Motivation and Approach This thesis seeks to address the alienated urban experience facilitated by Government architecture within the CBD that has become the norm, namely exclusionary “objects as architecture”. The study will seek to counter public exclusion and establish interdepartmental connectivity thus aiding cohesion within Government as well as between Government and the public. Architectural Intention - Definition through Transparency Exploration will happen by redefining views of the public realm through the creation of an architectural experience that tackles legibility within both the public and private domains, thus engaging all users as valued actors in the spatial milieu. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

This applied research project draws the practical experience of the authors, projects sponsored by their respective institutions of higher learning and efforts of an alliance of technology-based organisations. In addition, some basic concepts, tools and philosophies which are well-established in previous applied research are utilised. With this in mind, the objective of this paper is to shed some practical light on the role and process of traditional and strategic innovation. To achieve this goal, the authors draw on a series of conceptual frameworks and practical guidelines. These frameworks capitalise on the open system nature of today's dynamic organisations. Although the approach presented in this study applies to large businesses as well as small- to medium-sized firms, especially it is helpful to small- to medium-sized technology-based businesses as they attempt to manage the rapid growth in their demand through innovation and innovative strategies.

Guy de Maupassant's short stories "Une Aventure Parisienne" and "Le Signe" tell the tales of two female protagonists caught by curiosity. In "Une Aventure Parisienne," a notary's wife (the petite provinciale) leaves her home and ventures to Paris in search of an affair with a celebrity. After finding one and sleeping with him, the petite provinciale becomes disillusioned with her fantasy: she returns home deflated from the realization that her celebrity snores and drools just as her husband does. The high-society protagonist in "Le Signe," Madame de Grangerie, is also disenchanted with her interest in imitating the gesture of a prostitute she notices across the street. When faced with a male client she frantically gives in to what she has offered. Needing to reaffirm her identity as an "honnête femme," she solicits advice from her friend on what to do if the client returns. While both protagonists do not face legal punishment for their affairs, they do confront personal consequences. The petite provinciale's dreams about celebrities burst and Madame de Grangerie's reputation appears at risk. Maupassant not only comments on feminine curiosity and adultery, but also on the internal effects such actions could potentially have on women of his time. In this thesis I argue that even though both protagonists act on their curiosities and flirt with private/public boundaries, the petite provinciale and Madame de Grangerie are ultimately presented through masculinized lenses. I also show how discursive nineteenth-century traditions of a limited view of female sexuality are reconstructed in Maupassant's tales. / Master of Arts

[pt] A utilização de financiamentos baseados em project finance ganhou grande impulso nas últimas décadas em projetos de infra-estrutura pública. Em todo o mundo, governos têm incentivado o investimento privado nesta área através de estruturas de PPP (Parceria Público-Privada), cujo conceito vem se desenvolvendo e aprimorando. O setor de transportes apresenta vasto campo para aplicação de tais instrumentos, destacando-se as concessões rodoviárias. Dadas as características de alguns projetos envolvendo project finance e PPP, faz-se necessário o uso de conceitos da Teoria de Opções Reais que permitem a correta avaliação de viabilidade econômica, além de explicitarem as vantagens da utilização destes instrumentos no que se refere a alocação de riscos. Assim como no project finance, as PPPs envolvem compromissos contratuais, de forma que neste caso o governo pode oferecer subsídios, garantias ou outras formas de suporte com objetivo de reduzir o risco do investidor privado. Nas concessões rodoviárias, por exemplo, considerando o fator de risco relacionado ao tráfego, tem-se discutido muito sobre a questão de garantias governamentais, que podem ser oferecidas segundo diferentes modelos. O objetivo desta dissertação é rever as caracterísiticas relacionadas a estruturas de project finance e PPP, bem como aplicações existentes de conceitos de opções reais nestes casos. É apresentado um projeto hipotético de concessão rodoviária neste contexto e três opções são identificadas: garantia de tráfego mínimo, repasse de receita por tráfego máximo e possibilidade de abandono pelos acionistas. / [en] The use of project finance in public infrastructure projects has been growing in the last decades. Governments around the world have been motivating private investments in infrastructure through public private partnerships (PPP) framework. In the transport sector, for example, project finance and PPP are largely used in toll road concessions. Some real options can be identified in these structures and it is necessary to use the correct methodology to analyze project economic feasibility and risk allocation. The PPP agreements may include subsidies, guarantees and other forms of support designed to reduce the risk to the private investor. Regarding the revenue risk in toll road concessions, different models of traffic guarantees have been offered by governments in many countries. This thesis intends to review these concessions, keeping in mind project finance, PPP features and real options that may exist in this context. A hypothetical toll road concession is proposed and three real options are identified and analyzed: a minimum traffic guarantee, a maximum traffic ceiling and a possible abandonment by the sponsors.

