This article relies on linear programming to calculate the extreme poverty line between 1913 and 1925. Using several sources, I estimate the minimum amount of income that a family had to earn in order to afford its basic feeding needs. Our estimations indicate that the minimum basket of foodstuff was afforded with a little more than a sol per day before the First World War, and that the cost of such basket increased to more than twice toward the end of the war. A comparison with the salaries of the period indicates that in Lima a large number of workers could afford the basket of basic foodstuff of their families, especially if more than one member of the family received wages; but that such ability largely declined by the end of the 1910s / Este artículo utiliza la metodología de programación lineal para calcular la línea de pobreza extrema entre 1913 y 1925. Utilizando diversas fuentes, estimamos el monto mínimo de ingresos que una familia debería haber obtenido con el fin de cubrir sus necesidades alimenticias básicas. Nuestras estimaciones indican que la canasta básica de alimentos se cubría con poco más de un sol diario antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial, y que el costo de tal canasta aumentó a más del doble hacia el final de la guerra. Una comparación con los salarios de la época indica que en Lima un gran número de trabajadores podía cubrir la canasta de consumo alimenticio básico de sus familias, especialmente si más de un miembro de la familia obtenía ingresos laborales; pero dicha capacidad disminuyó fuertemente hacia el final de 1910.

This thesis was focused on the influence of nature on property prices in selected destination of tourism Lipno. Evaluation of results and creation price maps of land at selected areas on Lipno Dam and make the comparison of land prices on the right and on the left page of Lipno.

References appear at the end of each chapter / The importance of gold in the development of South Africa as an industrialised economy cannot be over - emphasised. Towards the end of the 19th century the economy depended almost entirely on the production of gold and diamonds which laid the foundation for a highly - developed national economy. With gold still continuing to play an important role coupled with the recent price increases, a need was felt to investigate the potential effect of higher prices on gold production in South Africa. For reasons set out in the study, it was decided to compare potential out put for five different gold prices. A gold price received by the mines of 050 per ounce was used as abase. Further calculations were made at 060, 070, 0100 and 0150 per ounce. The calculations for all the cases were done duri ng the period when the Rand was floating with the Pound Sterling and a Rand : Dollar parity of 1:1, 2 4 was used. Since then two parity changes occured : the Rand was pegged to the Dollar on the 25th October, 1972 to give a Rand : Dollar parity of 1:1,27732, and the Dollar was devalued on the 13th February, 1973 by 1 1,1 % to give the present Rand : Dollar parity of 1:1, 4192. The e ffect of the above two parity changes is that revenue in Dollar terms is overstated by 14,45 5%. It is suggested that for purposes of this study the Rand figures be accepted and wherever Dollars are used in future estimates these be increased by the afore-mentioned 14, 455%. In Dollar terms the five Cases analised will change as follows: Case A : 5350 becomes 057, 23 per ounce Case B : 260 becomes 068, 67 per ounce Case C : 270 becomes 080,12 per ounce Case D : 0100 becomes 0114 ,46 per ounce Case E : 0150 becomes 0171, 68 per ounce To do an in-depth investigation into the effects of higher gold prices on each individual mine, it was necessary to analyse the various parameters required in the determination of gold p r oduction, revenue, lease and tax payments , and dividends. For each mine the pay limits at the various gold prices and at estimated working cost levels, were determined . Graphs of the estimated tonnages at various pay limits as well as the average grade of ore mineable at these limits were determined. From these graphs it is possible to obtain the total tonnage mi neable at various pay limits. Once the foregoing parameters were obtained for each mine, it was possible to determine annual gold production, revenue, lease and tax payments and amounts available to share holders which are then summarised in tables and illustrated in graphs. For ease of reference the mines were divided up into geographica l areas. Gold production revenue, lease and tax payments to the State and the amounts available to shareholders are summarised and compared for the various gold prices. The summaries show bold production remaining fairly constant at or just below the present level of about 900 000 kilograms per year until 1978 for Case A, 1979 for Cases B and C, 1983 for Case D, and 1984 for Case E. before declining progressively thereafter. Revenue following the same pattern as gold production for Case A , as is to be expected, but increasing to a peak of R1 466 million in 1977 for Case B before progressively declining, increasing to a peak of R2 434 million in 1982 for Case D before progressively declining, increasing to a peak of R3 478 million in 1983 for Case E but remaining above the 1973 level of R1 254 million until the year 2005. Lease and tax payments and amounts available to share-holders following the same pattern as that indicated by revenue reaching peaks of respectively R390 million and R268 million for Case B R485 million and R339 million for Case C R756 million and R536 million for Case D R1 000 million and R779 million for Case E. Following the recent monetary unrest, gold prices assumed for 1973 are too conservative. Should the present gold price of about $80 and the 1972 level of production of 909 000 kilograms continue for the remainder of 1973, then gold production, revenue, lease and tax payments and dividends as shown for Case C for the year 1975 will be applicable for 1973. This shams gold production of 919 520 kilograms, gold revenue of R 1690 million, lease and tax payments of R465 million, and dividends of R339 million. The effect of the higher gold price can be clearly seen when the fore-going figures are compared with the 1971 totals of gold production of 97 6,600 kilogr ams , revenue of R396 million from gold, lease and tax payments of approximately R139 million, and dividends of R142 million . Despite a decline in gold production, revenue is expected to be up by 8 9 % whilst lease and tax payments increase by 2 35% compared with a dividend increase of 139%. Finally certain tax concessions to increase productivity and the rebuy alleviate the labour shortage, prolong the li ves of the mines by mining lower grade ore, and encourage exploration was investigated and suggestions made. / Business Management / D. Com.

