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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The free spirit in the liberal political order

Pittz, Steven Francis 18 September 2014 (has links)
How should we contemplate spiritual freedom in modern liberal societies? This dissertation explores spiritual freedom by presenting the figure of the free spirit, a figure modeled after Nietzsche's description of one. The free spirit exemplifies the possibilities for spiritual freedom, and his relation to political order uncovers important implications for our understanding of political freedom. The free spirit affirms life--he finds meaning and value in life--apart from politics and community. He does so by taking an aesthetic perspective. A certain type of spirit is necessary for such aesthetic perspective: a free spirit, a skeptic who liberates oneself from political community, religious traditions, and common values of his time. A deeper understanding of the free spirit also reveals a deeper understanding of individual autonomy. Individual autonomy is one of the bedrocks of liberal political order, a foundation that is threatened by criticisms from progressives and communitarians. Progressives attack the very possibility of employing individual autonomy as a justification for the founding of liberal government. In a similar vein, communitarians attack the possibility and the desirability of treating individuals as autonomous units, highlighting the social and communal basis of personhood and the dangers of individual "atomism". The attacks aimed at individual autonomy are simultaneously attacks on liberal political order. The explication of the free spirit in this dissertation is an attempt to combat these critiques of liberal political order on the basis of individual autonomy. The free spirit presented here reminds us that a wholly liberal defense of individual rights must include the political space for aesthetic perspective. For a society to be truly free it must respect and protect each individual's liberty to treat existence as a spectacle, to detach themselves from popular worldly concerns, whether political, cultural, or social. / text
2

Nietzsche's conceptual personae of freedom

Brinsmead, Faye Sally, History & Philosophy, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW January 2009 (has links)
This thesis consists of a series of encounters with textual figures, or conceptual personae, which are strongly associated with freedom in Nietzsche???s oeuvre. The conceptual persona, drawn from the work of Deleuze and Guattari, is an integral part of the process of developing and articulating philosophical concepts. Nietzsche???s texts abound with figures, both anthropomorphic and otherwise. I suggest that regarding these figures as conceptual personae in the Deleuzo-Guattarian sense offers a way into some of Nietzsche???s most complex ideas. Freedom surely ranks among Nietzsche???s most multifaceted and teasingly elusive ideations. It has not, however, benefited from the intensive scholarship devoted to signature Nietzschean themes such as will to power, nihilism, or eternal return. This thesis seeks to raise the profile of Nietzsche???s innovations on the subject of freedom by means of close readings of texts featuring three conceptual personae of Nietzschean freedom. These are the free spirit, the sovereign individual, and Zarathustra. These three personae embody freedom as plural and processual. They animate a conception of freedom as something to be striven for, and, indeed, striven for differently by different individuals. Highlighting the infinite variability of embodied freedom, each persona problematises freedom in a distinctly different manner. The free spirit, understood as representing the intersection between freedom and truth, is a primarily epistemological figure. The sovereign individual, who transvaluates bad conscience into good by means of a masterly praxis of promising, instantiates a novel reconstruction of Kantian autonomy as is thus an ethico-political figure. Zarathustra bodies forth an ontology of freedom based on creative willing. A detailed study of the complex interaction of the three conceptual personae of freedom is beyond the scope of this project. I outline the contours of such a study in the concluding chapter, arguing that the reverberations between the three figures offer a further demonstration, if that were still needed, of the rich originality of Nietzsche???s thought of freedom.
3