[pt] A PPP (Parcerias Públicos-Privados) tem por objetivo viabilizar projetos de infraestrutura através da concessão de algum tipo de apoio governamental com garantias ou aportes de recursos, visando mitigar o risco do projeto tornando-o mais atrativo para o setor privado. Este estudo utiliza a metodologia de opções reais para modelar o impacto dos incentivos do governo no contrato de concessão sobre o valor do projeto. A análise de projeto sob esta ótica considera as flexibilidades especificas do projeto em estudo, tornando o projeto viável que antes poderia não ser atrativo ao investidor privado, em função das grandes incertezas existentes sobre a demanda prevista. Será realizado um estudo de caso baseado na Manifestação de Interesse da Iniciativa Privada – MIP 03/2012, que tem por objetivo o início da licitação de concessão ou PPP para a implantação, manutenção, e operação do serviço de transporte metroviário da LINHA 3 do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, entre os Municípios de Niterói e São Gonçalo. / [en] The PPP (Public-Private Partnership) aims to facilitate infrastructure projects by granting some form of government support with guarantees or capital injections, to mitigate project risk by making it more attractive to the private sector. In this study, we will use the methodology of Real Options to model the impact of government incentives in the contract of concession on the value of the project. The analysis of the project by this point of view considers the specific flexibilities of the project being studied, making the project feasible which previously might not be attractive to the private investor, according to the major uncertainties about the expected demand. It will be done a study case based in the Expression of Interest from Private Initiative - MIP 03/2012 that has as objective the start of the bidding for concession or PPP for deployment, maintenance and operation of the Subway Systems service from Line 3 of Rio de Janeiro State, between the cities of Niterói and São Gonçalo.