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The diploma thesis deals with the issue of organic food, organic food market, their prices and trade margins. The main part of the thesis is a survey of the prices of selected organic foodstuffs, both at the level of the producers (purchase prices) and at the level of the traders (selling prices). The data are collected at various points of sales chains, specialized stores and e-shops within the South Bohemian Region, as well as by addressing manufacturers. The thesis monitors the margins of individual sales formats for selected commodities and then evaluates them from several points of view.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-09-02Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:57:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000793214.pdf: 3440329 bytes, checksum: a1f2782e77d62d5a88db6f0fc87f53e8 (MD5) / Após a reestruturação da indústria de eletricidade, a energia elétrica tornou-se uma mercadoria que pode ser comprada e vendida nos mercados de eletricidade. Dentro deste contexto, novas ferramentas para previsão de cargas e preços de eletricidade ainda são objetos de estudo. Redes Neurais Artificiais são bastante usadas para previsão de preços juntamente com outras técnicas estatísticas. Nesta pesquisa apresenta-se um método para a previsão de preço do dia seguinte, usando uma Rede Neural de Regressão Generalizada (GRNN) e Perceptron Multicamadas (MLP) com algoritmo de treinamento Levenberg – Marquardt. Os preços nodais são determinados resolvendo um DC-OPF (fluxo de potência ótimo), gerando os preços para todas as barras do sistema elétrico, denominado Locational Marginal Prices (LMP). Para treinar a rede neural, foram gerados vários cenários carga-preço e variando aleatoriamente a carga em cada barra do sistema elétrico. Os resultados são analisados através do erro percentual médio absoluto, uma medida muito comum encontrada na literatura. Os resultados foram comparados com literatura especializada com o caso base bem como com o Erro Máximo que varia de 3% a 8 %. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, dentro das margens encontradas na literatura, conforme apresentado na seção de resultados. A presente proposta foi aplicada no sistema teste IEEE 24- RTS. / After the electricity industry restructuring, electric energy has become a commodity that can be bought or sold in electricity markets. Within this context, new tools to predict loads and electricity prices are yet to be devised. Neural networks have been typically used for price forecasting, among other statistical-based techniques. This work presents a method for day-ahead price forecasting using a generalized regression neural network where nodal prices are determined by solving a DC optimal power flow. In order to train the neural network several load-price scenarios are generated by randomly varying the loads in each bus of the electric energy system. The results are validated by analyzing the mean absolute percentage error, a common measure adopted in the technical literature as well as the base case and the maximum error which are within those found in the literature. The proposed methodology has been successfully applied to the IEEE 24-RTS system.

