Lihir Gold Mine in Papua New Guinea is one of the largest gold mines in the world situated in a seismically sensitive zone. The gold deposit is located in an extinct volcano in close proximity to the sea shore and presents a series of geohazards. Some geohazards are uncommon and include: geothermal outbursts, cavities, water inrush and earthquake/ tsunami. After a major multi-batter (5 benches high) slope failure that occurred on the 1st of October 2009, a team of engineers, lead by the author investigated the incident and made series of recommendations. Arising out of these recommendations, a comprehensive Geohazard Management Plan was formulated by revisiting, revising and putting together all the individual geohazard management plans as a single document. This thesis describes the outcomes of the investigation and presents an overview and systematic approach in formulation of the Geohazard Management Plan, apart from a summary of the gaps that were identified in the existing system, major contributions that were made as well as the expected improvements and constraints in managing these geohazards. / Mining Engineering

In this thesis, different optomechanical design and adhesive configurations for mounting mirrors and prisms used in a laser system are investigated. Maintaining stability and strength of optical components of a laser device is difficult especially if the system is to be used in military environment. In order to determine the strength of prism mounts to high acceleration levels, mathematical correlations derived by Yoder are used. By use of these mathematical correlations, safety factor of different prism mounts and adhesive configurations are calculated for an acceleration level of 40g. So as to decide most stable mirror mount and adhesive configuration, several experiments are conducted. For the experiments, 5 different optomechanical mounts are designed. Then, 25 mirrors are bonded to the designed mounts with 5 different adhesives. These experiments are done to simulate harsh military environmental conditions such as thermal shock, mechanical vibration and mechanical shock. In the experiments, angular movement of mirrors due to adhesive cure, thermal shock, mechanical vibration and mechanical shock are monitored. Thermal shock is applied between -40&ordm / C and 70&ordm / C with a temperature change of 22&ordm / C/min. On the v other hand, mechanical vibration of 14 grms and mechanical shock of 40g for 6 ms is applied in the experiments. Shortly, this study is done for determination of the most stable mirror and prism mount design and adhesive combination of a laser system subjected to extremely harsh environments.

No description available.

Orientador: Rogério de Oliveira Rodrigues / Banca: Jefferson Sidney Camacho / Banca: Marcio Roberto Silva Correa / Resumo: Com a expansão da Engenharia de Estruturas e os diferentes sistemas construtivos que vêm ao longo dos anos surgindo na indústria da construção civil, o Engenheiro Estrutural necessita incorporar a análise numérica como uma ferramenta de trabalho usual, de modo a manter a qualidade e a competitividade de seu trabalho, ainda que a análise dos projetos em alvenaria estrutural tenha sua modelagem bastante simples. A princípio, as ferramentas computacionais que buscam traduzir a realidade do comportamento deste método construtivo devem ser incorporadas como parte essencial ao auxílio no desenvolvimento destes projetos. Embasando-se neste princípio, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a simulação numérica do comportamento não-linear físico de prismas, vazios e cheios com graute, de alvenaria estrutural submetidos a ações verticais. A discretização estrutural é feita por meio do Método dos Elementos Finitos, utilizando elementos prismáticos regulares parabólicos com vinte nós, simulando as partes do bloco de concreto (14 x 19 x 29 cm), as aberturas que receberão o graute e as juntas de argamassa, permitindo assim a modulação tridimensional dos prismas, bem como a introdução separada do módulo de elasticidade do concreto, do graute e da argamassa. Como parte integrante deste trabalho está a dedução do elemento finito a ser utilizado na discretização do prisma e para a consideração da não-linearidade física dos materiais utiliza-se o critério de Mohr-Coulomb, permitindo representar a diminuição da rigidez em função da ruptura do material. O programa desenvolvido foi utilizado para a simulação de vários ensaios realizados no NEPAE - Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa da Alvenaria Estrutural, cujos resultados apresentados são bastante satisfatórios. / Abstract: With the expansion of the structures engineering and the different constructive systems that have been appearing as the years pass by in the industry of the building site, the structural engineer needs to incorporate the numeric analysis as an usual tool of work in a way to keep the quality and the competitiveness of his work, although the analysis of the projects in structural masonry is quite