This thesis examines topographical art depicting Scotland’s natural scenery and built environments, architecture, antiquities and signs of modern improvement, made during the period 1660 to 1820. It sets out to demonstrate that topography and topographical art was not exclusively antiquarian in nature, but ranged across various fields of learning and practice. It included the work of artists, geographers, cartographers, travel writers, poets, landscape gardeners, military surveyors, naturalists and historians who were concerned with representing the country’s varied, and often contentious, histories within an increasingly modernising present. The visual images that are considered here were forms of knowledge that found expression in drawings, paintings and engravings, elevations, views and plans. They were made on military surveys and picturesque tours, and were often intended to be included alongside written texts, both published and unpublished, frequently connecting with travels, tours, memoirs, essays and correspondence. It will also be argued that topography was a social practice, involving networks of artists, collectors, publishers and writers, who exchanged information in drawings and letters in a nationwide, and often increasingly commercial enterprise. This thesis will explore some of the strands of such a vast network of picture-making that existed in Scotland, and Britain, between 1660 and 1820, as visual images were circulated, copied, recycled and adapted, and topographical and antiquarian visual culture emerges as a complex, synoptic form of inquiry.

This thesis examines the early stages of the transformation of emblematic political prints into political caricature from the beginning of the Seven Years' War (1756) to the Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolutionary War (1783). Both contextual and iconographical issues are investigated in relation to the debates occasioned by Britain's imperial project, which marked a period of dramatic expansion during the Seven Years' War, and ended with the loss of the American colonies, consequently framing this thesis as a study of political prints during the rise and fall of the so-called 'First British Empire'. Previous studies of eighteenth-century political prints have largely ignored the complex and lengthy evolutionary process by which the emblematic mode amalgamated with caricatural representation, and have consequently concluded that political prints excluded emblems entirely by the end of the 1770s. However, this study emphasizes the significance of the Wilkite movement for the promotion and preservation of emblems, and investigates how pictorial political argument was perceived and received in eighteenth-century British society, arguing that wider tastes and opinions regarding the utilization of political prints gradually shifted to accept both modes of representation. Moreover, the marketplace, legal status, topicality, and manufacturing methods of political prints are analyzed in terms of understanding the precarious nature of their consumption and those that endeavoured to engage in political printmaking. The evolution, establishment, and subsequent appropriation of pictorial tropes is discussed from the early modern period to the beginning of the so-called Golden Age of caricature, while tracing the adaptation of representational models in American colonial prints that employed emblems already entrenched in British pictorial political debate. Political prints from the two largest print collections, the British Museum and the Lewis Walpole Library at Yale are consulted, along with a number of eighteenth-century newspapers and periodicals, to develop the earlier research by M. Dorothy George, Charles Press, Herbert Atherton, Diana Donald, Amelia Rauser, and Eirwen Nicholson.

This study aims to explore the presence of ”China threat” and the securitization of China in Swedish print media. The key objective is to measure the portrayal of China as a threat and if/how that representation has changed during the time period 2012-2022. This is studied through a frame analysis investigating China as an ideological, military, and economic threat. The study shows that the usage of portraying China as an ideological, military and/or economic threat is indeed present and increasing during the period, with a peak of publications in 2019. All frames are used by all studied newspapers, and there is a growing trend visualized through the data. This trend demonstrates that the perspective of China as a threat has become more normative in reporting, proving the notion of that securitization as a speech act is in fact present in the investigated time period. The articles are not portraying China as a direct threat to the readers in Sweden, but rather through ways of causal interpretation and moral evaluation that conceives China as a threat to the liberal international order. The most frequently used attributions are within the ideological threat frame, the second most used frame is the military one closely followed by the usage of attributions from the economic frame. Understanding how China is framed and perceived in Swedish print media can be useful in the exploration of the nuanced phenomena of Sweden-China relations, completed and future policy interventions, and to understand the influences of opinion that the readers might receive to secure an informed, impartial, and globally aware society. This study can be seen as an ignition towards further research in this nestled marvel of securitization and global politics.

This thesis examines the Boxer Uprising which took place in China around the turn of the twentieth century as a domestic crisis in the United States and the means through which different factions within America shaped the popular perception of the event. It argues that American and Chinese interest groups successfully managed the crisis by developing a narrative that served to further their own interests. These efforts were geared towards convincing an uncertain American public of the necessity and righteousness of particular ways to respond to the crisis. The primary factor in this narrative was a malleable ideal of civilization centered on American concepts of industry, Christianity, and democracy. This thesis maintains that the print media of the day was the essential element for the distribution of this message, which allowed for an explanation to the crisis, the protection of Chinese citizens within the United States, justification for American actions abroad, and a speedy return to the status quo.

