The processing of boron carbide powder including sintering optimization, green body optimization and sintering behavior of nano-sized boron carbide was investigated for the development of complex shaped body armor. Pressureless sintered B4C relative densities as high as 96.7% were obtained by optimizing the soak temperature, and holding at that temperature for the minimum time required to reach terminal density. Although the relative densities of pressureless sintered specimens were lower than that of commercially produced hot-pressed B4C, their (Vickers) hardness values were comparable. For 4.45cm diameter and 1.35cm height disk shaped specimens, pressureless sintered to at least 93.0% relative density, post-hot isostatic pressing resulted in vast increases in relative densities (e.g. 100.0%) and hardness values significantly greater than that of commercially produced hot-pressed B4C. The densification behavior of 20-40nm graphite-coated B4C nano-particles was studied using dilatometry, x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The higher than expected sintering onset from a nano-scale powder (15008C) was caused by remnant B2O3 not removed by methanol washing, keeping particles separated until volatilization and the carbon coatings, which imposed particle to particle contact of a substance more refractory than B4C. Solid state sintering (1500-18508C) was followed by an arrest in contraction attributed to formation of eutectic liquid droplets of size more than 10X the original nano-particles. These droplets, induced to form well below known B4C-graphite eutectic temperatures by the high surface energy of nano-particles, are interpreted to have quickly solidified to form a vast number of voids in particle packing, which in turn, impeded continued solid state sintering. Starting at 22008C, a permanent liquid phase formed which facilitated a rapid measured contraction by liquid phase sintering and/or compact slumping.

No description available.

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) powders were produced by carbothermal reduction reactions using fine-scale carbon/metal oxide mixtures as the starting materials. The reactant mixtures were prepared by pyrolytic decomposition of solution-derived precursors. The latter precursors were synthesized via hydrolysis/condensation of metal-organic compounds. The first step in the solution process involved refluxing zirconium alkoxide with 2,4 pentanedione ("acacH") in order to partially or fully convert the zirconium alkoxy groups to a chelated zirconium diketonate structure ("zirconium acac"). This was followed by the addition of water (under acidic conditions) in order to promote hydrolysis/condensation reactions. Precursors with variable carbon/metal ratios were produced by varying the concentrations of the solution reactants (i.e., the zirconium alkoxide, "acacH," water, and acid concentrations.) It was necessary to add a secondary soluble carbon source (i.e., phenolic resin or glycerol) during solution processing in order to obtain a C/Zr molar ratio close to 3 (as required for stoichiometry) in the pyrolyzed powders. The phase development during carbothermal reduction was investigated for oxide-rich carbon-deficient and slightly carbon-rich compositions. The reaction was substantially completed after heat treatments in the range of ~1400-1500oC. The crystallite sizes were in the range of ~100-130 nm. However, some oxygen dissolved in the lattice and some free carbon was present. Heat treatment at temperatures >1600oC was required to complete the reaction. The dry-pressed powder compacts, with varying C/Zr molar ratios, were pressureless sintered to relative densities in the range of ~98-100% at 1950oC.

Densification behaviour and mechanical properties (hardness, fracture toughness and flexural strength) of the SiC-TiC composite system were studied. Pressureless sintering experiments were conducted on samples containing 0 to 30 vol % TiC created through an in-situ reaction between TiO2 and C: TiO2 + 3C -> TiC + 2CO. Sintering of the compacts was carried out in the presence of Al2O3 and Y2O3 sintering additives which promoted densification at sintering temperatures ranging from 1825 to 1925°C. It was determined that the presence of synthesized TiC particles served to effectively toughen the composite through crack deflection, impedance and bridging. An increase in fracture strength and hardness was also observed. Densities in excess of 98 % theoretical density were achieved depending on the sintering conditions and volume fraction of TiC phase. The SiC grain size and morphology was analyzed as a function of TiC volume fraction. The presence of TiC particles in the SiC matrix inhibited the exaggerated grain growth of the SiC grains and activated additional toughening mechanisms. The SiC grains were found to be roughly equiaxed with very fine TiC particles preventing significant elongation. The optimal sintering conditions for room temperature mechanical properties required slow heating through the reaction zone (1300 to 1520°C) followed by a 1 h dwell at 1885°C. At this temperature, the maximum flexural strength of 566 MPa was measured in samples containing 5 vol % TiC. Conversely, a maximum fracture toughness of 5.7 MPa·m0.5 was measured in samples containing 10 vol % TiC sintered at 1900°C. The hardness was shown to increase very little, from ~19.8 GPa in the monolithic SiC samples to 20.1 GPa in samples containing 5 vol % TiC. A theoretical analysis was conducted to model the effect of porosity and grain morphology on the mechanical properties of the SiC matrix and was experimentally verified. / Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-09-21 15:20:02.797

