La biodégradation du bois est étudiée pour comprendre et quantifier l’endommagement mécanique résultant. Il apparaît que le bois, et notamment le pin maritime, est sensible à une attaque fongique, faisant baisser sa résistance (en compression ou en fissuration) avant même la constatation d’une perte de masse. Cette observation oblige à développer des outils de détection précoce, comme la relaxométrie RMN, pour détecter l’apparition d’un pathogène sur des structures bois de plus en plus encouragées. Par ailleurs, l’emploi de composites à base de bois s’avère justifié pour rendre durable le matériau, et présente un avantage écologique, grâce au recyclage des éléments comme le plastique. Cet argument « vert » est d’une importance grandissante et requiert le développement de nouveaux procédés de préservation du bois. Ainsi, cette thèse étudie aussi le comportement à plus ou moins long terme des bois imprégnés d’anhydrides et d’huile d’origine végétale, ou encore du bois traité thermiquement. Des domaines autres que la mécanique sont abordés, afin d’expliquer l’ensemble des phénomènes intervenant durant une dégradation et comprendre les axes d’amélioration dans cette discipline « vivante ». / Wood biodegradation is studied in order to understand and quantify the mechanical damage. Wood, and especially maritime pine, is sensitive to a fungal attack that causes a decrease of its strength (compression or fracture resistance), before a weight loss occurs. This requires developing or ameliorating the tools of early detection, such as NMR relaxometry, in order to detect the appearance of a pathogen in wooden structures that are more and more appreciated. Besides, wooden composites are a good alternative to make the material more durable, and are ecologically interesting, as they permit to recycle some element, like plastics. This “green” effect is of main importance, which implies a development of new ways in wood preservation. This thesis, led in a short as well as in a long term scale, also studies the behaviour of wood, impregnated with anhydrides or oils from a vegetal origin, or even heat-treated wood. Not only mechanics is described, so that many phenomena are explained and perspectives are clarified.

Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Huston Gibson / In 2011, the United States Secretary of the Interior approved a proposal for expansion of the Harry S. Truman National Historic Landmark District in Independence, Missouri. The expansion of the historic district and the subsequent press resulting from the expansion was the inspiration for this report. The topic area of this report is historic preservation. Historic districts come with increased rules and regulations that can be seen as limiting a resident’s use of the properties within these districts. This report is concerned with the actual condition within a historic district with a central hypothesis that historic districts do have a positive association with property condition. In order to answer the research question, a multiple-case replication explanatory case study was performed using the original landmark district boundaries and two comparable nearby neighborhoods outside of the historic landmark district. The case study utilized secondary sources and in-field observations to analyze seven researchable factors about the parcels within the study areas. These factors were compared and contrasted during the cross case analysis. To further the understanding of the study area, a detailed profile of the City of Independence, Missouri, was produced. This profile looked at the historical development of the city, as well as economic and demographic statistics. The theoretical framework behind historic districts was also analyzed for this report. It is beneficial to look at this question in order to evaluate the potential implementation of a historic district that a planner may face in their municipality such as whether historic preservation regulations should be maintained, expanded, or eliminated or a historic district should be put in place. The report ends with a conclusionary chapter including recommendations, lessons for planning professionals, and ideas for further research.

Fine-grained access control is a conceptual approach to addressing database security requirements. In relational database management systems, fine-grained access control refers to access restrictions enforced at the row, column, or cell level. While a number of commercial implementations of database fine-grained access control are available, there are presently no generalized approaches to implementing fine-grained access control for relational database management systems. Fine-grained access control is potentially a good solution for database professionals and system architects charged with designing database applications that implement granular security or privacy protection features. However, in the oral tradition of the database community, fine-grained access control is spoken of as imposing significant performance penalties, and is therefore best avoided. Regardless, there are current and emerging social, legal, and economic forces that mandate the need for efficient fine-grained access control in relational database management systems. In the study undertaken, the author was able to quantify the performance costs associated with four common implementations of fine-grained access control for relational database management systems. Security benchmarking was employed as the methodology to quantify performance costs. Synthetic data from the TPC-W benchmark as well as representative data from a real-world application were utilized in the benchmarking process. A simple graph-base performance model for Fine-grained Access Control Evaluation (FACE) was developed from benchmark data collected during the study. The FACE model is intended for use in predicting throughput and response times for relational database management systems that implement fine-grained access control using one of the common fine-grained access control mechanisms - authorization views, the Hippocratic Database, label-based access control, and transparent query rewrite. The author also addresses the issue of scalability for fine-grained access control mechanisms that were evaluated in the study.

