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La filosofia de Nietzsche no se puede separa de la forma en la que se expresa: aforismos, poemas, panfletos. Este trabajo es un intento por desentrañar las relaciones que existe entre la forma poètica de la primera parte de Asi hablaba Zarathustra y sus contenidos filosoficos. A partir de tres herramientas de analisis literario buscamos las constantes formales que nos desvelan contenidos filosoficos relevantes: la narratologìa de Genette, el analisis semiotico de Greimas y la idea de Rizoma de Deleuze y Guattari. La primera parte se enfocara en el funcionamiento de la narración a lo largo de toda la primera parte y sobre todo en el prologo. La segunda parte buscará las constantes semióticas para tratar de comprender el sentido del concepto de “superhombre”. Por último, la tercera parte tratará de habrirnos un espacio mas libre para la comprensión de la filosofia Nietzscheana conectado la primera parte del Zarathustra, de manera rizomática, con el resto de su obra y de los comentarios a su obra. Todos estos análsis proporcionaran el material suficiente para iniciar sus analisis filosofico de conceptos claves de la filososfia nietzscheana: superhombre, voluntad de poder, eterno retorno de los mismo, además de permitirnos abordar otros conceptos de la filosofia nietzscheana que si bien no gozan de ese renombre son fundamentales para comprender el pensamiento del filosofo aleman: resentimiento, moral del esclavo, moral del aristocrata, ultimo hombre, hombre superior e individuoi soberano: Solo a partir del conocimiento de estas nociones a partir del texto del Zarathustra podremos habrir la lectura hacia el resto de la filosofía de Nietzsche para tener una visión global.

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This thesis consists of a series of encounters with textual figures, or conceptual personae, which are strongly associated with freedom in Nietzsche???s oeuvre. The conceptual persona, drawn from the work of Deleuze and Guattari, is an integral part of the process of developing and articulating philosophical concepts. Nietzsche???s texts abound with figures, both anthropomorphic and otherwise. I suggest that regarding these figures as conceptual personae in the Deleuzo-Guattarian sense offers a way into some of Nietzsche???s most complex ideas. Freedom surely ranks among Nietzsche???s most multifaceted and teasingly elusive ideations. It has not, however, benefited from the intensive scholarship devoted to signature Nietzschean themes such as will to power, nihilism, or eternal return. This thesis seeks to raise the profile of Nietzsche???s innovations on the subject of freedom by means of close readings of texts featuring three conceptual personae of Nietzschean freedom. These are the free spirit, the sovereign individual, and Zarathustra. These three personae embody freedom as plural and processual. They animate a conception of freedom as something to be striven for, and, indeed, striven for differently by different individuals. Highlighting the infinite variability of embodied freedom, each persona problematises freedom in a distinctly different manner. The free spirit, understood as representing the intersection between freedom and truth, is a primarily epistemological figure. The sovereign individual, who transvaluates bad conscience into good by means of a masterly praxis of promising, instantiates a novel reconstruction of Kantian autonomy as is thus an ethico-political figure. Zarathustra bodies forth an ontology of freedom based on creative willing. A detailed study of the complex interaction of the three conceptual personae of freedom is beyond the scope of this project. I outline the contours of such a study in the concluding chapter, arguing that the reverberations between the three figures offer a further demonstration, if that were still needed, of the rich originality of Nietzsche???s thought of freedom.

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro / O principal objetivo da tese é o de avaliar e discutir a presença da transvaloração dos valores em Assim falou Zaratustra, tanto através dos conceitos quanto do estilo da obra. Diante da importância que Nietzsche confere a seu livro Assim falou Zaratustra e da centralidade que o projeto de transvaloração dos valores ocupa em sua filosofia, defendemos a hipótese interpretativa de que a trajetória do protagonista Zaratustra corresponde à concretização da transvaloração dos valores. / This thesis aims to evaluate and discuss the transvaluation of the values in Thus Spoke Zarathustra through the concepts and its stile. Central to Nietzsche's philosophy comprehension, the project of transvaluation leads us to an interpretative hipothesis that the trajectory of Zaratustra corresponds to the concreticity of the transvaluation of the values.