No presente trabalho, peças com gradiente funcional de Al2O3 com reforço de NbC foram planejadas com o intuito de obter um MGF (material com gradiente funcional) com uma alta dureza e boa tenacidade à fratura a partir de diferentes técnicas de sinterização. Os MGFs apresentam-se como uma excelente alternativa quando é necessária a união de materiais com propriedades térmicas ou mecânicas muito diferentes, já que possuem uma transição suave de propriedades ao longo do corpo, como consequência de uma mudança gradual do teor das fases. No planejamento dos MGFs foram utilizadas análises dilatométricas para compatibilizar o comportamento durante a sinterização de cada camada e assim minimizar as tensões que ocorrem durante a retração, responsáveis por trincas e delaminações. Nos ensaios de dilatometria observou-se que a diferença máxima de retração entre os compósitos de teor de NbC variando de 5 a 30 %p é de 4,85%, assim, foram projetados MGFs com um passo de 5% de NbC, reduzindo esta diferença para 2,73%. Compósitos monolíticos de Al2O3 com diferentes teores de NbC foram sinterizadas a 1500ºC num forno convencional sob atmosfera de grafite. As densidades das peças sinterizadas foram inferiores a 90% da densidade teórica (DT), o que comprometeu a dureza dos compósitos (10 a 14 GPa), inferiores que as durezas dos materiais originais. Uma das maiores dificuldades no processamento destes compósitos foi sua densificação, prejudicada devido à presença de partículas de alta refratariedade na matriz de alumina, pelo que foi realizado um estudo do efeito da nióbia (Nb2O5) como auxiliar de sinterização nos compósitos Al2O3-NbC. Utilizando 0,5 %mol deste aditivo foi possível melhorar as densidades dos compósitos que, segundo os resultados da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), devido a uma densificação em presença de fase líquida. No entanto, a melhora na densidade é efetiva para temperaturas inferiores a 1450°C devido provavelmente à sobrequeima. Devido às dificuldades para obter peças densas a partir desses compósitos, foi utilizado o processo de Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), o qual foi bem sucedido para obter peças com gradiente funcional com boa densidade (> 98 %TD) e livres de trincas. O gradiente projetado foi mantido com sucesso após a sinterização e, graças à alta densidade das peças, foi possível atingir altas durezas (até 24,3 GPa) e tenacidade à fratura ~5 MPa.m1/2, fazendo com que estes materiais apresentem potencial de aplicação como ferramentas de corte. / In the present work, Al2O3/ NbC graded composites were designed in order to obtain a FGM with a high hardness and good fracture toughness from different sintering techniques. Functionally graded materials (FGM) present enormous potential on matching materials that have different mechanical and thermal properties via a gradual transition throughout the body, as a consequence of a gradual transition of the phase content. For designing of FGMs, a dilatometric analysis was used for matching the sintering behavior of each layer in order to minimize the thermal strains occurring during shrinkage and that are responsible for cracking and delamination. It was observed that the maximum difference in shrinkage between these composites is 4.85%, which could be reduced to 2.73% if a FGM with step of 5% NbC is produced. Monolithic composites of Al2O3 with different amounts of NbC were sintered at 1500°C in a conventional oven under an atmosphere of graphite, the density of the sintered pieces were less than 90 %TD, compromising the hardness of the composites (10 to 14 GPa) that were lower than the hardness of the original materials. Due to the fact that one of the greatest difficulties in processing these composites is a densification, which is impaired due to the presence of high refractory particles in the alumina matrix, a study of the effect of the niobia (Nb2O5) as a sintering aid in the composite Al2O3-NbC was conducted, with addition of 0.5 mol% was possible to improve the density of the composites, due to the liquid state sintering according to the SEM results. However, this effect is only effective until a temperature of 1450°C probably due to the overfiring. In order to obtain dense bodies from these composites, Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used. This process was successful for producing functional graded bodies with good density (> 98% TD) and crack free. The designed gradient was successfully maintained after sintering and due to the high density of FGMs, it was possible to attain high hardness (up to 24.3 GPa) and a fracture toughness of ~ 5 MPa.m1/2, showing that these materials have a good potential application as cutting tools.