abstract: This paper studies the dynamic relationship between the pricing of Alternative Asset Management products and macroeconomic variables. It does so using an index of Alternative Asset Management products, employing a VAR framework and examining the implied impulse response functions. I find a bivariate causal relation between the expected rate of return on Alternative Asset Management products and the growth rate of industrial value added. I also find that the CPI, the yield on one-year national debt, the weighted average yield of bond repurchases in interbank bond market, and the one-year loan interest rate can influence the expected return rate of Alternative Asset Management products. An analysis of the variance decomposition suggests that macroeconomic variables have a different impacts on forecast errors variance. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_jr_me_arafcl.pdf: 397320 bytes, checksum: 6885b64c62fc96b02338f6d4c295c6ea (MD5) / As análises apresentadas neste trabalho sobre o comportamento dos índices de preços da economia brasileira corroboram a hipótese de que, ao menos no período recente, o IGP, em suas várias modalidades, tornou-se um indicador enviesado da evolução dos preços. Entre 1999-2005, o IGP acusou variações de preços muito superiores às registradas pelos demais índices de preços apurados por diversas instituições brasileiras. Identifica-se o IPA - que tem peso de 60% na composição do IGP - como sendo o grande responsável por esse comportamento anômalo do IGP. A não convergência entre a inflação acumulada pelo IPA e o IPCA no período 1999-2005, evidenciada pelos testes de cointegração aqui aplicados, ratifica a hipótese acima, fortalecendo a tese de que o IGP teria deixado de cumprir o seu papel de medida síntese da inflação nacional. Os efeitos das flutuações cambiais têm sido acentuadamente mais fortes sobre o IGP do que em relação aos IPCs. Apesar das atualizações realizadas em seus componentes, a estrutura de ponderação do IGP, que remonta a década de 1940, mostrou-se ultrapassada e inadequada para uma economia que optou pelo regime de livre flutuação do câmbio e promoveu uma substancial liberalização comercial e financeira, como é o caso da economia brasileira. Conclui-se o presente trabalho explicitando alguns dos efeitos reais do comportamento do índice sobre a economia, indicando a necessidade de reformulação ou substituição do IGP como indexador de certos preços e contratos econômicofinanceiros. / The analyses presented in this article about the performance of the prices indexes of the Brazilian economy corroborate to the hypothesis that the General Index of Price (IGP), considering its all modalities, became a biased index of prices. In the period 1999-2005, the prices changes measured by the IGP were well above those accused by the other indexes of prices provided by several Brazilian institutions. The Index of Wholesale Prices (IPA) - responsible for 60% of the IGP - is identified as the main responsible for this anomalous performance of the IGP. The non convergence between the inflation measured by the IPA and the inflation measured by the Index of Amplified Consumer Prices (IPCA) in the period 1999- 2005, confirmed by the econometric tests applied here, ratifies the above hypothesis, reinforcing the thesis that the IGP would have failed to perform as an index-synthesis of the national inflation. The effects of the exchange rate floating have been much stronger on the IGP than on the Indexes of Consumer Prices. Despite of the updating of its components, the weighting pattern of the IGP, formulated in the decade of 1940, became old-fashioned and inadequate to an economy that adopted the floating exchange rate system and promoted a substantial trade and financial liberalization, as it is the case of the Brazilian economy.

A imagem de preço é formada por representações, impressões, convicções e redes de significados que estão armazenados na memória dos indivíduos em um contexto subjetivo, emocional e de forma holística que estão relacionados a fatores presentes nos preços. No entanto, estudos realizados sobre imagem de preço mensuraram a dimensão cognitiva da percepção do mesmo, onde o preço assume uma conotação, além do valor monetário. Sua imagem desempenha uma função de processo, de desenvolvimento de percepções complexas e holísticas vivenciadas pelos consumidores. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa objetiva analisar o efeito de diferentes níveis de preço de uma nova marca de produto sobre as dimensões da imagem de preço e a intenção de compra. Para testar as hipóteses propostas, empregou-se a técnica experimental com 326 amostras válidas. Esta pesquisa também investiga o efeito mediador entre os níveis de preço e a intenção de compra, utilizando como variáveis o valor percebido, a justiça percebida e a qualidade percebida, onde foram realizadas regressões lineares. Os resultados encontrados através dos experimentos denotam que as dimensões valor percebido, justiça percebida e as emoções positivas, são influenciadas pelos baixos níveis de preço. No entanto, as emoções negativas são mais fortemente manifestadas em altos níveis de preço, não havendo influência dos níveis de preço, no que se refere aos aspectos simbólicos de sua imagem. Quanto à qualidade percebida, houve somente um impacto significativo nos altos níveis de preço, sendo assim, a hipótese foi parcialmente confirmada, pois houve diferença significativa entre os dois extremos dos níveis de preço. Os achados relativos ao efeito mediador demonstram que o valor percebido e a justiça percebida mediam totalmente a relação entre os níveis de preço e a intenção de compra, para uma nova marca de produto, porém, a variável mediadora qualidade percebida não media a relação entre os níveis de preço e a intenção de compra. Baseado nisto, esta pesquisa amplia a compreensão sobre a construção da imagem de preço e o efeito dos níveis de preço de uma nova marca de produto sobre a imagem de preço. Desta forma, este estudo pode servir como um instrumento para que os pesquisadores, os estrategistas de marketing e as organizações possam compreender melhor como pode ser configurada a imagem de preço, junto aos consumidores, atuando como suporte na tomada de decisão das organizações, principalmente no que se refere ao gerenciamento de estratégias de precificação. