Annotation: This masters thesis deals with prominent figure of the Pope Gregory the Great (540-604), whose life and especially pontificate became a model for many of his successors as well as for the overall direction of the Roman Church. Despite the indisputable authority of the Pope there is no full consensus about its meaning or some of its steps. The aim of this work is as faithful as possible to capture his life, the concept of the Church and political activity. The work will not appreciation of Gregory's theological concept, but rather to capture its political and organizational-legal approaches to fulfilling idea of the power of the papacy. The work will be primarily based on sources which Gregory himself left behind, which will primarily reflected his correspondence. They will use other historical sources as well as secondary literature. A method of processing work will consist in the logical analysis of the sources, comparison with literature secondary and subsequent summary and evaluation.

The submitted dissertation thesis analyses the principle of primacy of EU law from the basic point of view of legal theory. It points out different approaches to the primacy principle and examines the arguments on which these approaches are based. The fist part of the thesis deals with the examination of the primacy principle related to its legal basis, using the sources most frequently listed in the literature: the founding treaties, the case law of the Court of Justice, legal theory (Kelsen's basic norm, Hart's rule of recognition and the legal sociology approaches), and international and national law. I have focused on the historical documents (Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community), the concepts based on them (doctrine of the conferred powers and the principle of subsidiarity), and the non-ratified Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe and legally non-binding Declaration No. 17 attached to the Lisbon Treaty. I have applied a critical approach to the argumentation of the Court of Justice in the decisions establishing the principle of primacy: Van Gend en Loos, Costa, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft, Simmenthal. Taking into account the existing objections against the arguments used by the Court of Justice, I have...

Trata-se de compreender como se articula um sistema de filosofia que, emerso da Crítica kantiana, não pode nem fazer apelo aos objetos da metafísica especial, nem pressupor qualquer positividade, como a lógica e a coisa em si, constituindo-se, pois, como uma doutrina-da-ciência. Ao nosso ver, essa articulação tem seu núcleo central em um primado da prática: a Fundação da Ciência do Prático, terceira parte da Fundação de toda a Doutrina-da-Ciência, tem seu lugar no sistema ao solucionar as contradições e limites que o saber teórico deixou e que, como mera teoria, é incapaz de dar conta , mostrando que é apenas a partir do primado da faculdade prática, fundada na exigência do eu absoluto de realizar a infinitude e na lei do eu de refletir sobre si mesmo como realizando tal idéia, que se funda o sistema do saber humano e, portanto, a representação. Parece-nos que este momento da exposição da doutrina-daciência de 1794 permite a descrição do idealismo transcendental de Fichte como um idealismo crítico, herdeiro da filosofia kantiana. / Our aim is to understand how Fichte´s system of philophy is articulated, provided that it, coming from Kant´s Critic, cannot make appeal either to the objects of special metaphysics or pressuposes any positivity like logics or the thing in itself and therefore arrives at a Doctrine of Science (Wissenschaftslehre). In our interpretation, this articulation is centered on the primacy of practice: the \"Foundation of the Science of Practice\", third part of the Foundation of the Entire Doctrine of Science, fits in the system as it solves the contradictions and limits of the theoretical knowledge by showing that only the primacy of the practical faculty, grounded in the necessity of the realization of infinity by the absolute I and in the law of self-reflection as the realization of this idea, can found the system of human knowledge and hence the representation. It seems that this moment of the exposition of 1794´s Doctrine of Science allows the description of Fichte´s transcendental idealism as a critic idealism, heir of kantian philosophy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Antonio da Silva.pdf: 2397964 bytes, checksum: 8fddc46242daaecef1323e86e6001605 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-18 / Conforms the catholic doctrine, the bishop of the Church of Rome, as the successor of Peter, occupies a position of authority and final responsibility in the universal Church. This responsibility received dogmatic confirmation in the constitution Pastor aeternus of Vatican Council II. The terms used in Vatican Council II favored the understanding of craft primatial second the model of monarchy absolute, which became the current interpretation in the Catholic Church. However, the advance of the theology, the Vatican Council II and the ecumenical commitment of the Church brought elements difficult to reconcile with this understanding. This works intends, through analysis of the conciliar text and its sources, define if the understanding of the primacy as absolute monarchy is necessary, or if the dogma of Vatican I can be understood in another way. / Conforme a doutrina católica, o bispo da Igreja de Roma, como sucessor de Pedro, ocupa uma posição de autoridade e responsabilidade final na Igreja universal. Esta autoridade recebeu confirmação dogmática na constituição Pastor aeternus do Concílio Vaticano I. Os termos usados no Concílio favoreceram a compreensão do ofício primacial segundo o modelo da monarquia absoluta, que se tornou a interpretação corrente na Igreja Católica. Porém, o avanço da teologia, o Concílio Vaticano II e o empenho ecumênico da Igreja trouxeram elementos dificilmente conciliáveis com essa compreensão. O presente trabalho pretende, através da análise do texto conciliar e de suas fontes, definir se a compreensão do primado como monarquia absoluta é necessária, ou se o dogma do Vaticano I pode ser entendido de outra maneira

