Prisonization refers to the idea that prisoners assimilate to prison society, import criminogenic characteristics, and are deprived by prison culture. Post-carceral prisonization is the process by which excarcerated prisoners (EXP) are socialized by features of prisonization that persist after release, and which manifest under probation and parole. Post-carceral prisonization occurs as a result of stigma and discrimination and a lack of access to crucial resources like employment, housing, and prosocial ties. EXPs make a decision to change their lives during or immediately following release from prison or jail, usually accompanied by a spiritual or religious change. EXPs seek to reform identities constructed both by years of incarceration and by their experiences with "prison satellites" which are prisonization agents that emerge after release. Hindered by a loss of social, economic, and material assets, the threat of sudden and unexplainable incarceration, and lifelong criminal stigma, EXPs endeavor to positively reform their identities and their lives. / Ph. D.

Adjustment to prison culture may influence the development of psychological issues for some individuals and may contribute to the difficulties of reentry to society, potentially contributing to the high rates of recidivism. The purpose of this study was to explore prisonization and its potential psychological effects from the perspective of individuals who experienced it. The theoretical foundation used to guide this study was the constructivist self-development theory, which can be used to explain how individuals may or may not have been affected by their traumatic experience. The participants for this phenomenological study included 10 individuals who experienced incarceration to fulfill the purpose of exploring psychological effects that may have developed during incarceration. The open-ended research questions that were used in this study were designed to obtain a full description of the prisonization and postincarceration experience, including any psychological issues that may have resulted from the incarceration experience. The process of explicitation, which included bracketing, extracting unique themes, and summarizing, was used to analyze the collected data. The interviews suggested that symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder may result from the prisonization experience. It is hoped that the results of this study may bring to awareness the psychological effects that can develop in some individuals during incarceration and may contribute to the difficulties of successful reentry to society.

Almost 2,000 males, who have been convicted of crimes covering the gamut of criminal activities, are institutionalized in the state prison in Johnson County, Tennessee. These inmates, housed in the confines of a few concrete buildings, represent a society that is dissimilar from the free-world society. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to determine the characteristics of an inmate leader. Research data were collected through interviews with 20 prisoners located in the Northeast Correctional Complex in Mountain City, Tennessee. Inmate leaders, selected for the study, included gang leaders and non-gang leaders. Interviews were tape recorded and transcribed for the data analysis. To capture the essence of the interviews, interpretivism was used for the analysis. A holistic view allowed certain overlapping themes to be isolated. Findings were presented thematically as they answered specific research questions. Past experiences of inmates and the prisonization process gave them a unique and different understanding of leadership. To serve in a leadership role, the inmates determined that the person had to be trustworthy, follow the code of silence and show respect for fellow inmates in the carceral setting. Gang leaders had a greater focus on coercion and power in their roles as leaders. The controlled prison environment conditioned the inmates to a survival mode. Inmate Larry encapsulated life on the other side of the fence: “Prison is what you make it.” Recommendations included researching the leadership traits of juveniles in the correctional system. This data could be useful in re-directing the leadership energies of these youths. A study of leadership traits identified by females in the correctional justice system would provide information on how the traits are shaped by gender, prisonization, or a life with little exposure to leadership role models.

O presente estudo analisa como as demandas institucionais e as regras do cárcere afetam e conformam o indivíduo preso. O processo de prisionização implica na absorção de valores, costumes e normas próprias da cultura prisional; a apropriação das regras, dos códigos de linguagem e dos conhecimentos desse grupo social específico traz impactos à identidade do preso. A partir do conjunto de normas que regem o dia-a-dia prisional - que inclui aquelas produzidas pelo Estado (ordem formal), as elaboradas pelos próprios presos (ordem informal) e mesmo as disciplinas (enquanto poder normativo fundamental à manutenção dessas duas ordens) - pode-se compreender qual o tipo de individualidade essas regras pretendem produzir e as diferentes formas do indivíduo reagir a tais exigências institucionais. / This study examines how the institutional demands and the rules of the jail affect and conform the inmate man. The process of prisonization implies the absorption of values, habits and standards proper of prison culture; the appropriation of the norms, codes of language and knowledge of this specific social group brings impacts to the identity of the prisoner. From the set of rules governing the day-to-day prison - including those produced by the State (formal order), as elaborated by the prisoners (informal order) and even the disciplines (as normative power essential to the maintenance of these two orders) - one can understand what kind of individuality these rules aim to produce and the different ways of the individual reacting to such institutional requirements.