O objetivo principal da tese consiste em identificar e analisar o processo de construção e de desenvolvimento do Pronatec, utilizado aqui como sinônimo da iniciativa Bolsa Formação, no âmbito de instituição pública (integrante da Rede Federal de EPCT) e privada (integrante do Sistema S) situadas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, de modo a apreender as relações entre trabalho e educação, formação profissional e desenvolvimento econômico, que informam essa política, e a identificar e examinar os impactos dessa nova forma de oferta no âmbito das políticas públicas de educação profissional já em andamento. A partir de um referencial analítico que situa a educação profissional como espaço de disputas na realização de distintos projetos formativos, e apreende as políticas educacionais como materialização de interesses de classe, buscou-se evidenciar a correlação de forças presente na construção e no desenvolvimento do Pronatec no âmbito do Estado, compreendido na perspectiva gramsciana como conjunto da sociedade política e sociedade civil, apreendendo-o como parte e produto de uma totalidade social e histórica situada no campo das contradições, das mediações e das relações entre o particular e o geral, o singular e o universal. A pesquisa fez uso das abordagens qualitativa e quantitativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas com gestores em âmbito nacional, e com gestores, coordenadores e professores das instituições de ensino investigadas; aplicados questionários dirigidos ao conjunto de professores e de estudantes dos cursos ofertados nas unidades de ensino selecionadas. Procedeu-se, também, à análise dos projetos pedagógicos de curso que orientaram as ofertas, ao levantamento e análise de fontes primárias sobre o Pronatec e de indicadores quantitativos de orçamento e de matrículas do conjunto de iniciativas do Programa. Com base na interpretação das informações coletadas, pode-se indicar que o Pronatec representou uma disputa política sobre a concepção de formação da classe trabalhadora e pela apropriação dos fundos públicos da educação profissional, que resultou em desvio de rota nas políticas de educação profissional, construídas a partir das propostas dos movimentos sociais e de coletivos de educadores democráticos ligados à classe trabalhadora, durante a primeira década dos anos 2000, e produziu efeitos regressivos no âmbito de Programas, como Proeja e Mulheres Mil, e nas políticas de educação profissional do campo. É possível afirmar que a nova forma de indução da educação profissional, por meio da oferta de vagas gratuitas em instituições públicas e privadas, a partir do Pronatec Bolsa Formação, é parte das medidas desenvolvidas pelo governo federal que, com base nas premissas gramscianas, pode ser caracterizado como expressão de uma revolução passiva à brasileira: parte conservação e parte inovação. Apesar de incorporar elementos das lutas dos trabalhadores, como a reunião das políticas de formação profissional no âmbito do Ministério da Educação e a continuidade das políticas do período anterior, o protagonismo das instituições privadas e a fragilidade dos mecanismos para identificação das reais demandas formativas conduziu ao desenvolvimento de formas de oferta desintegradas da educação básica e à recuperação da hegemonia do projeto educacional da burguesia na socialização da classe trabalhadora no novo espírito do capitalismo. / The thesis main goal consists in identify and analyze the construction and development process of Pronatec, used here as synonymous of Bolsa Formação initiative, in the public institution (Rede Federal of EPCT member) and private (Sistema S member) scope situated in Rio Grande do Sul, in order to capture the relations between work and education, professional formation and economic development, that inform this politics, and to examine the impacts of this new offering way in the professional education public politics scope already on going. From an analytical referential that places the professional education as a space of dispute in distinct constitutive projects, and captures the educational politics as class interests materialization, it was sought to show the interconnection force present in Pronatecs construction and development in the State scope, understood under the gramscian perspective as a political and social society aggregation, capturing it as part and product of a social and historical totality situated in the contradiction field, in mediations and relations between the private and the general, the singular and the universal. The research used qualitative and quantitative approaches. Interviews with managers in national range were held, and with managers, coordinators and teachers from the investigated institutions; questionnaires were applied to the group of teachers and students from the offered courses at the selected teaching units. There was, also, the analysis on the course pedagogic projects that guided the offer, the collecting and analysis on primary sources about Pronatec and quantitative budget and enrollment indicators of the Programs initiative group. Based on the collected information interpretation, it can be seen that Pronatec represented a political dispute about the working class formation conception and the professional educations public funds appropriation, which resulted in route detour in professional education politics, built from social movements proposals and democratic educators groups linked to the working class, during the first 2000s decade, and produced regressive effects on the Programs extent, such as Proeja and Mulheres Mil, and on the field professional education politics. Its possible to claim that the new professional education induction way, through free spots offer in public and private institutions, from the Pronatec Bolsa Formação, is part of the measures developed by the federal government that, based on gramscian premisses, can be characterized as an expression of a Brazilian passive revolution: part conservation and part innovation. Despite embodying workers struggle elements, such as the gathering of professional formation in the Education Ministry scope and the continuity of previous politics, the private institutions protagonism and the mechanisms fragility for identification of real formative demands lead to the development of offering ways detached from basic education and to the bourgeoisie hegemony retrieval educational project on the working class socialization in the new spirit of capitalism.

Magistro darbo pagrindinis tikslas ištirti viešojo ir privataus sektorių bendradarbiavimo plėtojant atsinaujinančius energijos išteklius situaciją ir plėtros galimybes Mažeikių rajone. Siekiant šio tikslo buvo analizuojamos Lietuvos ir užsienio mokslininkų bei praktikų įžvalgos viešojo ir privataus sektorių bendradarbiavimo ir atsinaujinančių išteklių plėtojimo klausimais, identifikuojamos problemos, apžvelgta viešojo ir privataus sektorių bendradarbiavimo patirtis Lietuvoje ir užsienio šalyse ne tik atsinaujinančių energijos išteklių, bet ir infrastruktūros projektuose. užsienio šalyse ne tik atsinaujinančių energijos išteklių, bet ir infrastruktūros projektuose. Atlikus kompleksinį tyrimą (mokslinės literatūros analizė, teisės aktų ir dokumentų analizė bei apklausos interviu būdu metodas), buvo ištirtos viešojo ir privataus sektorių bendradarbiavimo atsinaujinančius energijos išteklius Mažeikių rajone plėtros galimybės bei problemos. / Master thesis main objective is to investigate public and private sector cooperation in the development of renewable energy resources the situation and development opportunities in the Mazeikiai district. In order to achieve this objective were analyzed Lithuania and foreign researchers, practitioners, problems were identified, reviewed the public and private sector cooperation experience in Lithuania and abroad not only renewable energy resources , but also in infrastructure projects. After a comprehensive study (document analysis and interviews), were examined public and private sector cooperation in renewable energy resources, focusing on Mažeikiai district, development opportunities and problems.