O espírito livre em Nietzsche

Lopes, Camila Pessoa January 2007 (has links)
LOPES, Camila Pessoa. O espírito livre em Nietzsche. 2007. 139f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2007. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-27T12:47:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_cplopes.pdf: 964244 bytes, checksum: c79a2baa30cf663c2aad912645d8347c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-09-29T13:49:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_cplopes.pdf: 964244 bytes, checksum: c79a2baa30cf663c2aad912645d8347c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T13:49:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_cplopes.pdf: 964244 bytes, checksum: c79a2baa30cf663c2aad912645d8347c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The objective of the present work is to explore Nietzsche’s concept of free spirit. To comprehend that concept we will first atempt to understand the distinction Nietzsche establishes between romantic pessimism end dionisiac pessimism and, therefor, Nietzsche’s description of the two types of pessimists in humanity, those suffering an impoverishment of life and those suffering an abundance of life. Breaking from the philosophy of Schopenhauer, Nietzsche invents the free spirits to whom he dedicates his philosophy. Nietzsche calls them the philosophers of the future, those who will have the inclination to comprehend what is perspectivism in each evaluation, as well as to apprehend the necessary injustice of all pros and cons. They must take into account the problem of hierarchy, in others words, that which throughout history we learned to feel as worth. Self cultivation, therefor, implicates the flowering of the free spirit. To achieve this, cultural conditions are mixed with aspects of instinctive life singularities that result in the modeling, the formation of the spirit. “Free spirit’s natural history” is a laconic fragment that gives us the opportunity to issue a commentary about the morality of customs and the history of moral feelings. Convinced of this invention, it is apprehend that Nietzsche’s philosophy constantly imposes the contrast between the individual and the politic, thus revealing the necessity to affirm it vehemently as an alternative to any situation that does not consider the possibilities of individual growth, or that weakens individual nature, both situations verified and proved with the nihilism of modern ideas. With the free spirit one hopes to take a step forward into the knowledge and the overcoming of moral. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo explorar o que Nietzsche conceitua como espírito livre. Para a compreensão desse conceito, em primeiro lugar procuraremos compreender a distinção feita por ele entre pessimismo romântico e pessimismo dionisíaco e, por conseguinte, sua descrição sobre os dois tipos de pessimistas na humanidade, aqueles que sofrem de empobrecimento e aqueles que sofrem de abundância de vida. Rompendo com a filosofia de Schopenhauer, Nietzsche inventa os espíritos livres e a eles dedica sua filosofia. Ele os chama de filósofos do futuro, aqueles que terão o pendor para compreender o que é perspectivista em cada valoração, como também, para apreender a injustiça necessária de todo pró e contra. Eles devem olhar o problema da hierarquia, ou seja, aquilo que durante a história aprendemos a sentir como valor. O cultivo de si, portanto, implica o florescimento do espírito livre. Para tanto as condições da cultura são mescladas a aspectos da singularidade da vida instintiva que acabam por modelar, por formar o espírito. “A história natural do espírito livre” é um lacônico fragmento que enseja o comentário sobre a moralidade dos costumes e a história dos sentimentos morais. Certos dessa invenção, apreende-se que a filosofia de Nietzsche põe constantemente o contraste entre o individual e o político, revelando-se assim a necessidade de afirmá-la de forma contundente, como uma alternativa à qualquer situação que desconsidera as possibilidades de crescimento individual ou que enfraqueça a natureza do indivíduo, ambas situações constatadas e constatáveis com o niilismo das idéias modernas. Com o espírito livre espera-se um passo avante no conhecimento e a superação da moral.
4

Nietzsche e o primado da prática: um espírito livre em guerra contra o dogmatismo / Nietzsche and the primacy of practice: a free spirit at war against dogmatism

Mattos, Fernando Costa 11 September 2007 (has links)
A presente tese apresenta uma reflexão sobre o perspectivismo nietzschiano e sua relação com o projeto de uma transvaloração dos valores, ao qual estaria subordinado. Daí falarmos num \"primado da prática\" sobre a teoria a partir de um paralelo com o pensamento kantiano, que nos fornece elementos para pensar, por exemplo, a possibilidade de um discurso \"normativo\" mesmo ali onde os aspectos \"descritivos\" da cosmologia pareciam sufocar a capacidade do homem para a ação. Torna-se plausível, desse ponto de vista, a idéia de uma \"guerra filosófica\", conduzida sob o signo do espírito livre e de sua liberdade de tipo nobre, contra o dogmatismo que teria marcado os vários empreendimentos filosóficos da história ocidental. Graças ao duplo ponto de vista de inspiração kantiana, porém, e ao propósito de não aceitar acriticamente a \"letra do texto\", uma tal guerra deixaria de atrelar-se à defesa da aristocracia e poderia associar-se a certos ideais dessa mesma tradição cultural que Nietzsche teria pretendido implodir, entre eles a liberdade individual e de criação cuja efetividade parece depender, em princípio, de um certo pressuposto democrático. / This work presents a reflection on Nietzsche\'s perspectivism and its relation to the project of a transvaluation of values, on which it would be dependent. That\'s why we conceive a \"primacy of practice\" over theory based on a parallel with Kant\'s philosophy, which enables us to conceive the possibility, for example, of a \"normative\" speech even where the \"descriptive\" elements of cosmology seemed to suppress man\'s capacity to act. It becomes plausible, from that point of view, to think of a \"philosophical war\", carried under the ideal of the free spirit and its noble freedom, against the dogmatism that would be present in all philosophical enterprises in occidental history. Thanks, though, to a Kant inspired double point of view, and to the purpose of not acritically accepting the \"exact meaning\" of Nietzsche\'s word, such a war would no more be bound to the support of aristocracy, and could be tied to certain ideals of this same cultural tradition that Nietzsche would have intended to destroy. Among such ideals, there would be individual freedom, and freedom of creation, whose effectiveness seems, in principle, to depend on a certain democratical pressuposition.
5