This paper will argue in three sections that Thus Spoke Zarathustra necessarily implies an aristocratic political system. In the section "Zarathustra’s Value Theory," I lay out Zarathustra's theory of value creation. In the second section, "Possible Interpretations of Value Creation," I describe three different perspectives that can be used to understand Zarathustra’s value theory. In the third section, "Zarathustra and Politics" I provide a critique of modern liberalism and an alternative coherent with Nietzsche's philosophy, aristocracy.

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro / O principal objetivo da tese é o de avaliar e discutir a presença da transvaloração dos valores em Assim falou Zaratustra, tanto através dos conceitos quanto do estilo da obra. Diante da importância que Nietzsche confere a seu livro Assim falou Zaratustra e da centralidade que o projeto de transvaloração dos valores ocupa em sua filosofia, defendemos a hipótese interpretativa de que a trajetória do protagonista Zaratustra corresponde à concretização da transvaloração dos valores. / This thesis aims to evaluate and discuss the transvaluation of the values in Thus Spoke Zarathustra through the concepts and its stile. Central to Nietzsche's philosophy comprehension, the project of transvaluation leads us to an interpretative hipothesis that the trajectory of Zaratustra corresponds to the concreticity of the transvaluation of the values.

With this dissertation, firstly, I address the issue of Friedrich Nietzsche’s (1844-1900) so-called ‘immoralism’. When he calls himself an ‘immoralist’ and even ‘the first immoralist’ (EH Destiny 2), he seems to be the first philosopher to consider morality as something negative, something we had better got rid of. Yet, he favours ‘noble morality’ and ‘higher moralities’ which he insists ought to be possible (BGE 202). I shall interpret Nietzsche’s explicit claim of ‘immoralism’ and his ‘campaign against morality’ as a rejection of a particular kind of morality ¾ Christian morality ‘that has become prevalent and predominant as morality itself’ (EH Destiny 4). His ‘immoralism’ does not reject the idea of an ethical life. Nietzsche favours a ‘supra-moral’ version of life (GM II 2&BGE 257). The move from a moral to a supra-moral orientation to life implies a kind of self-overcoming, a process which has both a ‘negative’ (‘destructive’) and a ‘positive’ (‘productive’) side. Firstly, I shall give an account of the ‘negative’ side, which involves Nietzsche’s genealogical critique of morality. In his Genealogy, Nietzsche criticizes the man of ressentiment, the metaphysical two-worlds distinction: ‘true world’ and ‘apparent world’, and the ascetic ideal of the will to truth, which he considers as a will to nothingness (GM III 28). His notion of perspectivism advocates a plurality of values and perspectives as opposed to any notion of an absolute truth. Then, I shall look into his ‘positive’ ethic, as exemplified in the figures of Zarathustra and the Übermensch, and the paradox of the Übermenschas ‘the annihilator of morality’ (EH Books 1) and as ‘the designation of a type of supreme achievement’ (EH Books 1). By proclaiming a process of ‘self-overcoming of morality’ (BGE 32), I believe that Nietzsche proposes an experimental morality in order to improve mankind. He considers morality as a pose, as progress (BGE 216), and ‘mere symptomatology’ (TI ‘Improvers’ of Mankind 1). Morality is the effect, or symptom of a continuous improvement within an individual. Nietzsche seeks to make us become aware of our continuous self-improvement, that we should invent our own virtue (A 11) in order to become what we are. Nietzsche envisions the possibility of evolving a magnanimous and courageous human type who is capable of giving style to his character (GS 290), the supreme human achievement ¾ the Übermensch. His idea of the Übermensch implies a never-ending struggle for self-perfection and self-fulfilment. There are affinities between Nietzsche’s philosophy and Buddhism, such as emphasizing practice, the recognition of the transient nature of human existence, and an emphasis on impermanence. Buddhist teachings show various feasible ways to attain enlightenment and buddhahood. The path to enlightenment and buddhahood can be shown to share some features with Nietzsche’s process of self-overcoming, which leads to self-transformation and self-perfection. The emphasis on the practice of the spirit of Bodhisattva by Humanistic Buddhism seems to lend itself as complement to Nietzsche’s philosophy, a notion I explore in the concluding chapter of the dissertation. / Dissertation (MA (Philosophy))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Philosophy / unrestricted

