Remedial measures in criminal law are set mainly to eliminate and correct mistakes, which have occurred in the course of the trial. It acts as a review and a remedy of law and legal defects. It can be divided into regular and special ones. Amid the regular remedial measures belong appeal, complaint and protest, to a group of special remedial measures belong apart from a renewal of proceedings, a review of an appeal and a complaint for the breach of law. Renewal of proceedings is a special remedial measure, which brings with itself interference into legal power. Renewal of proceedings with which one can contest only some legitimate decisions, in which criminal prosecution has already finished, is used for a removal of shortcomings in factual findings, because at that time all the decisive facts had not been known and the evidence, which came up only after the former decision has come into legal force. New evidence or facts underlying this extraordinary breach into inalterability and binding of judgments made in criminal proceedings are only the facts that were not part of evidence or survey or were not applied by any of the parties engaged in the proceedings and the only evidence that was not designed nor made by either party during the proceedings. As new evidence can be even used evidence already...

O sistema de execução forçada é o instrumento previsto no Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro destinado a satisfazer o credor de obrigações pecuniárias contidas em sentenças ou em títulos executivos extrajudiciais. Trata-se de sistema cujo bom funcionamento não só interessa às partes de um litígio, mas a toda sociedade, em função de suas importantes repercussões sociais e econômicas. Por meio da execução forçada o Juiz invade o patrimônio do devedor, independentemente da vontade deste, e expropria bens em benefício do credor. Para o adequado funcionamento da execução forçada é essencial que o ato processual de penhora de bens do devedor seja efetivo. A penhora consiste em apreender e afetar juridicamente bens do devedor, os quais ficam vinculados ao Juízo da execução até o momento próprio de realização da expropriação dos bens. A penhora é ato processual que incide sobre a realidade econômica e social e padece de suas contingências. O objetivo desta dissertação de Mestrado é investigar a relação entre o ato de penhora e seu objeto, a partir da premissa de que o método ou a forma de apreensão judicial deve estar plenamente adaptado aos atributos sociais, jurídicos e econômicos do bem que se pretende apreender. Nesse contexto, será investigado o regime da penhora do Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro, bem como serão estudados os tipos de penhora de bens de significação econômica mais importante na realidade atual. / The system of forced execution is the instrument set forth in the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure destined to satisfy the creditor of pecuniary obligations contained in judgments or in extrajudicial execution instruments. It is a system, the good functioning of which is of interest not only to the parties in a litigation, but also to society as a whole, in view of its important social and economic repercussions. The Judge, by means of the forced execution, invades the debtors assets, irrespective of the will of the latter, and expropriates assets to the benefit of the creditor. For the proper functioning of the forced execution, it is essential that the procedural act of levy of the debtors assets be effective. The levy consists of seizing and legally affecting the debtors assets, which become bound to the Court of the execution until the specific time of performance of the expropriation of the assets. The levy is a procedural act which applies to economic and social reality, and lacks its contingencies. The objective of this Masters dissertation is to investigate the relationship between the act of levy and its object, starting from the premise that the method or the form of judicial seizure must be fully adapted to the social, juridical and economic attributes of the asset which is intended to be seized. In this context, the regime of levy in the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure will be investigated, as well studying the types of levy of assets of the most important economic significance in the current reality.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-14T11:44:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José Américo Zampar Júnior.pdf: 1696664 bytes, checksum: 18a0c629a2f92a3a673492e43792847d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-14T11:44:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 José Américo Zampar Júnior.pdf: 1696664 bytes, checksum: 18a0c629a2f92a3a673492e43792847d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-27 / The purpose of this dissertation was to answer the question whether there is only one single moment and no other moment to produce the evidence in the process. In order to answer the question, we investigated the possibility of producing evidence in appeals. The research was developed under a theoretical-doctrinal bias, analyzing four distinct aspects of the procedural phenomenon: the parties, the judge, the appeals and the evidence. It was analyzed when the parties can produce evidence in a court seat, the legal action of the trial for the production of evidence, which features involve the production of evidence and which evidence be produced after the typical investigation phase. This dissertation traces the beacons so that evidence can be produced after the time provided for procedural instruction. It was concluded that it is possible to produce evidence in a court seat, but this is not a rule, but an exception to the system and clarifies and complements the factual-evidential framework of the case or allows the decision to reflect the current state of the litigious object, with the insertion of facts and evidence supervenientes in the process / A presente dissertação teve como objetivo responder à questão se existe apenas um momento único e excludente de qualquer outro para a produção da prova no processo. Para responder à questão investigou-se a possibilidade de serem produzidas provas em sede de recursos. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida sob um viés teórico-doutrinário, analisando quatro aspectos distintos do fenômeno processual: as partes, o juiz, os recursos e as provas. Analisou-se quando as partes podem produzir provas em sede recursal, a atuação de ofício do juízo para a produção das provas, quais recursos comportam a produção de provas e quais provas comportam serem produzidas posteriormente à fase instrutória típica. O trabalho traça as balizas para que a prova possa ser produzida após o momento previsto para a instrução processual. Concluiu-se ser possível a produção de prova em sede recursal, todavia esta não é regra, mas exceção do sistema e se volta a aclarar e complementar o quadro fático-probatório do processo ou possibilitar que a decisão reflita o estado atual do objeto litigioso, com a inserção de fatos e provas supervenientes no processo

