O propósito do presente estudo é investigar a formação de preços do etanol hidratado no mercado de combustíveis do país. Esta pesquisa busca identificar como se forma o preço do etanol hidratado no mercado interno. A concepção teórica parte da compreensão da formação de preços abrangendo custos, economia de escala, fatores mercadológicos, econômicos e sociais na formação de preços. Em seguida, é realizada a contextualização do combustível etanol no mercado interno, como se caracteriza sua demanda e oferta, suas tecnologias e seus principais propulsores na difusão do mercado de combustíveis. Complementa-se com a caracterização do mercado internacional do combustível etanol e com os regulamentos ambientais existentes. Integrando-se as abordagens teóricas com a investigação realizada no setor de combustível etanol. O trabalho prossegue com a metodologia investigativa de atributos interno e externo para formar preços, o que motivou a escolha de uma metodologia baseada em estudos qualitativos e quantitativos, nos quais um complementa o outro em sua análise. Apresentando-se uma metodologia do tipo descritiva, exploratória e explicativa, a pesquisa proporciona reflexões e compreensão do mercado de etanol, que por meio de variáveis qualitativas preditivas, possibilita com o método quantitativo, explicar quais variáveis são significativas na formação dos preços praticados na revenda por meio do modelo de regressão linear múltiplo. Nesta etapa evidencia-se a contribuição em inferir quais variáveis explicam a formação de preços. De maneira secundária, a ferramenta estatística de Análise da Variância (Anova), possibilita identificar a vantagem do preço do etanol hidratado em relação à gasolina C no mercado interno. Pela regressão linear múltipla os resultados mostraram que os preços são formados significativamente pelos preços pagos ao produtor, distribuidora e custos de produção. Pela Anova, os resultados comprovaram também que a região Centro-Oeste foi a única que consolidou a vantagem do uso do etanol hidratado. Para ambos os resultados há reflexões explicativas que norteiam as razões e induzem predições acerca da formação de preços. Nesse sentido, uma reflexão estendida dos resultados permitiu analisar que a vantagem do uso do etanol hidratado na região Centro-Oeste, decorre das variáveis frota, bases de distribuição, tributos, produção e número de usinas produtoras. Com relação aos preços pagos ao produtor, distribuidora e custos de produção como principais variáveis explicativas na formação de preços, há evidências relativas por outras variáveis, que por mais que tenha sido apresentado coeficiente linear baixo, estes possuem relação causal, se complementados com a análise qualitativa, os quais, oferta, demanda, tributos e sazonalidade são, por exemplo, fatores que norteiam e dão complexidade à formação do preço / The purpose of the current study is to investigate the formation of the hydrated ethanol prices in the combustible market of the country. This research seeks to indentify how it is formed the price of the hydrated ethanol in the internal market. The theoretical conception comes from the comprehension of the prices formation involving costs, scale economy, market, economic and social factors in the price formation. Following, it is done the contextualization of the ethanol combustible in the internal market, as it is characterized its demand and offer, its technologies and its main propellers in the diffusion of the combustible market. It is complemented with the characterization of the international market of the ethanol combustible and with environment regulations existent. Integrating itself to the theoretical approach with the investigation done in the ethanol combustible sector. The work follows with the methodology investigated from internal and external attributes to the formation of the prices, what motivated the choice of a methodology based in qualifying and measurable studies, in which one complements the other in its analysis. Presenting a methodology of the descriptive, exploratory and explicative type, the research provides reflection and comprehension of the ethanol market, which by means of predictable qualitative variables, makes possible the quantitative method, explain which variable are significant in the formation of the prices practiced in the reselling by means of pattern of multiple linear regression. In this stage it is evidenced the contribution in inferring which variable explain the prices formation. In a secondary way, the statistic tool of Analysis of Variance (Anova), makes possible identify the advantage of the hydrated ethanol price in relation to the gasoline C in the internal market. By the multiple linear regression the results showed that the prices are formed significantly by the prices paid to the producer, distributor and production costs. By the Anova, the results prove also that the Center-West region was the only one that consolidated the advantage of the hydrated ethanol usage. For both the results there are explainable reflections that guide the reasons and induct predictions about the prices formation. In this way, an extended reflection of the results permitted to analyze that the advantage of the hydrated ethanol usage in the Center-West region, occurs from variable fleet, distribution basis, tributes, production and number of producer mill. In relation to the prices paid to the producer, distributor and production costs as main explainable variable in the prices formation, there are evidences related by other variables, which for more that have been presented low linear coefficient, there ones have casual relation, if complemented with the qualitative analysis, the ones which, offer, demand, tributes and seasonality are, as examples, factors that guide and give the complexity to the price formation