No presente trabalho, peças com gradiente funcional de Al2O3 com reforço de NbC foram planejadas com o intuito de obter um MGF (material com gradiente funcional) com uma alta dureza e boa tenacidade à fratura a partir de diferentes técnicas de sinterização. Os MGFs apresentam-se como uma excelente alternativa quando é necessária a união de materiais com propriedades térmicas ou mecânicas muito diferentes, já que possuem uma transição suave de propriedades ao longo do corpo, como consequência de uma mudança gradual do teor das fases. No planejamento dos MGFs foram utilizadas análises dilatométricas para compatibilizar o comportamento durante a sinterização de cada camada e assim minimizar as tensões que ocorrem durante a retração, responsáveis por trincas e delaminações. Nos ensaios de dilatometria observou-se que a diferença máxima de retração entre os compósitos de teor de NbC variando de 5 a 30 %p é de 4,85%, assim, foram projetados MGFs com um passo de 5% de NbC, reduzindo esta diferença para 2,73%. Compósitos monolíticos de Al2O3 com diferentes teores de NbC foram sinterizadas a 1500ºC num forno convencional sob atmosfera de grafite. As densidades das peças sinterizadas foram inferiores a 90% da densidade teórica (DT), o que comprometeu a dureza dos compósitos (10 a 14 GPa), inferiores que as durezas dos materiais originais. Uma das maiores dificuldades no processamento destes compósitos foi sua densificação, prejudicada devido à presença de partículas de alta refratariedade na matriz de alumina, pelo que foi realizado um estudo do efeito da nióbia (Nb2O5) como auxiliar de sinterização nos compósitos Al2O3-NbC. Utilizando 0,5 %mol deste aditivo foi possível melhorar as densidades dos compósitos que, segundo os resultados da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), devido a uma densificação em presença de fase líquida. No entanto, a melhora na densidade é efetiva para temperaturas inferiores a 1450°C devido provavelmente à sobrequeima. Devido às dificuldades para obter peças densas a partir desses compósitos, foi utilizado o processo de Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), o qual foi bem sucedido para obter peças com gradiente funcional com boa densidade (> 98 %TD) e livres de trincas. O gradiente projetado foi mantido com sucesso após a sinterização e, graças à alta densidade das peças, foi possível atingir altas durezas (até 24,3 GPa) e tenacidade à fratura ~5 MPa.m1/2, fazendo com que estes materiais apresentem potencial de aplicação como ferramentas de corte. / In the present work, Al2O3/ NbC graded composites were designed in order to obtain a FGM with a high hardness and good fracture toughness from different sintering techniques. Functionally graded materials (FGM) present enormous potential on matching materials that have different mechanical and thermal properties via a gradual transition throughout the body, as a consequence of a gradual transition of the phase content. For designing of FGMs, a dilatometric analysis was used for matching the sintering behavior of each layer in order to minimize the thermal strains occurring during shrinkage and that are responsible for cracking and delamination. It was observed that the maximum difference in shrinkage between these composites is 4.85%, which could be reduced to 2.73% if a FGM with step of 5% NbC is produced. Monolithic composites of Al2O3 with different amounts of NbC were sintered at 1500°C in a conventional oven under an atmosphere of graphite, the density of the sintered pieces were less than 90 %TD, compromising the hardness of the composites (10 to 14 GPa) that were lower than the hardness of the original materials. Due to the fact that one of the greatest difficulties in processing these composites is a densification, which is impaired due to the presence of high refractory particles in the alumina matrix, a study of the effect of the niobia (Nb2O5) as a sintering aid in the composite Al2O3-NbC was conducted, with addition of 0.5 mol% was possible to improve the density of the composites, due to the liquid state sintering according to the SEM results. However, this effect is only effective until a temperature of 1450°C probably due to the overfiring. In order to obtain dense bodies from these composites, Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used. This process was successful for producing functional graded bodies with good density (> 98% TD) and crack free. The designed gradient was successfully maintained after sintering and due to the high density of FGMs, it was possible to attain high hardness (up to 24.3 GPa) and a fracture toughness of ~ 5 MPa.m1/2, showing that these materials have a good potential application as cutting tools.