The corner store represents a significant part of New Orleans' history and neighborhoods. From essential grocery providers to bars and restaurants full of local character, these buildings have held a number of roles in the community. These roles have changed in response to development patterns, market pressures, and land-use regulation. A number of these traditional businesses still exist today as neighborhood cultural institutions throughout the city. Many more, however, have faced conversions to residential buildings, abandonment, or demolition. This case study addresses the significance of the corner store, identifies a number of factors leading to its decline, and suggests that a newly revised Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance in the city of New Orleans should reserve a place for these neighborhood businesses.

Thesis advisor: David Quigley / This thesis will explore the factors that contributed to the enshrinement of the immigrant, in relation to places relevant to the Old World immigrant narrative. The chapters concentrate on the area around New York Harbor, often referred to as "the gateway," where turn-of-the-century immigrants sailed and settled and to where public memory made its return in the late sixties, seventies, and eighties. Public attentiveness to ethnic identity affected the character of historic preservation, prompting the creation of new symbols of American history. Many Americans' own Roots narratives brought them here, to the very place the immigrants began their American stories. Chapter One puts the spotlight on New Jersey, exploring how Jersey City claimed its part in the immigrant narrative, and how the state government organized its multi-ethnic character. Chapter Two opens to the national level, illustrating how the enshrinement of Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty Centennial embodied the nationalism that came with the rise of conservatism. Chapter Three surveys immigrant memory in the Lower East Side, the quintessential neighborhood of nations, exploring what the Lower East Side Tenement Museum has done to pay homage to the "urban pioneers" of American history, using the past to affect contemporary immigration issues. The public memory that took shape at these historic sites resulted from not solely a revived interest in Old World ethnicity, but through a combination of factors. This thesis will also show how the ethnic revival helped draw attention to aspects of American life such as urban living, and provoked public discourse and scholarly research to attend to the people that history previously overlooked. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History. / Discipline: History Honors Program.

Thesis advisor: Marilynn Johnson / This study examines widespread efforts to manage the environmental impact of suburbanization in metropolitan America since 1970. Using the Washington, DC area as a site for analysis, I demonstrate how residents, public officials, and organized interests balanced suburban development and environmental protection. Featuring cases from the Virginia and Maryland suburbs, this project considers environmental conflicts resulting from housing, commercial, and highway projects as well as efforts to preserve rural land and farming from suburban encroachment. As metropolitan Washington decentralized, the environmental impact of suburbanization worsened, producing different approaches to managing development and protecting the environment. These responses reflected new social and spatial inequalities, as well as differences in political leadership and civic activism. While communities in Maryland benefited from more progressive public concern, local leadership and strong support from the state for growth management, their counterparts in Virginia struggled to overcome strong and pervasive protections for property rights. This project rewrites our understanding of suburbanization and environmental protection in two ways. First, it urges scholars to rethink a traditional emphasis on federal policies; even in the suburbs of the nation's capital, the active participation of the public at large, as well as officials at the local and state levels, was critical to the success or failure of environmental protection. The present study thus demonstrates how and why different approaches to growth management emerged across metropolitan areas. Second, this study differs from the existing social science literature by moving away from policy analysis to focus on the broader context of decision-making in planning suburban development. Drawing on correspondence, publicity materials, and public testimony from residents, environmental groups, local officials, business organizations, and federal agencies, this study offers a more complete picture of growth management, providing a historically informed and policy relevant argument about environmental protection in metropolitan America. Ultimately, it reveals that even with an unprecedented degree of expansion of state regulation and civic engagement, the legal and cultural regimes surrounding the use of property often continued to privilege private gain over environmental protection as localities competed for economic investment. In a few cases, however, we can see how residents and public officials pursued more holistic forms of growth management in metropolitan America, laying the groundwork for a model of more meaningful public participation to enhance environmental protection in the future. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Architecture (Professional) to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017 / Throughout history, people have remembered their past through the dissemination of knowledge from one generation to the next. This transfer of ideas, history, culture and identity allows for the continuation of narrative to transcend the bounds of time and contribute to a rich memory landscape, that cultivates a unified perception of community memory. This is in turn, directly translated into the physical landscape. Architecture becomes the physical attribute of shared identity, and creates spaces where new memories can be made and the past, remembered. This idea of remembering and creating contextual memory is thus relevant to all people and communities, as it is a core principle in creating consensual outlooks. This premise permeates into the exploration that memory, as a passive device of remembering and an active node of creation and education, is a unifying agent within a community and is directly related to the surrounding architectural space. Cultivating the question of whether there is a correlation between memory and the architectural spaces in which it is created, and to what extent they influence each other? The investigation examines the various facets of memory and recall processes that affect the architectural landscape and in turn shape human perceptions surrounding it. This interplay between memory, architectural memory and human memory is a layered discourse that ultimately resulted in the finding that architecture and memory are linked in the way people remember and use space. The historically rich memory landscape of Fordsburg became the apt site choice which allowed these ideas to grow into an architectural response. This culminated into the idea of combining preschool and exhibition typologies, with specific allowances for photographic and community spaces. These programmes were unified through their relation to memory and the spaces in which they occur. The aim was to unify these programmes and create a space which encouraged learning and community integration, whilst commemorating the history and memory of the past in a dynamic and linked manner. The building aims at creating a positive architectural addition to Fordsburg by addressing the need for education within the community, whilst architecturally responding to facets of the past through the adaptation of the Lilian Road Art Studios, creating a palimpsest of built fabric that speaks to the continuation of memory making in architectural environments. This investigation and resulting building have demonstrated that architecture and memory are linked, and although this may not be the only way to link the two in a manner that speaks to the past, present and future is a response that amply describes the parameters in which they can occur. / GR2017

