This study explores experience with addictive substances of secondary school children from one chosen grammar school. The theoretical part focuses on a quantitative research using a questionnaire. Identified themes from the research are synthesized using tables and grafts. Furthermore, the final part of this study contains an interview with the school methodologists preventer. Analysed data showed, that the use of addictive substances remains a current problem and the number of the users has increased in 2015, even though that the users are aware of the side effects. It was also identified that after comparing findings from a study conducted in 2012, the number of cannabis users has decreased about 11%. Hypothesis, that girls are frequenter users has not been confirmed. Conversely, it was confirmed that family play an important part of prevention. This study may provide invaluable information to the secondary school.

Influenza type A is associated with most severe complications to humans and is historically recognized to cause pandemics. If a new subtype replicates well in humans it might upsurge in a new pandemic strain, one such example is the Influenza A (A/H1N1). The A/H1N1 pandemic in 2009/2010 was not as severe in Sweden as expected. Criticism has targeted the fact that authorities having misjudged the need for vaccination, concerns have been raised regarding the effect of the campaign on people’s willingness to be vaccinated in the future. This study aims to investigate if there are significant differences in attitudes towards the vaccination of A/H1N1 among different population groups in Stockholm, Sweden. The main groups explored are risk groups and non- risk groups, defined by objective definitions. A quantitative method was approached using questionnaires. The result indicates that people in a risk group and vaccinated had more favorable attitudes towards the vaccine compared to other groups. They also expressed less troubled concerns regarding vaccine safety and were more likely to immunize referring to inadequate health. It is evident that people at risk also define themselves as more vulnerable, in which vaccination is more acceptable. The expressed attitudes are in such dependent on risk-perceptions and vaccine status.

This study is a systematic literature review over 12 peer reviewed articles regarding the topiccyberbullying. The purpose of this study is to summarise and critically discuss different interventions and preventions used to tackle cyberbullying in school environments.Interventions and preventions will be analysed from a relational perspective. The articles are sorted and discussed in four relevant categories. These are: Netiquette, building relationships, Learning through role models, antibullying programs. The study found that the foundation of most successful interventions against cyberbullying is healthy relationships between students and school staff. The result showed that based on meaningful relationships, successful interventions and preventions can be formed and used in school. It is important to acknowledge that not a single intervention can solve a complex problem like cyberbullying, but instead there is a need for a combination of different interventions and more knowledge about the phenomena cyberbullying.

De la certitude d'une peine à son exécution complète on mesure combien la voie est pleine d'imprévus. Le temps, les magistrats, le pouvoir politique ont leurs actions propres qui vont annihiler, écourter, voire interrompre le processus d'application de la peine privative de liberté. L'effectivité de cette sanction pénale n'a cessé de souffrir de mécanismes légaux et d'événements de faits. Ces derniers, tout en permettant à leur bénéficiaire d'être libre, constituaient au même moment un obstacle ou un empêche réel à l'application effective de la peine prévue par les textes ; ou même celle prononcée par les juges. La place de la prison dans le système pénal français, marocain et sénégalais est cruciale. La prison est la peine de référence, sans l'être, tout en l'étant dans ces pays en question comme dans beaucoup d'autres pays. C'est tout le paradoxe de la politique pénale de ces autorités françaises, sénégalaises ; et moyennement marocaines. A ce titre, il semble donc nécessaire de s'interroger sur la nature et la place de la prison dans l'échelle des peines. La surpopulation carcérale, l'inefficacité des peines d'emprisonnement obligent à affronter la question de sa prédominance. Car la recherche de la certitude et de l'effectivité de la sanction pénale s'impose donc fortement. / Certainty of a sorrow to its execution supplements one measures how much the way is full with unforeseen. Time, the magistrates, the political power has their own actions which will destroy, to curtail, to even stop the process of application of the sentence of emprisonment. The effectiveness of this penal sanction did not cease suffering from legal mechanisms and events of facts. The latter, while making it possible to their recipient to be free, constituted at the same time a real obstacle or one prevented with the effective application of the sorrow envisaged by the texts; or even that pronounced by the judges. The place of the prison in the French, Moroccan and Senegalese penal system is crucial. The prison is the sorrow of reference, without the being, while being it in these countries in question as in much of other countries. It is all the paradox of the criminal policy of these French, Senegalese authorities; and fairly Moroccan. For this reason, it thus seems necessary to wonder about the nature and the place of the prison in the scale of the sorrows. Prison overpopulation, the inefficiency of the sorrows of imprisonment oblige to face the question of its prevalence. Because the research of the certainty and the effectiveness of the