Cette étude s’intéresse à l’amélioration et l’allégement des protections balistiques transparentes. L’utilisation conventionnelle de verre assure une haute efficacité face à un projectile, cependant associée à une masse élevée et à une forte épaisseur du blindage. Le remplacement de la face avant par une céramique polycristalline, telle que le spinelle MgAl2O4, assure un gain de performance et une réduction du volume de l’assemblage. L’élaboration de ce matériau requiert la combinaison d’une haute qualité optique dans le domaine du visible et de propriétés mécaniques élevées. Dans ce travail, l’application d’un frittage naturel sous vide d’une poudre commerciale de haute pureté a permis de limiter l’introduction d’impuretés néfastes à la transparence et la croissance granulaire. Une étape supplémentaire de pressage isostatique à chaud s’est montrée nécessaire à l’élimination des pores résiduels et à l’obtention de spinelles transparents de haute qualité optique (80% à 400-800 nm, e = 2 mm, Ø21 mm). Une étude de la microstructure avant et après post-traitement a permis de mettre en relation la taille des grains et des pores avant post-frittage avec la croissance granulaire observée pendant ce traitement. Une optimisation du procédé a ainsi pu être mise en place afin de limiter l’augmentation de la taille des grains et obtenir une microstructure homogène (~ 12 μm). Après un changement des dimensions des échantillons réussi (e = 4 mm, Ø60 mm), différents spinelles à propriétés microstructurales et mécaniques distinctes ont été sélectionnés pour une évaluation en conditions balistiques. / This work focuses on the improvement and the lightening of transparent ballistic armours. The conventional use of glass provides high efficiency against a projectile, however associated with a heavy and thick armour. The replacement of the strike face by a polycrystalline ceramic, such as MgAl2O4 spinel, leads to a performance gain and a decrease of the protection volume. The development of this material requires the combination of a high optical quality in the visible domain and high mechanical properties. In this work, pressureless sintering under vacuum of a high purity commercial powder allowed to minimize the addition of impurities, detrimental to the transparency, and the grain growth phenomenon. An additional step of hot isostatic pressing was necessary to eliminate residual porosity and to obtain transparent spinel with high optical quality (80% at 400-800 nm, t = 2 mm, Ø21 mm). An analysis of the microstructure before and after the post-treatment made it possible to determine the link between the grain and pore sizes before post-sintering and the observed grain growth during this treatment. An optimisation of the process was established in order to restrain the grain size increase, and thus to obtain a homogeneous microstructure (~ 12 μm). After a successful up-scaling of the samples (t = 4 mm, Ø60 mm), several spinel samples with distinctive microstructural and mechanical properties were selected in order to evaluate their performances through ballistic tests.

Les techniques de frittage ultrarapide « naturel » (sans charge) comme le frittage par micro-ondes ou par induction présentent de nombreux avantages. Toutefois, le développement de ces techniques passe par une compréhension et une maitrise des mécanismes mis en jeu. A la fois similaires et complémentaires, ces procédés de chauffage-frittage ont été étudiées par une approche expérimentale afin d’approfondir les connaissances dans le domaine du Frittage Ultrarapide Naturel (FUN). Au cours de cette thèse, l’étude du frittage par micro-ondes de composites céramiques Al2O3-(Y)ZrO2 (3 à 40%vol.) a été menée parallèlement à celle du frittage par induction d’une poudre métallique micronique de nickel. La démarche expérimentale adoptée a consisté à réaliser des expériences de frittage à vitesses de chauffage imposées (de 25 à 1000°C/min) sur ces matériaux modèles et des pièces de petites dimensions, en se référant aux comportements en frittage conventionnel tant au niveau macroscopique qu’au niveau microscopique. / The techniques of ultrafast pressureless sintering as microwave or induction sintering offer manyadvantages. However, the development of these techniques requires an understanding and a control ofthe mechanisms involved. Both similar and complementary, these processes of heating-sintering havebeen studied by an experimental approach to increase knowledge in the field of Ultrafast PressurelessSintering.In this thesis, the study of microwave sintering of Al2O3-(Y)ZrO2 composites has been conductedin parallel with induction sintering of a submicronic nickel powder. The experimental approach usedconsisted in carrying out sintering experiments at imposed heating rates (from 25 to 1000°C/min) onchosen materials and small parts, referring to conventional sintering behavior at the macroscopic andmicroscopic scale.