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Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka den nya bostadsformen ägarlägenhet och de befintliga ägandeformerna bostadsrätt och småhus. En komparation har gjorts mellan dessa tre ägandeformer gällande juridiska och ekonomiska frågor. Våra nordiska grannländers ägarlägenheter har också undersökts.   Ägarlägenheten är enligt lagstiftaren ett "radhus på höjden", det vill säga en lägenhet i ett flerbostadshus som betraktas så som ett småhus. För att undersöka ägarlägenheten har den rättsvetenskapliga metoden använts. Litteratur inom området har behandlats med propositionen till lagändringarna gällande ägarlägenhet (2008/09:91) som främsta grund.   Skillnaderna mellan bostadsrätten, småhuset och ägarlägenheten varierar beroende på sakfråga. De största variationerna är att bostadsrättsägaren endast innehar en del i föreningen med nyttjanderätt till sin lägenhet som är lös egendom enligt köplagen (1990:931). Småhuset och ägarlägenheten är fast egendom och faller under jordabalkens (1970:994) regler. i en bostadsrätt måste föreningen godkänna in- och utträde av medlemmar vid överlåtelse, för småhusägaren tillika ägarlägenhetsägaren krävs det inget godkännande. Andrahandsuthyrning är fritt för småhus- eller ägarlägenhetsägaren medan det krävs godkännande från bostadsrättsföreningen vid bostadsrättsinnehav.

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Properties are bought and sold daily, which means that it is of great importance with rules that regulate the acquisition. The rules on who should be held liable for a property brought to a head when the acquisition relates to a property that is loaded with contaminated soil. The purpose with this thesis is to investigate who could be held liable for contaminated land and also whether an exclusion clause can affect the separation of responsibilities. Two different liabilities can occur depending on which law that should be applicable, MB or JB. MB's rules apply to anyone who may be subject to decontamination responsibilities, which is regulated in Chapter 10. MB. The rules state that a decontamination responsibility attaches to one or more operators, or one or more property owners. In assessing whether contamination exists and whom to be considered responsible, an assessment is made along the facts of the case. JB's rules apply to what can be considered as defects in a property, the rules in JB is therefore crucial to whether the pollution could be considered as an error. Different circumstances are important when deciding what party that should be liable, like the agreement between the parties, the buyer’s obligation to examine the property and the seller’s duty to inform the buyer. All factors are important when deciding who to be held liable. The separation of responsibilities is important when deciding whether the buyer has an opportunity to refer to different sanction against the seller. An exclusion clause can to some extent affect the separation of responsibilities. This is valid both for the decontamination responsibilities under MB and the rules in JB. Some facts should be considered when an exclusion clause is written, since it may be annulled or adjusted if certain conditions exist.

This thesis addresses the question of how conventions and other instruments regulating court jurisdiction should deal with court proceedings relating to arbitration. It argues that the conventional approach of excluding court proceedings related to arbitration entirely from the scope of the jurisdiction instrument cannot be justified with reference to any international arbitration convention. It continues to argue that the exclusion of arbitration causes or exacerbates significant problems at the interface between the courts and arbitration, taking the European Union’s recent experience as an example. It then argues that the European legislature has recently directly considered the exclusion of arbitration from its jurisdictional instruments and failed to act effectively. Any amendments to this system will necessarily be offered within the relevant legal context, so an assessment of the prevailing principles in European international private law and international commercial arbitration will follow. Furthermore, the ongoing debate surrounding the delocalisation of arbitration and its relevance to the debate about the interface between court jurisdiction and arbitration shall be addressed. Finally, this thesis proposes a model for inclusion of arbitration in the European jurisdiction instrument (the Brussels I Regulation) that would, it is argued, solve or ameliorate the problems at the interface between the Regulation and arbitration, whilst broadly aligning with the prevailing principles in the relevant legal context. The thesis then considers whether this approach could be extended beyond Europe to the world at large, concluding that it could not. This work therefore takes an original approach to a topic of much contemporary controversy, by taking a holistic, rounded, and reasoned view of the problems at the interface between court jurisdiction and arbitration. It also contains original insights into several other areas, including the historical justification for the exclusion of arbitration from jurisdiction conventions, the importance of mutual trust as a founding principle of the common market, the relevance of the delocalisation debate to the topic, and the proposal for reform advanced at the end of this thesis.