Ex docente: invenções do devir-guerreiro no professor de Matemática / Ex teacher: inventions to becoming-warrior no math teacher

Tártaro, Tássia Ferreira [UNESP] 09 August 2016 (has links)
Submitted by TÁSSIA FERREIRA TÁRTARO null (tassiatartaro@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-12T12:15:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_biblioteca_ficha_cat_final.pdf: 5796896 bytes, checksum: d2a86bdad64983bc97db45d3f618f069 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: Inserir a data de defesa na folha de aprovação. Corrija estas informações e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-08-15T14:42:46Z (GMT) / Submitted by TÁSSIA FERREIRA TÁRTARO null (tassiatartaro@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-15T16:31:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Tassia_ficha_catolografica_final.pdf: 3983164 bytes, checksum: 7b5816879735a851f1183eb0f34724fa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-16T13:45:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tartaro_tf_dr_rcla.pdf: 3983164 bytes, checksum: 7b5816879735a851f1183eb0f34724fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:45:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tartaro_tf_dr_rcla.pdf: 3983164 bytes, checksum: 7b5816879735a851f1183eb0f34724fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Essa pesquisa é uma composição realizada com professores, alunos, Nietzsche, Foucault, Deleuze sobre como somos constituídos por linhas de força que nos subjetivam a todo instante e quais são as possibilidades de resistência que podemos criar diante de tais processos de subjetivação. O objetivo é apresentar uma discussão sobre a formação de professores buscando a possibilidade da existência de um espírito livre segundo Nietzsche (2005,2008a, 2008b, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c) que tenha o cuidado de si, conforme Foucault (1984, 1985, 2010), enfim, um nômade capaz de devir-guerreiro de acordo com Deleuze e Guatarri (1996) em um curso de licenciatura em matemática. Para isso, a produção de dados foi feita por meio de cartografias de subjetividades humanas com oito professores de matemática e uma pedagoga do ensino básico da rede pública, sete professores de um curso de Licenciatura em Matemática e cartografias coletivas com os licenciandos deste mesmo curso de licenciatura que forneceram fluxos de pensamentos sobre a formação, tais como: Quem forma quem? Como o sujeito se torna um professor de matemática? Como se dão as trajetórias de formação do licenciando em matemática? Qual a contribuição do curso de licenciatura para a formação dos professores? Qual tipo de profissional nossos cursos de licenciatura tem formado? Será que as linhas de força de nossos cursos de licenciatura em Matemática têm auxiliado na invenção de sujeitos capazes de resistir às subjetivações existentes em tal curso? Enfim, podemos encontrar espíritos livres em um curso de licenciatura em matemática? Tais questões proporcionaram um movimento que descreve as rupturas, os encontros, as fugas, os agenciamentos, as resistências, as arborescências, os rizomas que são (re) criados continuamente neste movimento de se inventar. / This research is a composition performed with teachers, students, Nietzsche, Foucault, Deleuze about how we are made up of lines of force that subjectify in all the time and what are the possibilities of resistance that we can create on such subjective processes. The goal is to present a discussion on the training of teachers seeking the possibility of a free spirit according to Nietzsche (2005, 2008a, 2008b, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c) that take care of itself, as Foucault (1984, 1985, 2010) finally, a nomadic warrior capable of becoming according to Deleuze and Guattari (1996) in a math degree course. For this data production was made by cartography of human subjectivities eight math teacher and a pedagogue of basic education in public schools, seven professors from a Bachelor's Degree in Mathematics and collective cartographies with licentiate this same course degree who provided thoughts flow on training, such as: who so who? As the subject becomes a math teacher? How to give training trajectories of licensing in mathematics? What is the degree course's contribution to the training of teachers? What kind of professional our degree courses has formed? Will the lines of force of our degree courses in mathematics have helped in the invention of individuals capable of resisting the existing subjectivities in such a course? Finally, we can find free spirits in a math degree course? These issues provided a movement that describes the breaks, meetings, leaks, assemblages, the resistance, the arborescences, rhizomes that are (re) created continuously in this movement to invent.
6