O presente estudo analisa como as demandas institucionais e as regras do cárcere afetam e conformam o indivíduo preso. O processo de prisionização implica na absorção de valores, costumes e normas próprias da cultura prisional; a apropriação das regras, dos códigos de linguagem e dos conhecimentos desse grupo social específico traz impactos à identidade do preso. A partir do conjunto de normas que regem o dia-a-dia prisional - que inclui aquelas produzidas pelo Estado (ordem formal), as elaboradas pelos próprios presos (ordem informal) e mesmo as disciplinas (enquanto poder normativo fundamental à manutenção dessas duas ordens) - pode-se compreender qual o tipo de individualidade essas regras pretendem produzir e as diferentes formas do indivíduo reagir a tais exigências institucionais. / This study examines how the institutional demands and the rules of the jail affect and conform the inmate man. The process of prisonization implies the absorption of values, habits and standards proper of prison culture; the appropriation of the norms, codes of language and knowledge of this specific social group brings impacts to the identity of the prisoner. From the set of rules governing the day-to-day prison - including those produced by the State (formal order), as elaborated by the prisoners (informal order) and even the disciplines (as normative power essential to the maintenance of these two orders) - one can understand what kind of individuality these rules aim to produce and the different ways of the individual reacting to such institutional requirements.

This research is a case study focused on the resocialization of prison gang members through the lens of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice’s (TDCJ) Gang Renouncement and Disassociation (GRAD) process, a nine-month, three-phase voluntary process whereby confirmed prison gang, or Security Threat Group (STG), members renounce their gang membership and disassociate from the gang while still incarcerated. The TDCJ implemented its gang renunciation process to relinquish its dependence on segregating confirmed prison gang members and to provide them a way to transition out of segregation. The GRAD process has been in place since 2000 with more than 2,600 offenders completing it, but little information, other than anecdotal evidence, is available to support or disprove its success or effectiveness at de-ganging and resocializing prison gang members for the long haul. Interviews were conducted with 16 individuals, including GRAD correctional officers and instructors, and law enforcement officers with known expertise and knowledge of prison gang investigations. A limited amount of extant aggregate-level data was provided by TDCJ to supplement the narratives in the qualitative analysis. Findings suggest that the identified goals of the process differ among GRAD staff and non-GRAD staff: GRAD staff focused on offender rehabilitation, and non-GRAD staff focused on gang renunciation. It was also found that resocialization and normative change can and do occur in the closed GRAD environment; however, no tracking mechanism exists to systematically and pro-actively monitor their behavior once they are released from GRAD to determine if they have internalized these new norms and values. Based on the interviews, it also appears that the length of time spent in segregation prior to renunciation renders the offender more grateful and appreciative, and, therefore, more likely to successfully complete the process. Finally, interviews with law enforcement reveal that, upon release to the broader community, these offenders may have renounced the gang – but not the crime. The dissertation ends with limitations to the study, recommendations for future research, and implications for social work. / text

Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-05T13:49:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ Leticia Chaves Monteiro.pdf: 7653690 bytes, checksum: 01c6fcf1f0a3dd13b48c73ec3f2d109c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela (anapoli@ufba.br) on 2013-11-18T19:15:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ Leticia Chaves Monteiro.pdf: 7653690 bytes, checksum: 01c6fcf1f0a3dd13b48c73ec3f2d109c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-18T19:15:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ Leticia Chaves Monteiro.pdf: 7653690 bytes, checksum: 01c6fcf1f0a3dd13b48c73ec3f2d109c (MD5) / CAPES / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a vivência cotidiana em instituições prisionais a partir da ocupação de Agente Penitenciário, permeada pela necessidade de ordem e do estabelecimento de estratégias de controle, contemplando as dimensões do risco, poder e negociação que atravessam a cultura prisional, a partir de profissionais desta categoria em Salvador-BA. Através da aplicação de questionários, da presença em 6 unidades prisionais, de entrevistas abertas e semi-abertas, foi possível realizar uma investigação horizontal dos principais aspectos da vivência destes profissionais, sua percepção sobre o sistema penitenciário e consequências dessa ocupação em sua vida e saúde, física e mental. A característica preponderante do poder negociado entre presos, agentes e equipe dirigente, a precariedade das condições estruturais e técnicas e as relações estabelecidas no sistema penitenciário, contribuem significativamente para o impacto desta profissão nestes sujeitos. As condições de trabalho para os agentes penitenciários são precárias em Salvador-BA, especialmente pela falta de infra-estrutura adequada, falta de treinamento e falta de contingente e equipamentos. Dentre as possibilidades de agência destes profissionais, existe a aquisição de bens necessários ao ambiente ocupacional, a relação com os presos e as negociações de plantão. A relação entre os agentes e destes com os demais membros da equipe dirigente apresentou sinais de ambiguidade, de uma divergência muitas vezes velada, mais do que de solidariedade. Aproximadamente 50% dos participantes indicaram problemas físicos e emocionais em decorrência da profissão. Uma parcela significativa dos participantes da pesquisa reconhecem e validam os aspectos punitivos da prisão, mas apresentam pouca crença na capacidade da prisão em reduzir a violência, especialmente considerando as condições sócio-políticas e as atividades de ressocialização existentes. This research aimed to investigate the daily life in correctional institutions from the occupation of Prison Officer, permeated by the need for order and the establishment of control strategies, considering the dimensions of risk, and negotiated power crossing the prison culture, from this category of professionals in Salvador, Bahia. Through questionnaires, the presence in 6 prisons, open and semi-open interviews, it was possible to conduct an investigation of the main horizontal aspects of the experience of these professionals, their perception of the prison system and the impacts of this occupation in your life and health, physical and mental. The prevailing characteristic of negotiated power between prisoners and staff leadership team, poor structural conditions and techniques that have been identified by other authors who have researched this occupation and the relationships established in the prison system pointing to the lack of full control over the institution that are confined there, contribute significantly to the impact of the profession on these subjects. Working conditions for correctional officers are poor in Salvador-BA, especially the lack of adequate infrastructure, lack of training and lack of contingent and equipment. Among the possibilities of agency these professionals is to acquire assets needed for the the work environment, the relationship with the prisoners and negotiations on duty. The relationship between these agents and with the leading team showed signs of ambiguity from a disagreement veiled rather than solidarity. Approximately 50% of participants indicated physical and emotional problems as a result of the occupation. A significant portion of respondents recognize and validate the punitive aspects of the prison, but have little belief in the ability to reduce prison violence, especially considering the socio-political and existing activities of rehabilitation.