South Africa has banned corporal punishment in every setting, except for one, the home. Despite having ratified international conventions where in corporal punishment is abolished, South Africa is yet to abolish it and adopt legislation to support and sustain the ban on corporal chastisement. South Africa has not been completely mute on the topic of corporal punishment in the home. More than a decade ago there was a proposition to abolish corporal punishment and include it in the then Children’s Bill in clause 139. However, this clause never saw the light of day. A similar attempt to amend the Children’s Act has very recently been abolished leaving the common law defense known as ‘reasonable chastisement’ available to parents. The recent case that re-sparked this contentious debate is the YG v S (2018 (1) SACR 64 (GJ)). The High Court mero motu considered the constitutionality of the common law defense and in the end found it to be unconstitutional. In an unexpected move, one of the applicants applied to the Constitutional Court for both standing and leave to appeal and judgment has been reserved. This mini-dissertation explores the many aspects with regards to corporal punishment by evaluating the international conventions, legislation and case law. A limited comparative component is included and some of the physiological effects of corporal punishment on children are considered. The focus is however on the YG case in the hope that it paved the way to change the defense of ‘reasonable’ chastisement. This defense defies children’s rights and is therefore unreasonable. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Private Law / LLM / Unrestricted

The Principles of Private Law In my thesis I occupied myself mainly with representative principles that master private law and that should lead to the implementation of the idea of justice as an ultimate goal of a legal set of rules in general. Despite of Sisyphean character of this task and impossibility of reaching it, there is nothing that can discourage from trying it again and again. I would like to admit that this attempt was at least ambitious and meaningful. Inability of perfect recognition "an sich" turns attention into extralegal sources of information, such as ethics, political sciences, sociology, economy and the head of all sciences - philosophy. This thesis also reflects intuitive approach to the principles of private law as a result of dependency on my personal preferences and cited sources and their authors (which also reflects my own disposition). The main issue was a function of the principles of private law in the normative set of rules. These principles make an important place in the normative set of rules as they form its limits. We can hardly imagine its "commission" without such principles of private law. They protect the integrity and the compactness, because Czech private law is nowadays extremely heterogeneous complex of rules. According to the restriction mentioned in the...

Digitalisation and convergence continue to transform the ways in which audio-visual content is supplied and consumed. This thesis examines the implications for the legacy regulatory frameworks of the analogue era. It explores the relationship between the prevailing approach to concurrent regulation under sector-specific legislation and general competition law, and the competitive conditions for the supply of premium pay-TV in the UK and Australia. Theories of harm for the assessment of market power relating to horizontal concentration of ownership, exclusive rights and refusal to supply, are also reviewed. Whilst acknowledging an enduring role for sector-specific regulation, the thesis advocates an increasing residual role for the enforcement of general competition law. This is supported by the reinforcing effects of digitalisation and convergence upon the network industry aspect of pay-TV and the multi-sided platform characteristics of pay-TV providers. The thesis identifies the need for greater emphasis on the dynamic aspect of competition in the premium pay-TV context. This calls for a broader conceptualisation of competition which critically reflects the growth of online streaming, the global phenomenon around premium drama and the rise of multi-media firms in a global communications sector. These findings are significant and timely because failure to employ a sufficiently broad concept of effective competition may perversely deter competitive conduct and unduly impede the investment incentives that are critical to premium pay-TV. It may also produce outcomes that are ostensibly inconsistent with the normative basis for sector-specific regulation. The thesis suggests reform at the interface between sector-specific legislation and general competition law, and refinement of the principles of competition law in their application to premium pay-TV. In doing so, it proposes a model of regulation which aims to more effectively balance the shared interest of viewers, as consumers and citizens, in the future development of pay-TV and the wider communications sector.

<p>Skuldsaneringslagen trädde i kraft 1994 och innebär att överskuldsatta personer kan få en chans att bli skuldfria. Detta genom att under en begränsad tid leva på existensminimum och under denna tid avbetala så mycket som möjligt på sina skulder. Den bakomliggande orsaken till Skuldsaneringslagen var att efter 1980-talet hade de svenska hushållen ökat sin belåning avsevärt och fastighetskraschen i början av 1990-talet hade försatt många i en ekonomisk hopplös situation.</p><p>För att avgöra vilka som ska beviljas skuldsanering ställer lagstiftaren vissa krav på vilken typ av skulder och under vilka förutsättningar som en gäldenär kan beviljas skuldsanering, dessa krav återfinns i 4 § Skuldsaneringslagen. Vad dessa krav innebär kan inte utläsas direkt ur lagtexten, utan en studie av förarbeten och praxis måste ske.</p><p>Skuldsaneringslagen har nu funnit i 12 år och en mängd fall har varit upp till prövning i domstol och där har den huvudsakliga frågan varit om de krav som uppställs i 4 § har uppfyllts eller inte. Under denna tid har även Skuldsaneringslagen varit föremål för ett flertal statliga utredningar och dessa har utmynnat i ett förslag till en ny skuldsaneringslag. Den kritik som framkommit i utredningarna av Skuldsaneringslagen har i huvudsak bestått i att förfarandet är tidsödande och oflexibelt. Den nya lagen syftar till att göra skuldsanering enklare och snabbare än vad det är idag.</p><p>Denna uppsats ämnar att utreda vad de krav som uppställs i Skuldsaneringslagen innebär från lagstiftarens sida och hur kraven har behandlats i praxis. Även de huvudsakliga förslagen till den nya Skuldsaneringslagen kommer att granskas.</p>