O EspÃrito Livre em Nietzsche

Camila Pessoa Lopes 03 August 2007 (has links)
nÃo hà / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo explorar o que Nietzsche conceitua como espÃrito livre. Para a compreensÃo desse conceito, em primeiro lugar procuraremos compreender a distinÃÃo feita por ele entre pessimismo romÃntico e pessimismo dionisÃaco e, por conseguinte, sua descriÃÃo sobre os dois tipos de pessimistas na humanidade, aqueles que sofrem de empobrecimento e aqueles que sofrem de abundÃncia de vida. Rompendo com a filosofia de Schopenhauer, Nietzsche inventa os espÃritos livres e a eles dedica sua filosofia. Ele os chama de filÃsofos do futuro, aqueles que terÃo o pendor para compreender o que à perspectivista em cada valoraÃÃo, como tambÃm, para apreender a injustiÃa necessÃria de todo prà e contra. Eles devem olhar o problema da hierarquia, ou seja, aquilo que durante a histÃria aprendemos a sentir como valor. O cultivo de si, portanto, implica o florescimento do espÃrito livre. Para tanto as condiÃÃes da cultura sÃo mescladas a aspectos da singularidade da vida instintiva que acabam por modelar, por formar o espÃrito. âA histÃria natural do espÃrito livreâ à um lacÃnico fragmento que enseja o comentÃrio sobre a moralidade dos costumes e a histÃria dos sentimentos morais. Certos dessa invenÃÃo, apreende-se que a filosofia de Nietzsche pÃe constantemente o contraste entre o individual e o polÃtico, revelando-se assim a necessidade de afirmÃ-la de forma contundente, como uma alternativa à qualquer situaÃÃo que desconsidera as possibilidades de crescimento individual ou que enfraqueÃa a natureza do indivÃduo, ambas situaÃÃes constatadas e constatÃveis com o niilismo das idÃias modernas. Com o espÃrito livre espera-se um passo avante no conhecimento e a superaÃÃo da moral. / The objective of the present work is to explore Nietzscheâs concept of free spirit. To comprehend that concept we will first atempt to understand the distinction Nietzsche establishes between romantic pessimism end dionisiac pessimism and, therefor, Nietzscheâs description of the two types of pessimists in humanity, those suffering an impoverishment of life and those suffering an abundance of life. Breaking from the philosophy of Schopenhauer, Nietzsche invents the free spirits to whom he dedicates his philosophy. Nietzsche calls them the philosophers of the future, those who will have the inclination to comprehend what is perspectivism in each evaluation, as well as to apprehend the necessary injustice of all pros and cons. They must take into account the problem of hierarchy, in others words, that which throughout history we learned to feel as worth. Self cultivation, therefor, implicates the flowering of the free spirit. To achieve this, cultural conditions are mixed with aspects of instinctive life singularities that result in the modeling, the formation of the spirit. âFree spiritâs natural historyâ is a laconic fragment that gives us the opportunity to issue a commentary about the morality of customs and the history of moral feelings. Convinced of this invention, it is apprehend that Nietzscheâs philosophy constantly imposes the contrast between the individual and the politic, thus revealing the necessity to affirm it vehemently as an alternative to any situation that does not consider the possibilities of individual growth, or that weakens individual nature, both situations verified and proved with the nihilism of modern ideas. With the free spirit one hopes to take a step forward into the knowledge and the overcoming of moral.
7

Nietzsche e o primado da prática: um espírito livre em guerra contra o dogmatismo / Nietzsche and the primacy of practice: a free spirit at war against dogmatism