La philosophie de Spinoza cherche à concilier et réunir trois horizons philosophiques fondamentaux : l’émanation néo-platonicienne (l’expression), le mécanisme cartésien (cause efficiente), et les catégories aristotéliciennes (Substance, attribut, mode). Ce premier point est pris pour acquis. Nous expliquerons que cette tentative sera rendue possible grâce à la conception nouvelle, au 17e siècle, de l’actualité de l’infini. Nous examinerons ensuite les conséquences de cette nouvelle interprétation, qui permet de rendre l’individu transparent à lui-même sur un plan d’immanence, expressif par rapport à une éminence qui le diffuse, mais déterminé dans une substantialité fictive entre objets finis. En proposant le pouvoir de l’imagination et des prophètes comme point de départ et principe actif du conatus, nous montrerons que la distinction, chez Spinoza, demeure toujours une fiction. Pour conclure, nous serons en mesure de signaler en quoi le Zarathoustra de Nietzsche relève d’une volonté de poursuivre le travail entrepris par Spinoza. / Spinoza’s philosophy is an attempt to reconcile three fundamental perspectives : neo-platonician emanation (expression), Cartesian mechanism (efficient cause), and Aristotelian categories (Substance, attribute, mode). This first point is taken for granted. We will argue that this attempt is made possible by the new modernist conception of an actual infinite. We will then examine the consequences of this new interpretation, viz. to allow self-transparency by internal immanence of an individual who is expressive of an eminence that diffuses him, while at the sime time being substantially determined in the knot of finite objects. We will then propose imagination and prophets as a starting point and active principle of the conatus’ effort, in order to show that all distinctions, in Spinoza’s philosophy, rely on a power to forge fictions. In conclusion, we will argue that Nietzsche’s Zarathoustra is an attempt to catch and pursue Spinoza’s intuitions.

La philosophie de Spinoza cherche à concilier et réunir trois horizons philosophiques fondamentaux : l’émanation néo-platonicienne (l’expression), le mécanisme cartésien (cause efficiente), et les catégories aristotéliciennes (Substance, attribut, mode). Ce premier point est pris pour acquis. Nous expliquerons que cette tentative sera rendue possible grâce à la conception nouvelle, au 17e siècle, de l’actualité de l’infini. Nous examinerons ensuite les conséquences de cette nouvelle interprétation, qui permet de rendre l’individu transparent à lui-même sur un plan d’immanence, expressif par rapport à une éminence qui le diffuse, mais déterminé dans une substantialité fictive entre objets finis. En proposant le pouvoir de l’imagination et des prophètes comme point de départ et principe actif du conatus, nous montrerons que la distinction, chez Spinoza, demeure toujours une fiction. Pour conclure, nous serons en mesure de signaler en quoi le Zarathoustra de Nietzsche relève d’une volonté de poursuivre le travail entrepris par Spinoza. / Spinoza’s philosophy is an attempt to reconcile three fundamental perspectives : neo-platonician emanation (expression), Cartesian mechanism (efficient cause), and Aristotelian categories (Substance, attribute, mode). This first point is taken for granted. We will argue that this attempt is made possible by the new modernist conception of an actual infinite. We will then examine the consequences of this new interpretation, viz. to allow self-transparency by internal immanence of an individual who is expressive of an eminence that diffuses him, while at the sime time being substantially determined in the knot of finite objects. We will then propose imagination and prophets as a starting point and active principle of the conatus’ effort, in order to show that all distinctions, in Spinoza’s philosophy, rely on a power to forge fictions. In conclusion, we will argue that Nietzsche’s Zarathoustra is an attempt to catch and pursue Spinoza’s intuitions.