This study examines the relationship between in ation and price dispersion during the hyperin ationary episode in Brazil. We look at micro data on price dynamics through the perspective of dispersion at the store level, building on the informational consequences of high price dispersion. Rather than focus on which theoretical framework best explains the relative price variability seen on the data, we focus on a top-down approach to the information embedded in prices: we analyze price setting behavior from the perspective of economic segments as whole and from the perspective of each seller taken individually. In the former case we seek to answer the following: do higher levels of in ation favor higher price dispersion? In the latter, we focus on the time-series properties of each of more than 150 real price trajectories in both high and low in ation periods. We provide further empirical evidence of the loss of information embedded in prices, be it deriving from greater overall dispersion or from a greater volatility in each seller\'s price trajectory relative to its peers\'. Our findings extend previous results, accounting for a higher level of in ation, a longer time span and a broader selection of items. / Este trabalho investiga a relação entre inflação e dispersão de preços durante a experiência de hiperinflação vivida no Brasil. Estudamos micro dados de preços sob a perspectiva da dispersão no nível do vendedor, buscando evidências das consequências informacionais de uma alta dispersão de preços. Ao invés de investigar qual arcabouço teórico melhor explica a variabilidade de preços relativos encontrada nos dados, focamos em uma abordagem sobre a informação incorporada nos preços que vai do geral para o particular: analisamos primeiramente a formação de preços de maneira agregada e depois sob o ponto de vista do vendedor individualmente. No primeiro caso queremos responder à seguinte pergunta: níveis maiores de inflação geram níveis maiores de dispersão de preços? No segundo caso, focamos nas características das séries temporais de mais de 150 trajetórias de preços reais tanto para o período de alta inflação quanto para o período pós-estabilização. Fornecemos evidências empíricas adicionais da diminuição do caráter informacional dos preços, resultante tanto de uma maior dispersão das distribuições de preços, quanto da maior volatilidade na trajetória individual dos preços, relativamente aos preços dos concorrentes. Nossos resultados estendem trabalhos anteriores uma vez que considera um ambiente de inflação mais alta e mais volátil, um horizonte de tempo maior e uma seleção mais ampla de produtos.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a dinâmica (dispersão e variação) dos preços de um conjunto de bens duráveis praticados pelos varejistas em lojas virtuais brasileiras. As informações foram coletadas por um sistema automático de captura, ao longo de um ano completo (2014). Três hipóteses foram formuladas. A primeira hipótese estabeleceu que, apesar das características homogêneas dos produtos comercializados, deveriam persistir diferenças significativas entre os preços praticados pelos diferentes varejistas. A segunda hipótese propôs a ideia de que, para produtos tecnologicamente mais simples, as diferenças de preços entre os competidores deveriam ser menos acentuadas quando comparadas com itens mais complexos. A terceira hipótese provém de uma ideia semelhante, entretanto, fixa-se na comparação de preços praticada em diferentes períodos do ano. Supôs-se que, em momentos nos quais a sazonalidade é de aumento forte das vendas (por exemplo, \"Black Friday\" ou o Dia das Mães), as variações de preços devem ser menores que as registradas em outros períodos do ano. A análise dos modelos, utilizando 767481 observações concluiu pela não rejeição das três hipóteses. / The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of retail durable goods prices. A set of representative products traded on the Internet channel was chosen. The information set was surveyed with the use of an automatic data collection system, throughout the whole year of 2014. Three hypotheses were proposed. The first hypothesis states that despite the fact that the products are relatively homogeneous, meaningful prices differences among the retailers should be found. The second hypothesis affirms that durable goods which are technologically simpler than other ones, more sophisticated, should unveil fewer price differences. The third and the last hypothesis proposes that in periods when the demand is more intense (Mother´s Day in May, or Black Friday in November, for instance), the price differences should be less pronounced. The tests carried out, using 767481 cases, did not reject the three hypotheses.