[pt] Investimentos de caráter privado se apresentam como importante vetor para o financiamento de projetos de infra-estrutura pública. Governos ao redor do globo têm fomentado a participação da iniciativa privada nestes investimentos através da modelagem de projetos com base em project finance e na utilização de mecanismos de PPP (Parcerias Público-Privadas). Em projetos de PPP, estes instrumentos são arranjos contratuais no qual o governo assume compromissos futuros através de garantias e opções e vêm sendo utilizados na busca por uma alocação eficiente de riscos e recursos. Neste sentido, o setor de transporte se apresenta como um grande campo de aplicação destes mecanismos, em especial no que se refere às concessões rodoviárias. Um importante fator de risco em projetos desta natureza está associado ao volume de tráfego, que frequentemente apresenta impacto direto na viabilidade do empreendimento. Por esta razão, diferentes modelos de garantias que objetivam reduzir o risco do investidor privado e alocar de forma eficiente os recursos públicos têm sido apresentados. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para a viabilização de concessões rodoviárias. Para tanto, o trabalho apresenta o estudo de caso da MG-050, o primeira PPP na área de infra-estrutura rodoviária implementada no país. Adicionalmente, apresenta-se a sugestão de modelagem de garantias governamentais com base na metodologia de Opções Reais, sob a forma de uma garantia de tráfego mínimo para do projeto em questão. Conclui-se que a metodologia com base em opções reais contribui de forma a tornar o projeto viável à participação da iniciativa privada, oferecendo um menor custo para a obtenção deste objetivo. / [en] Private investments are an important instrument for funding public infrastructure projects. Governments around the globe have been developing incentives for the participation of private investments in these types of projects by using instruments such as PPP (Public Private Partnership) and project finance. PPP instruments are contracts in which the Government agrees to provide future guarantees or options, and are used in order to efficiently allocate risks and resources. Accordingly, the transportation sector is a vast field for the use of these instruments. An important risk factor associated with such projects is the volume of traffic, which directly impacts the feasibility of the venture. This dissertation presents a proposal for making projects feasible, and analyses the MG-050 Toll Road case, the first PPP in infrastructure in Brazil. Additionally, this work proposes the modeling of a minimum traffic guarantee through a Real Option approach. The conclusion is that the Real Option Theory contributes positively for the feasibility of the project and reduces the payments made by the public sector.