simple as modeling. At first, the computational tools that try to translate the reality of the behavior of this constructive method should be incorporate as an essential part to the aid in the development of these projects. Based on this idea, the present work main goal is the numeric simulation of the nonlinear physicist behavior of prisms, empty and full of concrete, of structural masonry submitted to vertical actions. The structural discretization is made by the Finite Elements Method, using prismatic elements with twenty joints, simulating the parts of the concrete block (14 x 19 x 29 cm), the openings that will receive the graute and the mortar joints, which allows the three-dimensional modulation of the prisms, as well as the separated introduction of the module of elasticity of the concrete block, of the concrete and of the mortar. A part of this work is the deduction of the finite element that will be used in the discretization of the prism. For the consideration of the nonlinear physics of the materials, the criterion of Mohr-coulomb will be used, permitting to represent the decrease of the rigidity in function of the rupture of the material. The developed program was used for the simulation of several rehearsals accomplished in NEPAE - Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa da Alvenaria Estrutural, whose presented results are quite satisfactory. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 albertini_mm_me_ilha.pdf: 2303245 bytes, checksum: c14d533b938e84bf6737aaa9c820ad09 (MD5) / Com a expansão da Engenharia de Estruturas e os diferentes sistemas construtivos que vêm ao longo dos anos surgindo na indústria da construção civil, o Engenheiro Estrutural necessita incorporar a análise numérica como uma ferramenta de trabalho usual, de modo a manter a qualidade e a competitividade de seu trabalho, ainda que a análise dos projetos em alvenaria estrutural tenha sua modelagem bastante simples. A princípio, as ferramentas computacionais que buscam traduzir a realidade do comportamento deste método construtivo devem ser incorporadas como parte essencial ao auxílio no desenvolvimento destes projetos. Embasando-se neste princípio, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a simulação numérica do comportamento não-linear físico de prismas, vazios e cheios com graute, de alvenaria estrutural submetidos a ações verticais. A discretização estrutural é feita por meio do Método dos Elementos Finitos, utilizando elementos prismáticos regulares parabólicos com vinte nós, simulando as partes do bloco de concreto (14 x 19 x 29 cm), as aberturas que receberão o graute e as juntas de argamassa, permitindo assim a modulação tridimensional dos prismas, bem como a introdução separada do módulo de elasticidade do concreto, do graute e da argamassa. Como parte integrante deste trabalho está a dedução do elemento finito a ser utilizado na discretização do prisma e para a consideração da não-linearidade física dos materiais utiliza-se o critério de Mohr-Coulomb, permitindo representar a diminuição da rigidez em função da ruptura do material. O programa desenvolvido foi utilizado para a simulação de vários ensaios realizados no NEPAE - Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa da Alvenaria Estrutural, cujos resultados apresentados são bastante satisfatórios. / With the expansion of the structures engineering and the different constructive systems that have been appearing as the years pass by in the industry of the building site, the structural engineer needs to incorporate the numeric analysis as an usual tool of work in a way to keep the quality and the competitiveness of his work, although the analysis of the projects in structural masonry is quite simple as modeling. At first, the computational tools that try to translate the reality of the behavior of this constructive method should be incorporate as an essential part to the aid in the development of these projects. Based on this idea, the present work main goal is the numeric simulation of the nonlinear physicist behavior of prisms, empty and full of concrete, of structural masonry submitted to vertical actions. The structural discretization is made by the Finite Elements Method, using prismatic elements with twenty joints, simulating the parts of the concrete block (14 x 19 x 29 cm), the openings that will receive the graute and the mortar joints, which allows the three-dimensional modulation of the prisms, as well as the separated introduction of the module of elasticity of the concrete block, of the concrete and of the mortar. A part of this work is the deduction of the finite element that will be used in the discretization of the prism. For the consideration of the nonlinear physics of the materials, the criterion of Mohr-coulomb will be used, permitting to represent the decrease of the rigidity in function of the rupture of the material. The developed program was used for the simulation of several rehearsals accomplished in NEPAE - Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa da Alvenaria Estrutural, whose presented results are quite satisfactory.