No início do presente trabalho, foi elaborado um histórico do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do recurso extraordinário, além de se traçar alguns aspectos sobre o papel da Corte na atualidade, resultado das mudanças sociais aspiradas pela Constituição de 1988 e de recentes reformas legislativas. Se, por um lado, o constituinte originário pretendeu ampliar o acesso à Justiça, não menos verdade é que a realidade acabou por demonstrar a insuficiência do modelo então vigente para dar respostas adequadas e céleres aos jurisdicionados. O Poder Judiciário brasileiro carece de importantes reformas procedimentais, com o objetivo de atribuir maior eficácia às decisões dos Tribunais Superiores, e, assim, desestimular a interposição de recursos a respeito de questões já sedimentadas. Neste contexto foi que se introduziram os institutos da súmula vinculante e da repercussão geral das questões constitucionais, este último como requisito de admissibilidade do recurso extraordinário. Ao longo do segundo capítulo, houve a apresentação dos institutos antecedentes da repercussão geral (introduzida pela Emenda Constitucional nº 45/2004), como a arguição de relevância vigente sob a Constituição de 1967, a transcendência do direito trabalhista (artigo 896-A da CLT), o certiorari do direito norte-americano e a ofensa federal relevante do direito argentino, além de outras experiências do direito estrangeiro. Detendo-se acerca da repercussão geral, no terceiro capítulo foram identificados alguns critérios adotados pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal nos julgamentos até o momento realizados, além de esclarecidas algumas noções fundamentais, como a natureza do provimento jurisdicional dele decorrente. No quarto e quinto capítulos foram apresentadas as principais questões procedimentais a respeito do exame da repercussão geral. Relativamente ao julgamento de recursos múltiplos previsto no artigo 543-B, §§ 3º e 4º, do CPC, também se estudou em que medida estará o Tribunal de origem vinculado à decisão a ser proferida pelo STF. Por fim, verificou-se se tais normas estão em harmonia com o sistema processual vigente, notadamente em relação aos princípios e garantias processuais presentes na Constituição da República de 1988. / The beginning of this work presents a background of the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court and the extraordinary appeal. It also presents an outline of the Court\'s current role, which is a result of the social changes aimed by the 1988 Brazilian Constitution and by recent legislative reforms. The original constituent primarily intended to expand the access to justice, but reality revealed that the operative model at the time was insufficient to respond swiftly and adequately to those under it jurisdiction. Brazilian Judiciary needs important procedural reforms in order to bring effectiveness to the decisions of the Supreme Courts and consequently discourage appeals against settled questions. The binding precedent and the general repercussion on constitutional subjects the latter being the admissibility requirement of the extraordinary appeal were introduced in this context. Through the second chapter, there is the presentation of the institutes previous to the general repercussion (introduced by the Constitutional Amendment 45/2004), such as the allegation of relevance operative on the 1967 Constitution, the labor law transcendence (article 896-A of the Brazilian Labor Code), the certiorari from the North-American Law system and the relevant federal offense from the Argentinian Law system, among other experiences from foreign Law systems. With regard to the general repercussion, the third chapter identifies some criteria adopted by the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court on its trials up to the present and sets forth some fundamental notions, such as the nature of the jurisdictional provision. The fourth and fifth chapters present the main procedural issues regarding the analysis of the general repercussion. They also study to what extent the court of origin is bound by the decision delivered by the Federal Supreme Court regarding multiple appeal judgments, as established by article 543-B, sections 3rd and 4th of the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure. Finally, this work verifies whether such norms are in harmony with the current procedural system, notably regarding procedural principles and safeguards from the 1988 Brazilian Constitution.