Il s'agit de l'étude de la dégradation croissante du delta du Saloum au Sénégal à travers la compréhension des impacts des facteurs physiques et anthropiques sur les patrimoines locaux, notamment la nature (faune, flore, sols, etc.). Ainsi, c’est un vrai cercle vicieux qui se manifeste par les influences réciproques négatives entre l'homme et les paysages environnementaux, surtout à l'aire des changements climatiques et de l'accroissement de la pauvreté, qui pèse sur cette aire humide particulière où populations et écologie ont toujours formé un paysage culturel, d’ailleurs classé aujourd'hui patrimoine mondial par l’UNESCO. Mais hélas, de plus en plus menacé, il urge de transformer cette tendance dévastatrice de l’interface homme-nature en un cercle vertueux pour un développement local plus durable. C’est dire, en substance, que les enjeux d'une gouvernance de l’estuaire du Saloum dans la perspective d'une préservation durable des patrimoines sont énormes. / This is the study of the increasing degradation of the Saloum delta in Senegal through the understanding of the impacts of physical and human factors on local heritage, including nature (fauna, flora, soils, etc.). Thus, it is a real vicious circle manifested by the negative reciprocal influences between man and environmental landscapes, especially in the area of climate change and increasing poverty, which weighs on this particular wetland. where populations and ecology have always formed a cultural landscape, which is now classified world heritage by UNESCO. But alas, increasingly threatened, it is urgent to turn this devastating trend of the human-nature interface into a virtuous circle for more sustainable local development. This is to say, in essence, that the stakes of a governance of the Saloum estuary in the perspective of a durable preservation of the patrimonies are enormous.

O patrimônio industrial ferroviário de São Paulo, que está entre os mais ricos e significativos do Brasil, hoje está, em grande parte, legado ao abandono. Apesar da sua importância econômica, social e cultural para a formação do Estado, não tem recebido reconhecimento e apoio oficial suficientes para sua preservação, apenas começando a merecer estudos mais aprofundados. No entanto, as edificações que fazem parte do sistema ferroviário introduziram inovações na construção, materiais e técnicas, nos programas e nas tipologias arquitetônicas. O desenvolvimento e a riqueza paulista, a partir do século XIX, são tributários das ferrovias em todos os aspectos, inclusive o tecnológico e o cultural, o que justifica todos os estudos e pesquisas aprofundados que possam colaborar com a sua preservação. Este trabalho pretende contribuir para a preservação do patrimônio ferroviário paulista através da pesquisa documental, inventário, levantamento, registro e análise dos edifícios destinados às estações de passageiros, identificando sua tipologia, a luz de suas características formais e funcionais - implantação, programa, composição formal, organização espacial, materiais e técnicas construtivas, bem como discutiu-se o estado atual destas edificações e o processo de incompreensão, esquecimento e marginalização pelo qual têm passado. A pesquisa foi direcionada a parte do Tronco Oeste da Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, que conta com a infraestrutura dos antigos ramais de Agudos, Bauru e Jaú. Adotou-se como estudo de casos os Municípios de Brotas, Torrinha, Dois Córregos, Jaú e Pederneiras, levantando os remanescentes que compõe seu complexo ferroviário, mas debruçando-se principalmente sobre suas estações, edificadas nas primeiras décadas do século XX, de modo a investigar suas características e composição. / The industrial railway heritage of São Paulo, that is one of the richest and most significant in Brazil, currently is, in large part, legacy to the abandon. Despite its economic, social and cultural importance for the formation of the State, has not received sufficient recognition and official support for its preservation, just starting to merit further studies. However, the buildings that are part of the rail system introduced innovations in the construction, materials and techniques, in programs and architectural typologies. The paulista development and wealth, from the nineteenth century, are tributaries of the railroads in all aspects, including the technological and cultural, which justifies all depth studies and research that can assist in their preservation. This study aims to contribute to the preservation of São Paulo railroad heritage through documentary research, inventory, survey, recording and analysis of buildings intended for passenger stations, identifying their type, based in their formal and functional characteristics - deployment, program, formal composition, spatial organization, materials and construction techniques, and also discussed the current state of these buildings and the misunderstanding, forgetfulness and marginalization process which they have passed. The research was directed at part of the Trunk Western of the Companhia Paulista Railways, which relies on the infrastructure of the old extensions of Agudos, Bauru and Jau. It was adopted as studies case the Municipalities of Brotas, Torrinha, Dois Córregos, Jau and Pederneiras, raising the remnants that make up its railroad complex, but leaning mostly on their stations, built in the first decades of the twentieth century, investigating their characteristics and composition.

