific subpopulations within BC may face difficulties with the registration process, thereby reducing their participation in the program. Government interventions however, appear to have improved registration amongst other subpopulations. Consideration should be given to interventions that may reduce inequities in participation amongst other subgroups. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

This thesis is concerned with assessing the involvement of the pharmaceutical industry with the United States' health system. We will consider the role that the industry plays in the greater system, and how its activities influence the environment around it. This is done through a case study, in the context of the United States experiencing a so-called "opioid epidemic." This crisis is a serious problem for the health system, and society as a whole, which predominantly involves prescription pharmaceuticals. We will undertake an examination of the pharmaceutical industry's relationship with that crisis through a strong reliance on critical discourse analysis, rooted in systems theory. Despite being a critical component in the American health system, and the one directly responsible for the creation of pharmaceuticals, we will see that the industry is predominantly treated as an ally in addressing the opioid epidemic, rather than complicit in its emergence. This indicates that the industry successfully influences the discourse surrounding its role and responsibilities as a component of the health system. Keywords Pharmaceutical industry, lobbying, healthcare, PhRMA, health system, opioid, prescription drugs

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