Fernando Costa Mattos 11 September 2007 (has links)
A presente tese apresenta uma reflexão sobre o perspectivismo nietzschiano e sua relação com o projeto de uma transvaloração dos valores, ao qual estaria subordinado. Daí falarmos num \"primado da prática\" sobre a teoria a partir de um paralelo com o pensamento kantiano, que nos fornece elementos para pensar, por exemplo, a possibilidade de um discurso \"normativo\" mesmo ali onde os aspectos \"descritivos\" da cosmologia pareciam sufocar a capacidade do homem para a ação. Torna-se plausível, desse ponto de vista, a idéia de uma \"guerra filosófica\", conduzida sob o signo do espírito livre e de sua liberdade de tipo nobre, contra o dogmatismo que teria marcado os vários empreendimentos filosóficos da história ocidental. Graças ao duplo ponto de vista de inspiração kantiana, porém, e ao propósito de não aceitar acriticamente a \"letra do texto\", uma tal guerra deixaria de atrelar-se à defesa da aristocracia e poderia associar-se a certos ideais dessa mesma tradição cultural que Nietzsche teria pretendido implodir, entre eles a liberdade individual e de criação cuja efetividade parece depender, em princípio, de um certo pressuposto democrático. / This work presents a reflection on Nietzsche\'s perspectivism and its relation to the project of a transvaluation of values, on which it would be dependent. That\'s why we conceive a \"primacy of practice\" over theory based on a parallel with Kant\'s philosophy, which enables us to conceive the possibility, for example, of a \"normative\" speech even where the \"descriptive\" elements of cosmology seemed to suppress man\'s capacity to act. It becomes plausible, from that point of view, to think of a \"philosophical war\", carried under the ideal of the free spirit and its noble freedom, against the dogmatism that would be present in all philosophical enterprises in occidental history. Thanks, though, to a Kant inspired double point of view, and to the purpose of not acritically accepting the \"exact meaning\" of Nietzsche\'s word, such a war would no more be bound to the support of aristocracy, and could be tied to certain ideals of this same cultural tradition that Nietzsche would have intended to destroy. Among such ideals, there would be individual freedom, and freedom of creation, whose effectiveness seems, in principle, to depend on a certain democratical pressuposition.
8

O demônio interior em Grande Sertão : veredas

Andrade, Francisco Gomes de 25 March 2011 (has links)
The present dissertation had aimed to analyze the concept of devil in the novel: Grande sertão: veredas (1956), by Guimarães Rosa. It was attempted to verify the cultural traces in the process of demonification, accomplishing a historic-cultural and literary study, from the Christian tradition until the contemporaneity, establishing a correlation with the previously mentioned novel. In it, we observed Satan s infernal character, in an obsessing manner, as the mind s representative restricted to the colective imaginative of bachlands. In the author and in Riobaldo, the narrator, both we notice a new perspective concerning the idea of inner devil symbolizing the personification of evil linked to the human condition. In this direction, I unleash the subject from demonological creeds, in the status of free spirit, it seems to become autonomous, as the possessor of its own actions and the detainer of its own fate. / O objetivo da presente dissertação foi analisar a concepção de diabo no romance Grande sertão: veredas (1956), de Guimarães Rosa. Procuramos averiguar os vestígios culturais do processo de demonização, realizando um estudo histórico-cultural e literário, desde a tradição cristã até a época contemporânea, estabelecendo uma co-relação com o referido romance. Neste, constatamos a figura do Satã infernal, de caráter obsedante, como representação mental restrita ao imaginário coletivo do sertão. Verificamos uma nova perspectiva, tanto no autor quanto no personagem Riobaldo, a respeito da noção de diabo interior simbolizando a personificação do mal vinculado à condição humana. Por esse viés, liberto das crenças demonológicas, o sujeito, na condição de espírito livre, parece tornar-se autônomo, como dono de suas ações e detentor de seu próprio destino.
9