Purpose: To recognize and raise awareness about the psychosocial status and health outcomes in older adults living with HIV. Method: A literature search was conducted from the disciplines of nursing and medicine using the CINAHL, PubMed, and Medline databases. Inclusion criteria: articles exploring older adults who are HIV positive and factors related to depression, suicide and available healthcare resources. Exclusion criteria: articles including individuals under the age of 50 infected with HIV/AIDS and articles focused entirely on physiologic principles of HIV/AIDS. Results: In older adults living with HIV/AIDS, the literature review disclosed a comprehensive gap between identifying this age group as 'at risk', lack of communication between health care providers and older adults concerning sexual activity and/or status, and recurring psychosocial components related to lack of resources and standards of care among older adults living with HIV/AIDS. An unbalanced amount of research has focused on the care and prevention of HIV/AIDS among young adult populations, while a limited amount of research is geared toward detection, prevention and interventions for HIV/AIDS in older adults. Findings suggest that HIV/AIDS is a syndrome of bias based on age and/or gender by health care providers. Solutions to this epidemic must begin with an all inclusive plan that investigates the prevention, identification and intervention across the lifespan. Discussion: As the country ages and the population of older adults increase, nurses will encounter an increasing number of older adults living with HIV/AIDS. In order to competently provide quality care to older adults with a positive HIV/AIDS status, further research is needed to bridge the gap of literature connecting psychosocial aspects of care and accompanying health outcomes.

The purpose of the study is to investigate how active teachers in grades k–3 can work actively to prevent reading difficulties. The purpose is also to investigate what early signs teachers can be observant of in terms of early reading learning associated with reading difficulties. My theoretical point of departure is based on the socio-cultural perspective in which learning takes place in a community with others based on the individual's conditions. I have also assumed the concept of literacy, which means that individuals can read, write, understand and draw conclusions in such an acceptable way that everyday situations work. The informants are active teachers in grades k–3. The study shows what signs the teachers are observant of, for example that students do not hear syllables, cannot rhyme, nor see word pictures. They write letters backwards, pronounce the sounds wrong and change or remove endings. Furthermore, the study shows how the respondents identify students with difficulties in early years by personalizing the teaching according to the student`s needs. Additional findings include the importance of having a good background knowledge of different reading difficulties and the importance of preventive work. The results also show other factors that counteract reading difficulties such as the classroom climate, the importance of getting the right information at handover from the teacher in preschool class and the importance of reading aloud. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur verksamma lärare i årskurs f–3 kan arbeta aktivt med att förebygga lässvårigheter. Syftet är även att undersöka vilka tidiga tecken som lärare kan vara observanta på när det gäller den tidiga läsinlärningen kopplat till lässvårigheter. Mina teoretiska utgångspunkter grundar sig i det sociokulturella perspektivet där lärande sker i gemenskap med andra utifrån individernas förutsättningar. Jag har även utgått ifrån begreppet literacy vilket innebär att individer ska kunna, läsa, skriva, förstå och dra slutsatser på ett så pass godtagbart sätt att vardagssituationer fungerar. Urvalsgruppen är verksamma lärare i årskurs f–3. Studiens resultat visar vilka tecken respondenterna är observanta på, så som att eleverna inte hör stavelser, inte kan rimma eller se ordbilder, att de vänder på bokstäver, säger fel ljud och ändrar eller utelämnar ändelser. Vidare visar resultatet hur respondenterna fångar upp elever med lässvårigheter i tidig ålder genom att individanpassa undervisningen utefter elevens behov. Studien visar även på vikten av att ha en bra bakgrundskunskap till olika lässvårigheter och hur viktigt det förebyggande läsinlärningsarbetet är. Resultatet visar även andra faktorer som motverkar lässvårigheter så som klassrumsklimat och vikten av att få rätt information vid överlämningen från förskoleklassen samt högläsningens betydelse.

In Nigeria, seaport companies have lost significant revenue since 2000 because of supply chain disruptions. If not mitigated, supply chain disruptions at Nigerian seaports will significantly affect organizational output and profitability. The purpose of this research was to explore strategies some seaport business leaders use to mitigate supply chain disruptions in Lagos, Nigeria. Supply chain management theory was the conceptual framework for this single case study. Data were collected using semistructured interviews with 4 participants from a Nigerian seaport company tbat adopted successful strategies to mitigate supply chain disruptions and review of company documents for methodological triangulation. Using thematic analysis, the 5 primary themes were corruption, seaport congestion, bureaucratic bottleneck, equipment failures, and employee disputes. Customer satisfaction and business profitability were 2 primary strategies the business leaders in the study used to mitigate supply chain disruptions. By implementing the strategies identified in the study, business leaders in the Nigerian seaport sector may be able to bring about positive social change by increasing business profitability. The strategies could increase employment opportunities for people in seaport cities, thereby decreasing the poverty level and leading to a better standard of living for residents.