A presente tese apresenta uma reflexão sobre o perspectivismo nietzschiano e sua relação com o projeto de uma transvaloração dos valores, ao qual estaria subordinado. Daí falarmos num \"primado da prática\" sobre a teoria a partir de um paralelo com o pensamento kantiano, que nos fornece elementos para pensar, por exemplo, a possibilidade de um discurso \"normativo\" mesmo ali onde os aspectos \"descritivos\" da cosmologia pareciam sufocar a capacidade do homem para a ação. Torna-se plausível, desse ponto de vista, a idéia de uma \"guerra filosófica\", conduzida sob o signo do espírito livre e de sua liberdade de tipo nobre, contra o dogmatismo que teria marcado os vários empreendimentos filosóficos da história ocidental. Graças ao duplo ponto de vista de inspiração kantiana, porém, e ao propósito de não aceitar acriticamente a \"letra do texto\", uma tal guerra deixaria de atrelar-se à defesa da aristocracia e poderia associar-se a certos ideais dessa mesma tradição cultural que Nietzsche teria pretendido implodir, entre eles a liberdade individual e de criação cuja efetividade parece depender, em princípio, de um certo pressuposto democrático. / This work presents a reflection on Nietzsche\'s perspectivism and its relation to the project of a transvaluation of values, on which it would be dependent. That\'s why we conceive a \"primacy of practice\" over theory based on a parallel with Kant\'s philosophy, which enables us to conceive the possibility, for example, of a \"normative\" speech even where the \"descriptive\" elements of cosmology seemed to suppress man\'s capacity to act. It becomes plausible, from that point of view, to think of a \"philosophical war\", carried under the ideal of the free spirit and its noble freedom, against the dogmatism that would be present in all philosophical enterprises in occidental history. Thanks, though, to a Kant inspired double point of view, and to the purpose of not acritically accepting the \"exact meaning\" of Nietzsche\'s word, such a war would no more be bound to the support of aristocracy, and could be tied to certain ideals of this same cultural tradition that Nietzsche would have intended to destroy. Among such ideals, there would be individual freedom, and freedom of creation, whose effectiveness seems, in principle, to depend on a certain democratical pressuposition.

O que se propõe nesse estudo é mostrar como se deu o processo de produção do espaço urbano de Boa Vista, capital do estado de Roraima, visto como produto histórico e social em três momentos de sua formação sócioespacial: inicialmente, quando estava sob a jurisdição do estado do Amazonas, entre 1890 e 1943; num segundo momento, quando da criação do Território Federal do Rio Branco, em 1943 e a implantação do plano urbanístico da cidade em 1944, finalmente, a partir da transformação do Território Federal de Roraima em Estado, em 1988. As premissas desse estudo serão definidas a partir da leitura dos sistemas de objetos e de ações incorporadas pelos agentes promotores do espaço urbano, como o gestor público federal, estadual e municipal, especulares fundiários e instituições privadas entre outros, dentro de uma perspectiva espaço-temporal. Neste quadro complexo é que se pretende abrir as discussões sobre o espaço intra-urbano da capital roraimense, que nos relatos, documentos e estudos dão conta da inserção de sucessivas modernidades que retratam a abrangência de sua expressão local como centro polarizador de equipamentos e serviços urbanos no Estado.Nesta perspectiva, entendemos que a produção do espaço urbanos de Boa Vista aumentou a diferenciação do espaço, propiciando a formação de territórios diferenciados. / What is proposed in this work is to show the process of the production of urban space of Boa Vista, capital of the state of Roraima, seen as a historic and social product in three moments of its socio-spatial formation: initially, when it was under the jurisdiction of the state of Amazonas, between 1890 and 1943; in a second moment, when the Federal Territory of Rio Branco was created, in 1943 when the urban plan of the city was made, in 1944, and, finally, after the transformation of the Federal Territory of Roraima into a State, in 1988. The premises of this work will be defined from the reading of the systems of objects and actions embodied by the agents who promoted the urban space, such as the federal, state and municipal, land speculators and private institutions, among others, within a space-temporal perspective. Within this complex frame one intends to open discussions about the intra-urban space of the capital of Roraima, which, in accounts, documents and studies narrate the insertion of successive modernities that depict the amplitude of its local expression as a polarizing center of urban goods and services in the State. In this perspective, we understand that the production of the urban space of Boa Vista increased the differentiation of space, favoring, thus, the formation of differentiated territories.