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:29:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6311.pdf: 6136932 bytes, checksum: 61ddcfd9f2becb52bf53455a06dd1ced (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-15 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This paper presents a didactic proposal for Spatial Geometry classes in High School. We were taken to create this proposal from our experience as a teacher, when we observed that the study of this content requires experimentation and contextualization activities. The study of the Spatial Geometry is of great importance in High School. It contributes to the development of the capacity of abstraction, solving practical problems of everyday life and helps to acquire skills to estimate and compare results, recognize properties of geometric shapes, calculate areas, volume and working with different units of measure. Our work uses as motivation the problem of constructing a silo for grain storage, for this it is necessary to compare the volumes of the prisms with triangular, square and hexagonal base and of the cylinder without the cover, height and total area of the fixed surface to choose the format representing the highest volume. Our work is not intended to define or obtain formulas to calculate areas and volumes. The main focus of this work is to develop the ability to manipulate these formulas and other knowledge, such as solving quadratic equation, using the Pythagorean theorem, and correctly use the calculator to solve a practical problem. This activity has been applied to three classes of Second Grade High School students in a State School of São Paulo in Agudos town. For this purpose two classes of 100 minutes were used. The pupils enjoyed the activity that was carried out in groups of three and the lesson was without complications. This is a didactic sequence that does not require many resources and may be useful for teachers who want to work the theme in context. Our proposal adopts suggestions from the National Curricular Parameters (NCP) and we believe that can be used by fellow teachers, to which our product is available. / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta didática para aulas de Geometria Espacial no Ensino Médio. Fomos levados a criar essa proposta a partir de nossa experiência como professor, quando observamos que o estudo desse conteúdo necessita de atividades de experimentação e contextualização. O estudo da Geometria Espacial é de grande importância no Ensino Médio. Contribui para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de abstração, resolução de problemas práticos do quotidiano, e ajuda a adquirir habilidades como estimar e comparar resultados, reconhecer propriedades das formas geométricas, calcular áreas, volumes e trabalhar com diferentes unidades de medida. Nosso trabalho usa como motivação o problema de construir um silo para armazenamento de grãos, para isso é preciso comparar os volumes dos prismas de base triangular, quadrada, hexagonal e do cilindro, sem a tampa, altura e área total da superfície fixa para escolher o formato que apresente o maior volume. Nosso trabalho não tem o objetivo de definir ou obter fórmulas para calcular áreas e volumes. O foco principal deste trabalho é desenvolver a capacidade de manipular tais fórmulas e outros conhecimentos, como por exemplo, resolver equações do segundo grau, utilizar o teorema de Pitágoras e utilizar corretamente a calculadora para resolver um problema prático. Esta atividade foi aplicada em três turmas da segunda série do Ensino Médio de uma escola da Rede Estadual de Ensino de São Paulo em Agudos. Para isso foram utilizadas duas aulas de 100 minutos. Os alunos gostaram da atividade que foi realizada em grupos de três e a aula transcorreu sem complicações. Trata-se de uma sequência didática que não requer muitos recursos e pode ser útil para os professores que pretendam trabalhar o tema de maneira contextualizada. Nossa proposta adota sugestões dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN) e acreditamos que pode ser utilizada por colegas professores, aos quais nosso produto está disponível.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-09T16:43:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julliano Rosa Nascimento - 2016.pdf: 1812313 bytes, checksum: 9bdaa6ddbbe1dd9ce1e9ccdea8016eaf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-13T19:11:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julliano Rosa Nascimento - 2016.pdf: 1812313 bytes, checksum: 9bdaa6ddbbe1dd9ce1e9ccdea8016eaf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-13T19:11:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julliano Rosa Nascimento - 2016.pdf: 1812313 bytes, checksum: 9bdaa6ddbbe1dd9ce1e9ccdea8016eaf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, we consider the parameter hull number in two graph convexities, the P3- convexity and the geodetic convexity. In