<p><strong><p>Sammanfattning.</p></strong></p><p>I uppsatsen berörs ämnet bevisbördans placering i taxeringsprocessen. Detta görs</p><p>genom användning av en rättsdogmatisk metod. Av frågestelningen utgörs syftet att</p><p>utreda vart bevisbördan är placerad på kostnadssidan när det gäller inkomstslaget</p><p>näringsverksamhet. Som framgår av uppsatsen är bevisbördan generellt placerad på</p><p>den skattskyldige när det gäller kostnadsavdrag. Att så är fallet framgår av den i</p><p>doktrinen förda diskussion att placeringen har blivit vedertagen. Vissa undantag</p><p>finns, ett är då lag stadgar att bevisbördan är placerad på annat vis. Andra fall är vid</p><p>eftertaxering och påförande av skattetillägg, i båda dessa fall anses det så</p><p>betungande för den enskilde att bära bevisbördan att den istället placerats på</p><p>myndigheten. En bevisbördepunkt placeras även ut på sannolikhetsskalan, denna</p><p>placering utgör det beviskrav som skall vara uppnått för att den bevisskyldige skall få</p><p>bifall för sitt yrkande. Beviskravet fastställs i de flesta fall av domstolarna då lagen</p><p>oftast inte ger utryck för vilket krav som ställs. Om bifall kan medges är beroende av</p><p>den bevisning som läggs fram inför rätten samt vilket värde bevisningen ges. En fri</p><p>bevisvärdering skall tillämpas där varje enskilt bevis skall bedömas utifrån sitt</p><p>specifika värde.</p>

<p>This thesis aims to answer the questions; what and were does peer mediation fit into the theoretical and practical frameworks of mediation? How does peer mediation fit into the retributive legal system as it stands today? What problems can arise with the use of peer mediation, its organizations and with the use of adolescent peer mediators, in a legal perspective? </p><p>When it comes to the question of where peer mediation has its theoretical framework the hypothesis in this thesis are that peer mediation, with respect to the practical framework, is a hybrid of the settlement driven mediation and the transformative mediation. The theoretical framework comes from the philosophy of restorative justice (RJ), primarily the victim-offender mediation in the sense that if peer mediation per se is not enough it has to bee a whole school approach for it to work. In RJ, the community is as important as the primarily parties, the offender and the offended. In school conflicts, the community is the whole school, and as such it has to bee the whole school that is involved in the conflict management program. </p><p>The method used in this thesis is the traditional method of jurisprudence combined with two case studies. The first case study is the "Peer mediations Project" that in fact was the starting point for the research. The aim with this case study is too show how peer mediation can work in Sweden, both on an organizational and a practical level. In doing so it also highlights which legal questions that is relevant for this thesis. The second case study is the "Spice conflict". This case study aims to make researcher go deeper in the legal issues as well as to illuminate a school conflict and how it can progress. </p><p>The fist chapter gives a background for peer mediation and the focus of this thesis, as well as the first contact with the two case studies. Chapter two gives a legal background for the thesis. Chapter three deals with conflict theory and chapter four with schools conflicts and the different programs there is to handle those conflicts. In chapter five the different mediations models are presented more in depth and discussed from at mediation perspective. Chapter six goes deeper into the second case study in an effort to resolve the legal issues that has arisen. In the last chapter there is a discussion which originates from the five Nordic principles of mediation, facilitative, peaceably, freely, confidently and restoratively, in conjunction whit mediation, conflict and legal theory.</p>