Crime is as old as mankind. It started with an incident of theft inside Paradise and a murder outside. In order to understand the phenomenon of crime several theories were formulated over time. One fact should be recognized: All forms of trauma can be reduced to a single common factor: Control – or better said: a lack of control. A lack of personal control causes tension; tension leads to desperation; desperation leads to irresponsibility. Then the door to crime is unlocked. Fortunately all irresponsibilities doesn’t lead to crime. In order to understand the offender it is imperative to understand his background. The relationship between childhood trauma and crime cannot be denied. It is a fact that childhood traumas can lead to abnormal brain development in early childhood. For this reason special attention is paid to the processes involved in brain development, both in normal children and in maltreated ones. If not identified and intervened in time, it can lead to a situation where the cycle of frustration and desperation, and eventually crime, cannot be interrupted - not even by prisonization. Management of change (rehabilitation) must reckon with the influence of said traumas on the brain development of children. Efforts to rehabilitate the offender becomes senseless if applied for an hour once a week. Such efforts cannot repair the damage done by negative influences repeated thousands of times over many years. In the same vein it is fruitless to aim therapeutic interventions on the reason of man hoping to repair the emotional damage of his childhood. For this reason the Neurosequential Method of Therapeutics holds promise in the quest for the rehabilitation of the offender and in the fight against crime. / Penology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

Crime is as old as mankind. It started with an incident of theft inside Paradise and a murder outside. In order to understand the phenomenon of crime several theories were formulated over time. One fact should be recognized: All forms of trauma can be reduced to a single common factor: Control – or better said: a lack of control. A lack of personal control causes tension; tension leads to desperation; desperation leads to irresponsibility. Then the door to crime is unlocked. Fortunately all irresponsibilities doesn’t lead to crime. In order to understand the offender it is imperative to understand his background. The relationship between childhood trauma and crime cannot be denied. It is a fact that childhood traumas can lead to abnormal brain development in early childhood. For this reason special attention is paid to the processes involved in brain development, both in normal children and in maltreated ones. If not identified and intervened in time, it can lead to a situation where the cycle of frustration and desperation, and eventually crime, cannot be interrupted - not even by prisonization. Management of change (rehabilitation) must reckon with the influence of said traumas on the brain development of children. Efforts to rehabilitate the offender becomes senseless if applied for an hour once a week. Such efforts cannot repair the damage done by negative influences repeated thousands of times over many years. In the same vein it is fruitless to aim therapeutic interventions on the reason of man hoping to repair the emotional damage of his childhood. For this reason the Neurosequential Method of Therapeutics holds promise in the quest for the rehabilitation of the offender and in the fight against crime. / Penology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

This master thesis examines the influence of short-term prison sentences on social and psychological development of individuals imprisoned in prison. It is struggling to find and define phenomena that may affect the personality of the individual in prison facili-ties.The thesis defines the professional key concepts that relate to the topic penitertiary environment. It is specifically about those concepts, which are known only to a small circle of people (mainly people who are involved in prisonry). Specifically, the notions of punishment, convicted persons, treatment programs, penitentiary problems or institu-tionalization. It also describes the psychological and social aspects with which the pri-soners face in prison.The issue of short-term prison deals with the practical part of the thesis as the respondents were using individuals who were sentenced to imprisonment of up to one year. Information is processed through interviews and questionnaires records (it is possible to write even a case study).