the P3-convexity, we present results on the P3- hull number on the Cartesian product, strong product and lexicographic product of graphs. In special, regarding to the Cartesian product, we proved a complexity result, in which we show, given a graph G resulting of a Cartesian product of two graphs and a positive integer k, is NP-complete to decide whether the P3-hull number of G is less than or equal k. We also consider the P3-hull number on complementary prisms GG of connected graphs G and G, in which we show a tighter upper bound than that found in the literature. In the geodetic convexity, we show results of the hull number on complementary prisms GG when G is a tree, when G is a disconnected graph and when G is a cograph. Finally, we also show that in the geodetic convexity, the hull number on the complementary prism GG is unlimited on connected graphs G and G, unlike what happens in the P3-convexity / Nesta dissertação, consideramos o parâmetro número envoltório em duas convexidades em grafos, a convexidade P3 e a convexidade geodética. Na convexidade P3, obtivemos resultados do número envoltório P3 para o produto Cartesiano, produto forte e produto lexicográfico de grafos. Em especial, em relação ao produto Cartesiano, obtivemos um resultado de complexidade, no qual mostramos que, dado um grafo G, resultante de um produto Cartesiano de dois grafos e um inteiro positivo k, é NP-completo decidir se o número envoltório P3 de G é menor ou igual a k. Também consideramos o número envoltório P3 para prismas complementares GG de grafos G e G conexos, em que mostramos um limite superior um pouco mais justo do que o encontrado na literatura. Na convexidade geodética, mostramos resultados do número envoltório para prismas complementares GG quando G é uma árvore, quando G é um grafo desconexo e quando G é um cografo. Por fim, também mostramos que na convexidade geodética o número envoltório do prisma complementar GG pode ser ilimitado para grafos G e G ambos conexos, diferentemente do que ocorre na convexidade P3.

O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e correlacionar as propriedades mecânicas do concreto e da argamassa de assentamento com o comportamento estrutural de blocos vazados de concreto, prismas e paredes, por meio de modelagem física e numérica. Realizou-se detalhada investigação experimental, recorrendo à premissa metodológica de se utilizar um mesmo concreto, de consistência plástica, para a moldagem de blocos vazados e corpos-de-prova cilíndricos, para assegurar propriedades idênticas dos materiais em cada série de ensaios. Analisou-se o efeito de confinamento que se apresenta nos ensaios de blocos isolados, o qual induz uma distribuição não-uniforme de deformações e acarreta aumento da sua capacidade resistente em relação à resistência à compressão do concreto. Em ensaios nos quais se reduziu o efeito de confinamento, constatou-se que os blocos apresentam menor capacidade resistente e alteração do modo de ruína, decorrente da distribuição mais uniforme das deformações, similar àquela que se observa nos blocos centrais dos prismas e paredes. Analisou-se também a influência do efeito de confinamento e do processo de cura das juntas de argamassa e se associou parâmetros indicativos do seu comportamento à capacidade resistente e ao modo de ruína de prismas e paredes. As propriedades mecânicas dos materiais, obtidas experimentalmente, foram implementadas em um modelo numérico de elementos finitos, que se mostrou capaz de representar o comportamento dos diversos elementos de alvenaria submetidos à compressão, com boa predição da resistência, deformabilidade e modo de ruína. Com base nos resultados numéricos e experimentais, estabeleceu-se um modelo de interpretação da distribuição de tensões e deformações nos blocos vazados de concreto, o que resultou na recomendação de um procedimento para determinação de sua rigidez axial. Associou-se também o efeito da resistência e da deformabilidade da argamassa no comportamento estrutural dos prismas e paredes. Correlações e formulações algébricas foram estabelecidas para análise do comportamento e previsão quantitativa da resistência e da deformabilidade de blocos, prismas e paredes. / This work aims to identify and correlate the mechanical properties of concrete and bedding mortar to the structural behavior of hollow concrete blocks, prisms and walls, by mean of physical and numerical modeling. A detailed experimental investigation was carried out by assuming as a premise the use of plastic consistency concrete to produce hollow blocks and cylindrical samples. This was done to assure the same material properties in each test series. Confinement effect in block compression tests causes a non-uniform strain distribution through face-shells and webs. This effect induces an increase of the block ultimate load. Modified block tests by reducing the confinement effect were performed. The results showed that confinement reduction brings a more uniform strain distribution, which is similar to the observed