Em um ambiente globalizado e dinâmico como o atual, no qual as oportunidades surgem e as vantagens desaparecem muito rapidamente, as estratégias, que estão refletidas na Administração de Marketing, precisam ser ágeis para possibilitar adaptação e ligação entre empresa e mercado. Tais estratégias são refletidas na decisão do composto de marketing (4P\'s), do qual se destaca a variável preço, por sua relevância como elemento estratégico. As teorias de precificação apresentam pouca aplicabilidade prática, o que leva ao desenvolvimento de técnicas simplificadas que favoreçam a praticidade e aplicabilidade em larga escala. Em relação aos custos, alguns aspectos devem ser considerados, como a proporção entre custos fixos e variáveis e a estrutura de custos da organização, além da possibilidade de economias de escala e de escopo. Seja pela venda de mais produtos ou pela venda de produtos diferentes utilizando os mesmos recursos e infra-estrutura, a empresa pode incrementar seus resultados ou obter uma vantagem competitiva, uma vez que estará diluindo seus custos. Considerando o crescimento do setor de serviços e a escassez de estudos sobre esse tema para o setor, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a existência de economias de escala e de escopo em empresas do setor de serviços e analisar sua influência nos custos, no âmbito do processo estratégico de determinação de preços. Para atingir este objetivo, realizou-se, primeiramente, uma revisão bibliográfica abordando o conceito de estratégia, modelos de estratégia competitiva e sua interface com marketing estratégico, a determinação de preços como elemento estratégico do composto de marketing com ênfase no setor de serviços, o papel dos custos nesse processo e a discussão acerca das economias de escala e de escopo como fatores diluidores de custos. Como método para a pesquisa de campo, utilizouse o estudo de caso, tendo em vista o estágio atual da literatura sobre o tema e o problema de pesquisa. Considerando sua representatividade e o acirramento da concorrência verificado nos últimos anos, foi escolhido o setor de serviços bancários para realização do estudo. A escolha do Banco A para a realização do estudo se deu em função de sua participação relevante no mercado, além de ser visto como um banco inovador por clientes e concorrentes no mercado B2B. O estudo contemplou a estratégia corporativa, a determinação de preços, a apuração de custos, a introdução de novos produtos, bem como a existência de economias de escala e de escopo e sua influência na determinação de preços. Foi possível verificar a existência de economias de escala e de escopo na busca por uma vantagem competitiva baseada em liderança em custos ou diferenciação, o que denota grande influência de tais economias nos custos e, conseqüentemente nos preços dos produtos estudados. / In a globalized and dynamic environment such as the one we live in nowadays, where opportunities arise and advantages disappear very quickly, strategies, which are reflected in Marketing Management, must be agile in order to enable the connection between a company and the market. Such strategies are reflected in the decision of the marketing mix (4P\'s), in which stands out the price variable due to its importance as a strategic element. Pricing theories have little practical application, which leads to the development of simplified techniques in favor of practicality and applicability in a large scale. Regarding costs, some aspects should be considered such as the ratio between fixed and variable costs and cost structure of the organization, besides the possibility of economies of scale and scope. Either by selling more products or selling different products using the same resources and infrastructure, the company can improve its results or obtain a competitive advantage, since its costs will be diluted.Considering the growth of service sector and the scarcity of studies on this issue for the sector, this study aimed to identify the existence of economies of scale and scope in the services sector and analyze its influence on costs, within the strategic process of pricing. To achieve this goal, it was held a literature review addressing the concept of strategy, competitive strategy models and their interface with strategic marketing, the pricing as a strategic element of the marketing mix with emphasis on the service sector, the role of costs in this process and discussion of economies of scale and scope as extenders cost factors. As a method for field research, we used the case study, given the current state of literature on the topic and research problem. Considering its representativeness and increased competition in recent years, the banking sector was chosen for the study. Bank A was chosen for the study due to its significant participation in the market, besides being seen as an innovative bank by customers and competitors in the B2B market. The study included corporate strategy, pricing, costs, introduction of new products, as well as the existence of economies of scale and scope and its influence in determining prices. It was possible to verify the existence of economies of scale and scope in order to seek a competitive advantage based on cost leadership or differentiation, which indicates strong influence of such economies in costs and prices of the products that were studied.

This dissertation analyzes the complex relationships between language, immigration, and labor and housing market outcomes. First, I model the urban labor market as segmented by language barriers. The prediction of this segmentation theory is confirmed by Canadian Census data, which allow me to identify a worker's labor market segment by her work language. Second, I explore whether the housing market reflects people's willingness to pay for higher quality social-ethnic interactions. By combining housing transaction data and Census information, I am able to test such a relationship with positive results. Finally, I ask what properties housing price series have if some people have better knowledge of the future immigration/migration flows to a city. Under this setup, the price series become serially correlated and the price volatility varies over time. The model also explains the long-standing price-volume relationship in housing transaction data. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

No description available.