Esta investigação tem como objetivo central discutir aspectos da historiografia da música popular brasileira na segunda metade do século XX, por meio da trajetória de instituições públicas e privadas voltadas à preservação da memória e ao estímulo e defesa da música popular. O engajamento na luta contra sua descaracterização ganhou força à medida que crescia a penetração da cultura estrangeira através dos meios de comunicação. O processo de institucionalização da história da música teve início com a fundação do Museu da Imagem e do Som do Rio de Janeiro (MIS-RJ), em 1965, a partir da aquisição de um vasto arquivo organizado pelo radialista Almirante nas décadas anteriores. A partir do MIS-RJ, um grupo de especialistas no tema passou a se reunir sob a guarda de um órgão público para propor medidas de proteção e zelo com relação a memória musical. Em 1975, a Fundação Nacional de Artes (Funarte) iniciou seus trabalhos com objetivo de preservar e estimular o elemento nacional na cultura brasileira. Em seus quadros, foi criada a Divisão de Música Popular, responsável pela execução de programas de estímulo à memória da música, como o Projeto Pixinguinha e o Projeto Lúcio Rangel de Monografias. A Funarte também apoiou a criação da Associação dos Pesquisadores da MPB (APMPB), que teve papel relevante, durante a década de 70, ao reunir diversos estudiosos da música popular para refletir seus problemas e enviar proposições ao governo federal. Essa ampliação também foi realizada pela coleção História da Música Popular Brasileira, da Editora Abril, que se tornou importante referência no processo de consolidação da memória da música popular. Ao lançar fascículos que acompanhavam discos, críticas e biografias de nomes da música brasileira, a coletânea não só estimulou a música, mas também alimentou as bases de acervos dedicados ao tema. Ao refletir sobre a trajetória destas instituições, essa investigação busca compreender em sua dimensão histórica a construção de uma narrativa historiográfica que, alicerçada em instituições do Estado ou privadas, passou a ser lida como a história oficial da música popular brasileira. / The main objective of this research is the discussion of the historiography issues of Brazilia n popular music in the late 20th century, by means of the trajectory of public and private institutions focused on the memory preservation and on the stimulus and defense of popular music. The engagement in the struggle against its decharacterization gained strength as the foreign culture penetration grew through the media. The music history institutionalizing process began with the creation of the Museum of Image and Sound of Rio de Janeiro (MIS-RJ) in 1965, by the acquisition of a vast organized archive by the broadcaster Almirante in the previous decades. Since MIS-RJ, a group of experts in the theme started to meet under the protection of a public department which proposed protection actions and zeal in relation to the musica l memory. In 1975, the National Foundation of Arts (Funarte) began its works aiming to preserve and to stimulate the national element in the Brazilian culture. The Popular Music Division was created in the Funarte structure, responsible for the execution of music memory stimula t ion programs, as the Projeto Pixinguinha and the Projeto Lúcio Rangel de Monografias. Funarte also supported the creation of the MPB (Brazilian Popular Music) Researchers Association which had an important role at the 1970s, gathering several popular music experts to reflect their own problems and send proposals to the federal government. This expansion was also made by the collection História da Música Popular Brasileira, edited by Abril, which became reference in the popular music memory consolidation. Launching issues including discs, criticisms and biography of Brazilian music musicians, the collection not only stimulated the music, but also fed the basis of collections dedicated to the theme. Reflecting over this trajectory, this investigation aims to understand the construction of an historiographic narrative concerning its historical dimension that based in the private or state institutions started to be read as the official history of Brazilian popular music.