This thesis examines whether urbanization affects GDP per capita positively in Sub-Saharan Africa. Further investigations are done to study how the size of the prime city affects GDP per capita, as well as how the prime city as a percentage of urban population interacts with GDP per capita. The results show that urbaization and GDP per capita interact positively - that is, increase in urbaization increases GDP per capita. We also find that size of the prime city as a percentage of total population is insignificant, though we do see that when the degree of centrality ( measured by prime city as a percentage of urban population) increases there is a negative impact on GDP per capita. This would suggest that while urbaization is economically positive for the region, concentrated urbaization can dampen the effect.

Previous research has documented the prevalent effects of message order on message persuasiveness. Based on the Belief Updating Model (Hogarth and Einhorn, 1992), response mode has been found as one moderator of primacy versus recency effects. The present study considers additionally the role of culture as a moderator. Because internalized cultural values and norms affect how messages are processed and interpreted, we propose that cultural differences in cognitive processing styles will impact whether primacy or recency effects are stronger under different message order conditions in for Easterners and Westerners. Results from the current work offer evidence that both culture and cognitive style (holistic versus analytical thinking) serve as moderators to explain message order effects. Results replicate prior studies showing a primacy effect with End of Sequence response mode and a recency effect with Step-by-Step response mode. Further, we found that Easterners were more influenced by the primacy effect when compared to Westerners. However, the effect of primacy was attenuated by response mode. Westerners were equally influenced by both primacy and recency effects.

I verbala minnestester brukar friska individer komma ihåg flera ord från början och från slutet av ordlistan (primacy- och recency-effekt) än från mitten av den. Detta fenomen kallas för seriepositionseffekt. Recency-effekten anses bero på arbetsminnet, medan episodiska minnet ansvarar för primacy-effekten. Svårigheter med episodiska minnet är ofta det första symtomet vid begynnande Alzheimers sjukdom. Femtiosju testprotokoll av Rey AVLT varav en tredjedel kom från patienter med Alzheimers sjukdom, en tredjedel från personer med diagnosen lindrig kognitiv störning och en tredjedel från friska kontrollpersoner, undersöktes med flera poängsättningsmetoder baserade på seriepositionseffekten, för att se om någon metod skapade tydligare skillnader mellan diagnosgrupperna än den sedvanliga poängsättningen. Resultatet av alternativa poängsättningsmetoder skilde sig överlag mindre än förväntat från den sedvanliga poängsättningen. Enbart primacy gav tydligt sämre resultat, medan metoder som ger poäng för alla ord förutom recency gav i vissa fall något bättre resultat än den sedvanliga poängsättningen.

Previous research has documented the prevalent effects of message order on message persuasiveness. Based on the Belief Updating Model (Hogarth and Einhorn, 1992), response mode has been found as one moderator of primacy versus recency effects. The present study considers additionally the role of culture as a moderator. Because internalized cultural values and norms affect how messages are processed and interpreted, we propose that cultural differences in cognitive processing styles will impact whether primacy or recency effects are stronger under different message order conditions in for Easterners and Westerners. Results from the current work offer evidence that both culture and cognitive style (holistic versus analytical thinking) serve as moderators to explain message order effects. Results replicate prior studies showing a primacy effect with End of Sequence response mode and a recency effect with Step-by-Step response mode. Further, we found that Easterners were more influenced by the primacy effect when compared to Westerners. However, the effect of primacy was attenuated by response mode. Westerners were equally influenced by both primacy and recency effects.