Notre époque contemporaine a vu se démultiplier les phénomènes d'exposition de soi, qui ont littéralement envahi la sphère médiatique ; de la télé-réalité à la presse people, en passant par la littérature autofictionnelle ou les réseaux sociaux, l'intimité – réservée, dans l'imaginaire collectif, à la sphère privée – s'épanouit désormais sur la scène publique. Les réactions critiques sont nombreuses, naviguant entre soupçons d'exhibitionnisme, de narcissisme ou d'impudeur ; pis, certains constats alarmistes concluent à la « mort » de l'intimité – qui, en s'exposant, deviendrait simulacre. C'est dans ce contexte que sont apparus, à l'orée des années 2000, les premiers journaux intimes en ligne – c'est-à-dire tenus publiquement sur le Web. Bouleversant nos représentations d'une écriture diaristique solitaire et auto-destinée, cet objet nous est apparu comme un support d'observation privilégié des variations du rapport de l'individu à l'intime. De façon à mettre en perspective leurs évolutions, nous avons confronté les modalités d’expression et d’exposition de soi du journal intime en ligne à celles de sa forme manuscrite. Nous avons entrepris de mener, dans une perspective généalogique, et en nous appuyant sur l'analyse de plusieurs journaux intimes manuscrits édités, une étude des formulations de l'intime et de ses formes de publicisation, de la naissance du journal intime – au tout début du XIXème siècle – jusqu'à notre époque contemporaine. Dans un second temps, centrant notre regard sur le journal intime en ligne, nous avons procédé à la réalisation de portraits individuels de diaristes en ligne, reposant sur l'association d'une analyse de discours recueillis en situation d'entretien à l'observation des journaux intimes concernés. Par une approche compréhensive des expériences singulières, nous ambitionnons à mettre au jour l'articulation entre dynamiques personnelles et collectives, dont l'analyse prend toute son ampleur dans une synthèse finale transversale. Celle-ci s'attache à mettre au jour le sens que les diaristes confèrent à leur pratique, et à offrir des clés de compréhension de ce phénomène qui met à l'épreuve la perception consensuelle de l'intimité comme secret de l'individu : c'est précisément cette conception qui sera remise en question tout au long de notre étude, et qui nous permettra d'éclairer les fluctuations des frontières privé/public, et la nature fondamentalement paradoxale de l'intimité. / In our present day era, we have witnessed the proliferation of phenomena of self-exposure which have literally invaded the media sphere ; from reality television to the tabloid Press, through autofiction writing or social networks, privacy – belonging in the private sphere in people’s minds – now bursts forth on the public stage. Critical reactions are varied, ranging from suspicions of exhibitionism or narcissism to immodesty ; worse yet, some alarmist reports conclude with the « death » of privacy – which, by its self-exposure, would have become a sham. Thus, the early 2000s saw the appearance of the first on-line personal diaries – that is to say kept publicly on the Web. Overthrowing our ideas of diary writing as solitary and destined for oneself, on-line diaries enable us to observe variations in the individual’s relationship with privacy. In order to put into perspective their evolution, we have compared the modalities of expression and of self-exposure in on-line and handwritten diaries. We have undertaken, from a genealogical point of view and based on the analysis of several handwritten diaries already published, a study of the expressions of privacy and of the ways of their publicizing, from the birth of the diary – at the very beginning of the 19th century – to the present day. Subsequently, concentrating on on-line diaries, we have created individual portraits of on-line diarists by working with an analysis of statements gathered during interviews and observation of the diaries concerned. By a comprehensive analysis of individual experiences, we strive to illuminate the interaction between personal and community dynamics, fully leading to a broad cross-disciplinary synthesis. We aim to reveal the direction intended by the diarists for their practice and offer clues about this phenomenon which puts to the test the general perception of privacy as the individual’s secret. This very perception will be questioned all through our study, and which will allow us to throw light on the fluctuations in the private/public boundaries and the fundamentally paradoxical nature of privacy.

This research (the first long-term ethnographic study of FOI in Britain) investigates concepts at the heart of FOI - transparency, trust, secrecy, truth, private, public, power and agency. Eighteen months participant observation fieldwork, alongside policy-makers, practitioners, and end-users facilitated in depth, study of the radical subject-object transformations that FOI requires, and the aesthetics that underpin it. The introduction of FOI entailed a 'culture change' - from a culture of secrecy to one of disclosure - driven, in Scotland, by the Scottish Information Commissioner through conferences. These were an opportunity for practitioners to come into new knowledge about the Act, their shared knowledge dissolving the divisions between them. But new divisions then opened between practitioners and colleagues; culture change being in the replication of a form of a relationship that previously lay between government and citizens. In their replicated form, individual practitioners disappeared - were made 'transparent' - only to reappear on being differentiated, leaving them acutely aware of the personal relations this fissure disclosed, and throwing into sharp question a theory of people's division as indicative of their 'secrecy'. Transparency, here, depended on whether people were divided or combined - acting in their own capacity, or that of the organization. While making personal relations absent from new disclosures was necessary for FOI compliance, this concealment hid a complex network of relations, and turned knowledge into 'information'. Yet the division between information and knowledge was not crisp: end-users continued to read practitioners' personal relations in disclosed information, thus relations were both absent from and implied in the information released. Whether information was public (and accessible) depended on the undifferentiated status of those who created, handled, or were the subjects of, information. As people came into new knowledge, invoking their divided or common footing, they alternated between appearing 'private' or 'public' - person or thing - a division between individuals reflecting a division within each of them.