Para uma ética da amizade em Friedrich Nietzsche

Oliveira, Jelson Roberto de 04 February 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:12:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2310.pdf: 1867602 bytes, checksum: f52a1dd06e0f3435e26f0e2371ea1484 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-04 / This work aims to analyze the Nietzsche s project of an ethics of friendship, as it appears in the writings of the so-called second period of the production of the German philosopher (1876-1882). We begin with the hypothesis that the Nietzsche s philosophy undertaking must be understood as an experimental process that aims to overthrow the metaphysical foundations of the philosophy, art and religion to reveal a affirmative and original intent of morality in which the individual's self appears as main theme. This moral of the individuality, however, relies on the notion of friendship because the individual is understood by Nietzsche as a multiple and constituted from the basis of relations among their peers, whose result is the assertion of life. Objects to the morality of compassion for this lead to the denial of the existence abnegation of the individual and their submission to the fellow man, the German philosopher recovers the notion of friendship as antidote to the decadence of modern relationships, whose balance is the rise of the absolute value of equality gregarious and the consequent illness of the human. The assertion of himself and of the reality are the foundations of a type of thinking that connects the morality to individual pathos which is constructing the shaft from the experimental and obtain as result not a canon of values, but the freedom of spirit and happiness tragic-existential. This hypothesis will require an analysis of methodological assumptions that mark the thought of Nietzsche in this second period, summarized under the concept of experimentalism. In the first chapter of this work is carried out an examination of the experimental procedure and the use of this stratagem for analysis of life and human phenomenon, which leads to the relationship between loneliness, illness and friendship as a privileged space for experimenting with the individual with himself. The three following chapters deal with the Nietzsche's critical of the foundations of the ethics of compassion and then be listed the two devices that characterize the design his project of the ethics of friendship: freedom of spirit and sharing of happiness.The notion of freedom of spirit encompasses some of the virtues of his moral of the future: the courage of detachment, the simplicity that make possible the nomadic life of the stroller and strength of the enemy. The sharing of happiness refers, in turn, the concept of life as celebration, virtue of the laughter and a sense prophylactic of the Mitfreude, which opposed to the compassion (Mitleide) presents itself as a congratulation (Mitfreunde). / O presente trabalho de pesquisa pretende analisar o projeto nietzscheano de uma ética da amizade, tal como esse se apresenta nos escritos do chamado segundo período da produção do filósofo alemão (1876-1882). Parte-se da hipótese de que o empreendimento filosófico de Nietzsche deve ser entendido como um processo experimental que almeja derrocar as bases metafísicas da filosofia, da arte e da religião para revelar uma intenção afirmativa e original da moralidade na qual a autoformação do indivíduo aparece como mote principal. Essa moral da individualidade, entretanto, se apóia sobre a noção de amizade porque o indivíduo é compreendido por Nietzsche como múltiplo e constituído a partir de relações entre seus pares, cujo resultado é a asserção da vida. Opondo-se à moral da compaixão por esta conduzir à negação da existência pela abnegação do indivíduo e sua submissão ao próximo, o filósofo alemão recupera a noção de amizade como antídoto contra a décadence das relações modernas, cujo saldo é a ascenção do valor absoluto da igualdade gregária e o consequente adoecimento do humano. A afirmação de si e da realidade enquanto tal são as bases de um tipo de pensamento que liga a moralidade ao pathos individual que se contrói a partir do eixo experimental e obtém como resultado não um cânone de valores, mas a liberdade do espírito e a alegria trágico-existencial. Essa hipótese exigirá uma análise dos pressupostos metodológicos que marcam o pensamento de Nietzsche nesse segundo período, resumidos sob a noção de experimentalismo. No primeiro capítulo desse trabalho realiza-se um exame do procedimento experimental e do uso desse estratagema para análise da vida e dos fenômenos humanos, o que conduz à relação entre solidão, doença e amizade como espaços privilegiados de experimentação do indivíduo consigo mesmo. Os três capítulos seguintes tratam de analisar a crítica de Nietzsche aos fundamentos da ética da compaixão para, em seguida serem elencados os dois dispositivos que caracterizam o projeto de uma ética da amizade: a liberdade do espírito e a partilha da alegria. A noção de liberdade de espírito encerra algumas das virtudes apresentadas por Nietzsche para a sua moral do futuro: a coragem do desprendimento, a simplicidade que possibilita o nomadismo do andarilho e a resistência do inimigo. A partilha da alegria remete, por sua vez, à concepção da vida como festa, à virtude do riso e ao sentido profilático da Mitfreude, a qual, contraposta à compaixão (Mitleide) se apresenta como congratulação (Mitfreunde).
10

Svobodný duch v díle F. Nietzscheho / The Free Spirit in Nietzsche's philosophy

Hostašová, Jana January 2019 (has links)
The main aim of this thesis is the analysis, characterization and emphasis of the phenomenon of Free Spirit in Nietzsche's Human, All Too Human, volumes I. and II. The thesis attempts to portray the Free Spirit as a holistic concept which, in addition, converges Nietzsche's most prevalent subjects, the criticism of religion, metaphysics and culture, and the importance of education and development. The character of Free Spirit shall be used to illustrate Nietzsche's vision of the future and the possible roads, which lead to it shall be described. In the first part of the thesis, I intend to focus on the creation of the Free Spirit with emphasis on "the great liberation" and on the circumstances from which it emerges, especially in contrast to the fettered spirit. The central motive then shifts to the importance of culture, its development and escalation and its cohesion with the Free Spirit. The final part is dedicated to the effects of the Free Spirit, its tasks and possibilities, which it has for the free ranging spirit. I shall introduce the free ranging spirit as a practical manifestation of Nietzsche's thoughts and I intend to lead my exposition in that direction. An important part of the thesis is to unveil Nietzsche's thinking as centred around researching and observing humans, which is then...

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