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2014-11-12T16:51:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alexandra Elvira Mazzochi Scopel.pdf: 2628875 bytes, checksum: 541375586fc6591fc1f107642ad1f035 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-12T16:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Alexandra Elvira Mazzochi Scopel.pdf: 2628875 bytes, checksum: 541375586fc6591fc1f107642ad1f035 (MD5) / The image of price is formed by representations, impressions, beliefs and networks of meanings that are stored in the memory of individuals in a subjective, emotional context and in holistic way that are related to factors present in prices. However, studies on price image measure the cognitive dimension of its perception, where the price assumes a connotation beyond monetary value. Your image plays a role of process, of developing complex and holistic perceptions experienced by consumers. Thus, this research aims to analyze the effect of different levels of price of a brand new product on the image dimensions of price and purchase intent. To test the hypotheses, we used the experimental technique with 326 valid samples. This research also investigates the mediating effect between price levels and purchase intent, using variables such as the perceived value, perceived fairness and perceived quality, where linear regressions were performed. The results from the experiment shave shown that the dimensions perceived value, perceived justice and positive emotions are influenced by low price levels. However, negative emotions are more strongly expressed in high levels of price and in relation to the symbolic aspects of its image there is no influence of price levels. Regarding the perceived quality, there was only one significant impact on the high price levels, so the hypothesis was partially confirmed as there was a significant difference between the two extremes of price levels. Findings related to the mediating effect show that perceived value and perceived justice fully mediate the relationship between price levels and purchase intent for a brand new product, however, the mediator variable perceived quality does not mediate the relationship between price levels and purchase intent. Based on this, this research extends the understanding of image construction price and the effect of price levels of a brand new product on the price image. Thus, this study can serve as a tool for researchers, marketing strategists and organizations can better understand how it can be configured to image the price to consumers, acting as support in the decision making of organizations, especially regarding the management of pricing strategies.

A imagem de preço de produto e o valor percebido são importantes indicadores da intenção de recompra. Para tal, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as relações entre a imagem de preço de produto, o valor percebido e a intenção de recompra junto aos consumidores de cervejas especiais. Assim, foi desenvolvida uma survey com 329 consumidores buscando atingir o objetivo desta pesquisa. Para a análise dos dados procedeu-se a aplicação da técnica de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais. Os resultados encontrados indicam que há uma relação direta positiva entre a imagem de preço de produto e o valor percebido e entre o valor percebido e a intenção de recompra para as cervejas especiais. Quanto aos efeitos moderadores, concluise que a experiência do consumidor modera positivamente a relação entre o valor percebido e a intenção de recompra, porém o mesmo não ocorreu quando se analisou o efeito moderadores negativo da sensibilidade ao preço e dos níveis de preço (baixo e alto) na relação entre o valor percebido e a intenção de recompra. As principais contribuições teóricas deste estudo se referem ao teste de um modelo para a imagem de preço de produto, seus efeitos sobre o valor percebido a intenção de recompra e as relações de moderação pela sensibilidade ao preço, experiência do consumidor e níveis de preço. Como implicações gerenciais são propostas ações visando melhor compreender a percepção da imagem de preço dos consumidores de cervejas especiais para melhor direcionar as ações estratégicas de apreçamento deste produto. Estudos futuros podem ampliar a compreensão do modelo desenvolvido, aplicando-o a profissionais do segmento cervejeiro, desenvolver estudos experimentais e agregar novos construtos ao modelo teórico proposto. / Submitted by cmquadros@ucs.br (cmquadros@ucs.br) on 2018-02-20T11:59:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Rizzon.pdf: 1933806 bytes, checksum: 6c56769a1935d20cbefd13ac2b09307b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-20T11:59:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Rizzon.pdf: 1933806 bytes, checksum: 6c56769a1935d20cbefd13ac2b09307b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES / The image of product price and perceived value are important indicators of the intention to repurchase. To this end, the objective of this study was to verify the relations between the product price image, the perceived value and the intention to repurchase with the consumers of special beers. Thus, a survey was conducted with 329 consumers seeking to achieve the objective of this research. For the analysis of the data, the Structural Equation Modeling technique was applied. The results indicate that there is a direct positive relationship between the product price image and the perceived value and between the perceived value and the intention to repurchase the special beers. As for the moderating effects, it is concluded that the consumer experience moderates positively the relation between perceived value and repurchase intention, but this was not the case when the negative moderating effect of price sensitivity and price levels (low and high) in the relationship between the perceived value and the repurchase intention. The main theoretical contributions of this study refer to the test of a model for the image of product price, its effects on the perceived value and the intention of repurchase and the relations of moderation by the sensitivity to the price, consumer experience and price levels. As managerial implications are proposed actions aimed at better understanding the perception of the price image of consumers of special beers to better direct the strategic pricing actions of this product. Future studies can broaden the understanding of the developed model, applying it to professionals in the brewing segment, developing experimental studies and adding new constructs to the proposed theoretical model.