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The primary goal of this master thesis was to analyze the development of ownership of daily newspapers in the Czech Republic in the period 2008 - 2016. The development of media ownership in the monitored period was analyzed in the context of the long term structural problems of media sector, which were intensified by the economic crisis beginning in 2008. In addition to the economic context, the thesis also deals with the historical context, specifically the changes of the Czech daily newspapers market after 1989. In connection with the transfer of ownership of the Czech publishing houses to the hands of domestic businessmen, often with direct links to politics, thesis also deals with the issue of ownership concentration and the relations between media and politics. I also mention the phenomenon of emerging new, alternative media projects by the journalists in reaction to ownership changes threatening pluralism and freedom of speech. In the end, I also compare the development of ownership of the daily newspapers in the Czech Republic with the development of ownership in other countries of the CEE region, such as Slovakia, Poland, Hungary or the Baltic States.

TITLE: Phenomenon of disability and its image in the print media AUTHOR: Lenka Opočenská DEPARTMENT: Department of Special Education SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Lenka Felcmanová ABSTRACT: The thesis "The phenomenon of disability and its image in the print media" aims to find out how periodicals framed chosen topic of disabilities in one year. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the typology of models of disability and the definition of disability from different perspectives. The third chapter provides an overview of how the media shape the attitudes of society. The research section concentrates on how the media has framed newspaper articles and whether terminology changes were reflected in the media. KEYWORDS: Disability, models of disability, attitudes, framing, print media

While news media coverage of political protest is by no means a new topic of research for media scholars, few studies have attempted to unpack how and why protesters and protests have been legitimised within news media coverage, rather than covered with the expectation of violence occurring (Halloran et al. 1970), marginalised (Gitlin 1980), cast as threats to the social order (McLeod 1995), or denied the status of legitimate political players (Shoemaker 1984). This research project is an attempt to do just that. Therefore, this dissertation examines whether newspapers from the United Kingdom and United States accorded the opposition movement against then president Hosni Mubarak with favourable news coverage during the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. A content analysis of 611 newspaper articles from both British and American publications was conducted to determine whether the anti-Mubarak opposition was covered favourably, in addition to revealing what other dominant themes were present within the reporting. This study revealed that the anti-Mubarak opposition protesters were covered favourably by an overwhelming margin within both British (65 percent) and American (66 percent) newspaper articles, and put a particular emphasis on the political motivations galvanising the protests. Conversely, then-president Hosni Mubarak and the Egyptian government, and the Egyptian police and security services were portrayed as repressive actors within the reporting on the revolution. Furthermore, the anti-Mubarak opposition was featured most frequently as the first source within the reporting from either nation's newspapers. Another dominant theme emerging from the content analysis, and that was subsequently examined within the empirical chapters of this project, was that geopolitical considerations were frequently included within coverage from both British (60 percent) and American (76 percent) newspapers. Few studies have attempted to assess the prominence and role of geopolitics within the reporting of international politics (Myers et al. 1996). In summation, this research project questions the normative assumptions made about the relationship between the news media and protesters being antagonistic, and to understand how and why protest is granted legitimacy within media coverage of political crises.

One of the main goals of this Master's Thesis was to characterize the process of media planning and its organization, to determine the factors influencing this process and get to know the specifics of print media planning. Diffrent sources of information were used to study the process -- available literature, available analysis of the media market in the Czech Republic and also practical experience of media planners. Another important goal was to propose a media plan Spring 2004 for the Open University Czech Republic o.p.s. The analysis shows that media planning is very complex process involving many individual steps. The starting point is a deep analysis of the company and product. The next important step is then a selection of appropriate media strategy and creation of the the most effective media mix. During the print media planning must be taken into account factors such as the creativity of advertising, its format, campaign timing and the content of communication. In the practical part the Open University media plan for print and electronic media was designed. The media type has been chosen according to the target group of the potential students. The plan is based on the real situation of the company and therefore, together with other proposals for changes of the corporate communication, in the next period feasible.