one in the central blocks of prisms and walls. A decrease of compressive strength and changes the failure mode were also evidenced. Confinement effect and influence of water loss during the curing of mortar joints were also considered. Indicative parameters about bedding mortar behavior were obtained and the resistant capacity and the failure mode of prisms and walls were associated to them. The mechanical properties of materials obtained in tests were implemented in a finite elements numerical model to analyze the behaviour of masonry elements under compression. The numerical analysis gave good predictions of strength, deformability and failure mode. Based on the numerical and experimental results, a stress and strain distribution model was realized, which enabled an experimental procedure for the determination of the block axial stiffness. Correlations and algebraic formulation were proposed for the behavior analysis and quantitative evaluation of strength and deformability of blocks, prisms and walls.

O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e correlacionar as propriedades mecânicas do concreto e da argamassa de assentamento com o comportamento estrutural de blocos vazados de concreto, prismas e paredes, por meio de modelagem física e numérica. Realizou-se detalhada investigação experimental, recorrendo à premissa metodológica de se utilizar um mesmo concreto, de consistência plástica, para a moldagem de blocos vazados e corpos-de-prova cilíndricos, para assegurar propriedades idênticas dos materiais em cada série de ensaios. Analisou-se o efeito de confinamento que se apresenta nos ensaios de blocos isolados, o qual induz uma distribuição não-uniforme de deformações e acarreta aumento da sua capacidade resistente em relação à resistência à compressão do concreto. Em ensaios nos quais se reduziu o efeito de confinamento, constatou-se que os blocos apresentam menor capacidade resistente e alteração do modo de ruína, decorrente da distribuição mais uniforme das deformações, similar àquela que se observa nos blocos centrais dos prismas e paredes. Analisou-se também a influência do efeito de confinamento e do processo de cura das juntas de argamassa e se associou parâmetros indicativos do seu comportamento à capacidade resistente e ao modo de ruína de prismas e paredes. As propriedades mecânicas dos materiais, obtidas experimentalmente, foram implementadas em um modelo numérico de elementos finitos, que se mostrou capaz de representar o comportamento dos diversos elementos de alvenaria submetidos à compressão, com boa predição da resistência, deformabilidade e modo de ruína. Com base nos resultados numéricos e experimentais, estabeleceu-se um modelo de interpretação da distribuição de tensões e deformações nos blocos vazados de concreto, o que resultou na recomendação de um procedimento para determinação de sua rigidez axial. Associou-se também o efeito da resistência e da deformabilidade da argamassa no comportamento estrutural dos prismas e paredes. Correlações e formulações algébricas foram estabelecidas para análise do comportamento e previsão quantitativa da resistência e da deformabilidade de blocos, prismas e paredes. / This work aims to identify and correlate the mechanical properties of concrete and bedding mortar to the structural behavior of hollow concrete blocks, prisms and walls, by mean of physical and numerical modeling. A detailed experimental investigation was carried out by assuming as a premise the use of plastic consistency concrete to produce hollow blocks and cylindrical samples. This was done to assure the same material properties in each test series. Confinement effect in block compression tests causes a non-uniform strain distribution through face-shells and webs. This effect induces an increase of the block ultimate load. Modified block tests by reducing the confinement effect were performed. The results showed that confinement reduction brings a more uniform strain distribution, which is similar to the observed one in the central blocks of prisms and walls. A decrease of compressive strength and changes the failure mode were also evidenced. Confinement effect and influence of water loss during the curing of mortar joints were also considered. Indicative parameters about bedding mortar behavior were obtained and the resistant capacity and the failure mode of prisms and walls were associated to them. The mechanical properties of materials obtained in tests were implemented in a finite elements numerical model to analyze the behaviour of masonry elements under compression. The numerical analysis gave good predictions of strength, deformability and failure mode. Based on the numerical and experimental results, a stress and strain distribution model was realized, which enabled an experimental procedure for the determination of the block axial stiffness. Correlations and algebraic formulation were proposed for the behavior analysis and quantitative evaluation of strength and deformability of blocks, prisms and walls.