In the last decade or so political scientists have found the pluralist and marxist theoretical perspectives wanting for their inadequate attention to the causal role of states. In response, a burgeoning international literature has emerged which sets out to develop a state-centred theoretical perspective. This study is deeply informed by the emerging statist theoretical perspective. This thesis explores the relative capacity of the federal state to increase its autonomy in relation to the powerful oil MNCs in the period 1973-84 through an expanded federal presence in the energy sector. Whereas many scholars have assumed that a positive relationship existed between state capacity and the effectiveness of state intervention, Evans and Ikenberry for instance argue that an almost inverse relationship exists between the magnitude of intervention and its effectiveness. In Canada the literature on federalism has long been cognizant of the important role of states. This thesis therefore attempts to fuse the two bodies of literature, namely statism and federalism, in order to shed added light on the development of federal oil policy during 1973-84. The fact that the Canadian state is federal accounts for the recurring tendency for the energy issue to be redefined from its "obvious" focus on state-oil industry relations to intrastate issues (federal-provincial relations). A major contribution of this thesis is to explore the circumstances in which jurisdictional concerns deflect attention from policy substance - and also to those in which the reverse occurs. The thesis finds that when one level of government sought to become more independent of dominant societal actors, such as the oil industry, the intervention, whether so intended or not, was redefined to follow intergovernmental lines of conflict, rather than state-society lines of conflict. The nature of the issues also changed as distributional problems became subsumed under and were driven by the jurisdictional concerns of governments. This increased the policy interdependence between the two levels of government, squeezed out industry interests from intergovernmental deliberations, and generated intervention aimed directly at curtailing the power of the other level of government. This intervention which at first rendered the aggregate state less dependent on the oil industry by for example the creation of Petro-Canada, and later by the NEP, ultimately backfired on the state, at both levels. Important world oil market changes, intergovernmental conflicts and stalemates, deteriorating economic performance, industry reactions, and other mounting economic and political problems undermined the federal government's intervention and led to concessions for the industry. Such concessions were therefore the product of an increasingly irrelevant regulatory framework rather than purely a reflection of the power of the oil industry as such. This thesis confirms in general terms Ikenberry's finding that an inverse relationship exists between the degree and magnitude of intervention and its effectiveness. Evans and Ikenberry see this most clearly in relation to NOCs, that is in their propensity to evade state control schemes and to undermine centralized state control. In Canada the opposite change.exacerbated conflicts, namely the efforts by governments to shore up their capabilities as corporate actors and the emergence of "political federalism" which saw decision-making becoming centralized within each government, in the hands of decision-makers with jurisdiction-wide concerns. The ensuing process of intrajurisdictional policy coordination not only exacerbated conflicts but also oriented the emerging policy instruments along intergovernmental lines. Another contributing factor was the learning process that decision-makers underwent in the intergovernmental arena. In addition, 'policy mobilization' in the NEP served to link Petro-Canada closer to the political objectives of federal elites. Therefore, while the effects are the same in Canada, the process is almost the reverse of the one described by Evans and Ikenberry. Evans and Ikenberry see ineffective state intervention largely as the product of state actors mobilizing societal actors and state and societal actors becoming more closely linked. This study supplements the statist literature by noting that the attempts of a number of interventionist governmental actors to introduce comprehensive and more independent interventionist strategies heightened conflicts, generated inefficiencies and essentially caused the intervention to fail. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

This research studies normative pricing strategies for information technology (IT) used by suppliers to supplement an underlying primary good. Transactions with consumers and customer firms are considered. Characteristics of IT are divided into IT impacts on customers, and IT impacts on suppliers. IT impacts on customers include vertical differentiation or reduced turnover costs for the primary good, and positive IT adoption costs. IT impacts on suppliers include reduced production costs for the primary good, and the costs of IT. Optimal pricing for the IT and the primary good is modelled for monopoly, and Bertrand competition based on IT and the primary good is modelled for oligopoly. Two part tariffs are used for the IT and IT enhanced primary good. Results of pricing to consumers show that the fixed component of an optimal (or equilibrium) two part tariff can either be a net tax or a net subsidy, confirming the possibility of taxed or subsidized IT adoption. For the monopolist offering the IT and IT enhanced primary good only, the consumer's adoption/switching cost limits the possible subsidy. Consistent with previous economics research, in a duopoly where one supplier has IT, the IT supplier abandons the original primary good. Two suppliers with identical IT cannot attain a positive profit equilibrium. Analogous results obtain for a special case of pricing to customer firms. Empirical results support differential (premium) pricing for an IT enhanced primary good over an original good. / Business, Sauder School of / Operations and Logistics (OPLOG), Division of / Graduate

No description available.

The aim of the thesis is to describe the problems of accounting valuation and issues, connected with prices, which are used for income tax purposes. First there is the issue of accounting valuation with giving emphasis on valuation which is governed by Czech law, because the tax base from income for certain taxpayers is based on the profit or loss in accordance with Czech law. Because of the fact that the Czech methodology is progressively closer to International Financial Reporting Standards some differences will be mentioned between the Czech methodologies and IFRS. The next section explains in detail the prices which are used in accordance with the law on income taxes. In the practical section, some examples will be given to show the difference between the valuation for accounting purposes and income taxes. In conclusion, the analysis of financial statements of corporations reporting according to IFRS there is performed. The aim of this analysis is to find out which valuation method entities prefer, if International Financial Reporting Standards allow a choice between more types of methods.