Introdução - A alimentação é um dos requisitos básicos para a promoção e proteção da saúde, e uma estratégia fundamental para o desenvolvimento de um padrão alimentar adequado e saudável é o fortalecimento do senso crítico e autonomia dos indivíduos. Para tanto, é essencial o acesso à informação clara e precisa que auxilie na escolha de alimentos seguros e adequados. Em vista disso, faz-se necessário compreender de que forma as informações sobre alimentação, nutrição e saúde estão sendo divulgadas pelas mídias de massa na atualidade. Objetivo - Analisar a quantidade, as características e o conteúdo de publicações que apresentam como tema central alimentação, nutrição e sua relação com a saúde, pertencentes aos dois maiores jornais paulistas. Métodos - O estudo teve como técnica central de investigação a pesquisa e seleção de publicações nas versões impressa e digital dos jornais Folha de S. Paulo (jornal A) e O Estado de S. Paulo (jornal B), com subsequente análise segundo o método de análise de conteúdo temática. Foi realizada uma amostragem estratificada de uma semana construída e uma semana corrida, ao longo dos meses de maio a julho do ano de 2015. Os critérios de inclusão das publicações se basearam na abordagem de temas em alimentação e nutrição, devendo, necessariamente, ser estabelecida sua relação com a saúde. Resultados - Foram identificadas 18 publicações que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão, presentes tanto nas versões impressas quanto nas digitais de cada um dos jornais analisados (publicações em comum), sendo 16 publicações do jornal A e duas do jornal B, o que demonstra superioridade numérica de um jornal sobre o outro. O número superior de publicações na versão digital, bem como a quantidade de blogs associados aos jornais indicam uma possível migração do conteúdo sobre o tema de interesse para a versão digital dos jornais, especialmente no caso do jornal B. Com exceção dos títulos das matérias, que diferiram entre as versões digital e impressa de cada um dos jornais (característica mais visível no jornal A do que no B), o conteúdo das publicações selecionadas se mostrou praticamente idêntico. No tocante às mensagens identificadas nas matérias, verificou-se predomínio do conceito de saúde negativa (ausência de doença), do modelo biomédico, da racionalidade sanitária e da supremacia da ciência sobre outras fontes de conhecimento. No mesmo sentido, verificou-se a medicalização dos componentes da alimentação. Em contrapartida, foi identificada a presença (ainda que discreta) de um olhar mais holístico sobre a alimentação e a nutrição, além da fala de pessoas comuns, ainda que em quantidade bastante inferior às falas de profissionais da saúde. Esse fato, associado à sutil referência à mídia, pelos próprios jornais, como difusora de informações potencialmente prejudiciais aos indivíduos, no que diz respeito às escolhas alimentares, foram pontos que chamaram a atenção por destoarem das mensagens predominantes nas publicações. Conclusão - As publicações dos dois maiores jornais paulistas reproduzem e reforçam predominantemente representações sociais que não estimulam o desenvolvimento do senso crítico, tampouco o fortalecimento da autonomia pelos indivíduos, indo de encontro ao preconizado para a Promoção da Saúde. Contudo, foi identificado potencial de mudança no direcionamento das mensagens, contando com a presença de vozes populares, além de uma autocrítica discreta da mídia. / Introduction: Nutrition is one of the basic requirements for health promotion and protection, and a key strategy for the development of an appropriate and healthy eating pattern is the strengthening of critical thinking and individual autonomy. Therefore, it is essential to have access to clear and accurate information so that can assist in choosing safe and suitable food. In light of this, it is necessary to understand in which way information about feed, nutrition and health is being disseminated by the mass media nowadays. Objective: To analyze the amount, characteristics and content of publications which present the topic \"feed, nutrition and its relationship to health,\" belonging to the two major newspapers from São Paulo. Methods: The study had as central investigation technique the research and selection of publications in printed and digital versions of the newspapers Folha de S. Paulo (journal A) and O Estado de S. Paulo (journal B), with subsequent analysis according to thematic content analysis method. A stratified sampling was performed on a constructed week and on a current week, from May to July of 2015. The inclusion criteria of the publications were based on addressing issues in feed and nutrition, and its relationship to health should necessarily be established. Results and discussion: It were identified 18 publications that met the inclusion criteria, present both in printed and the digital versions of each of the newspapers analyzed (publications \"in common\"). It were selected 16 publications from journal A and two from journal B which shows numerical superiority of one newspaper on the other. The higher number of publications in digital version as well as the amount of blogs associated with newspapers indicates a possible migration of content on the topic of interest to the digital version of the newspapers, especially in the case of journal B. Except for the titles of the publications, which differed between digital and printed versions of each of the newspapers (most visible feature in journal A than in journal B), the contents of the selected publications showed practically identical. With regard to the messages identified in publications, there was a predominance of negative health concept (absence of disease), the biomedical model, the sanitary rationality and supremacy of science over other sources of knowledge. Similarly, it was verified the medicalization of feed components. In contrast, the presence (albeit discreet) of a more holistic look at feed and nutrition has been identified, as well as the speech of \"ordinary people\", although in an amount considerably smaller than the health professionals speech. This fact, coupled with the discreet reference to media as diffusing potentially harmful information to individuals with regard to food choices were points that drew attention because escaped the standard of the prevailing messages in publications. Conclusion: The publications of the two major newspapers from São Paulo reproduce and reinforce predominantly social representations that do not stimulate the development of critical thinking, either strengthen the autonomy of the individuals, going against the principles advocated for Health Promotion. However, it was identified potential change in the direction of messages, with the presence of popular voices, plus a discreet criticism of the media itself.