Masonry structures constitute a significant portion of building stock worldwide. Seismic performance of unreinforced masonry has been far from satisfactory. Masonry is purported to be a major source of hazard during earthquakes by reconnaissance surveys conducted aftermath of an earthquake. Reasons for the poor performance of masonry structures are more than one namely lack of deformational capacity, poor tensile strength & lack of earthquake resistance features coupled with poor quality control and large variation in strength of materials employed. Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) composites have emerged as an efficient strengthening technique for reinforced concrete structures over the past two decades. Present thesis is focused towards analysing the behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) strengthened masonry under axial compression and in-plane shear loading. Determination of in-planes hear resistance of large masonry panels requires tremendous effort in terms of cost, labour and time. Masonry assemblages like prisms and triplets that represent the state of stress present in masonry walls and masonry in-fills when under the action of in-planes hear forces present an alternative option for research and analysis purposes. Hence, present research is focused towards analysing the performance of FRP strengthened masonry assemblages and unreinforced masonry assemblages. Chapter1 provides a brief review on the behaviour of masonry shear walls and masonry in-fills under the action of in-plane shear forces in addition to the performance of masonry structures during past earthquakes. Review of available literature on FRP confinement of masonry prisms with bed joints inclined from 00 to 900 to the loading axis under axial compression, analytical models available for FRP confined concrete, shear strength of masonry triplets attached with FRP is presented. Chapter 2 primarily focuses on determining the various properties of the materials involved in this research investigation. Test procedure and results of the tests conducted to determine the mechanical and related properties of the materials involved are presented. Elastic properties and stress-strain response of burnt clay brick, mortar and FRP laminates are presented. Studies conducted on behaviour of GFRP confined masonry prisms under monotonic axial compression are included in Chapter 3. The study comprised of testing masonry prisms, both unconfined and FRP confined masonry prisms under axial compression. Stretcher bond and English bond prisms, with bed joints normal and parallel to loading axis are included in this study. Two grades of GFRP,360g/m2 and 600 g/m2 are employed to confine masonry prisms. The experimental program involved masonry prism types that accounted for variations in masonry bonding pattern, bed joint inclination to the loading axis and grade of GFRP. Review of the available analytical models predicting compressive strength of FRP confined masonry prism is presented. Available models for FRP confinement of masonry are re-calibrated using the present experimental data generating new coefficients for the already existing model to develop new expression for predicting the compressive strength of FRP confined prisms. In addition to the prism types mentioned earlier, behaviour of unconfined and GFRP confined stretcher bond prisms with bed joints inclined at 300, 450 & 600 to the loading axis are further investigated. Chapter 4 primarily deals with the shear strength and deformational capacity of masonry triplets that represent joint shear failure in masonry. An experimental program involving masonry triplets attached with different types of FRP(GFRP and CFRP), grade of FRP, percentage area covered by FRP and reinforcement pattern is executed. This exercise determined the influence of these parameters over the enhancement achieved in terms of shear strength and ultimate displacement. Results of tests conducted on stretcher bond prisms presented in chapter 3 and results of tests on shear triplets presented in this chapter are combined to study the interaction between shear and normal stresses acting along the masonry bed joint at different angles of inclination. The thesis culminated with chapter 5 as concluding remarks highlighting the salient Information pertaining to the behaviour of FRP strengthened masonry under axial compression and in-plane shear loading obtained as an outcome of the research conducted as a part of this thesis.