The increase in international trade creates a growing number of disputes between parties from different countries. International arbitration is the most preferred mechanism to solve disputes in international trade. If the failing party does not voluntarily comply with the award, the successful party must apply for recognition and enforcement of the award in order to obtain the remedies. Since China is one of the major business markets in the world, several of the companies committed to arbitral procedures are likely to have assets in China. This means that, if a party fails to honour an award, an enforcement procedure may begin within a Chinese court. The enforcement procedures in China are said to be insufficient and not to comply with international standards. International conventions and treaties provide for a high level of security in the recognition and enforcement procedure of the arbitral award. The most used and important instrument for recognition and enforcement is the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, to which China as well as Sweden are Contracting States. According to the Convention, an international arbitral award may only be refused under certain grounds laid down in the Convention. An analysis of the legal situation in China confirms that there are problems associated with the enforcement of arbitral awards. These problems are not, however, connected with the concept of international arbitral awards, but rather with the entire judicial system in China. Even though an enforcing party can do little to overcome these problems, certain measures can be taken in order to ease the enforcement procedure.

In order for a judgement to be enforceable in another Member State, there is a certain requirement for an "intermediate” court procedure, a so-called exequatur procedure. An exequatur procedure is both expensive and time-consuming. The average cost of the procedure within the EU is 2 200 euro in a case without particular difficulties. In more complex cases, the cost of the procedure can be validated up to 12 700 euro. It can take only a few days but also several months before the exequatur is completed, if one party appeals the process can last to three years. The exequatur is considered to be expensive and time-consuming in relation to the EU free movement of judgments. It can discourage companies and individuals from doing business across the EU borders. Therefore, the Commission presented a proposal for a revised Brussels I Regulation. The proposal means that the exequatur for the recognition and enforcement of judgments is to be abolished, except for judgments in cases of vilification or, indemnity regarding several defendants. The exequatur procedure is replaced with a standard form issued by the original court. These forms are supposed to act as an enforcement order to be submitted to the executive authority of the State. The abolition of the exequatur results in a procedural safeguard that makes it possible for the defendant, in certain exceptional circumstances, to prevent a Court from recognizing or enforcing a judgment in another Member State. The author does not consider these safeguards to be sufficient in order to achieve legal protection for the defendant. The Commission should evaluate the effect of the regulations where the exequatur already has been abolished before removing it from the Brussels I Regulation. / För att en dom ska kunna verkställas i en annan medlemsstat krävs i dagsläget ett särskilt ”mellanliggande” domstolsförfarande, ett s.k. exekvaturförfarande. Exkevaturförfarandet är både dyrt och tidskrävande. Den genomsnittliga kostnaden för förfarandet inom EU är 2 200 euro i ett mål utan särskilda svårigheter. I mer komplicerade mål kan kostnaden för förfarandet uppgå till omkring 12 700 euro. Det tar mellan ett par dagar till flera månader innan ett exekvaturförfarande är avgjort och om den ena parten överklagar beslutet kan processen ta upp till tre år. Exekvaturförfarandet anses p.g.a. kostnaderna det medför och tiden för själva processen vara ett hinder för den fria rörligheten av domar. Det kan avskräcka företag och privatpersoner att göra affärer över gränserna inom EU. Därför har kommissionen lagt fram ett förslag till en reviderad Bryssel I-förordning. Förslaget innebär att exekvaturförfarandet för erkännande och verkställighet av domar avskaffas, med undantag för domar i förtalsmål och skadeståndsmål med kollektiv prövning. Exekvaturförfarandet ersätts med standardformulär som utfärdas av ursprungsdomstolen. Dessa formulär är tänkta att fungera som en exekutionstitel som ges in till den verkställande myndigheten i verkställighetsstaten. Avskaffandet av exekvaturförfarandet åtföljs av rättssäkerhetsgarantier som gör det möjligt för svaranden att under vissa exceptionella situationer undvika att en dom erkänns eller verkställs i en annan medlemsstat. Författaren anser inte att dessa garantier är tillräckliga för att trygga svarandens rättskydd. Kommissionen bör utvärdera hur de förordningar där exekvaturförfarandet redan avskaffats fungerar i praktiken innan förfarandet avskaffas i Bryssel I-förordningen.

Sammanfattning. I uppsatsen berörs ämnet bevisbördans placering i taxeringsprocessen. Detta görs genom användning av en rättsdogmatisk metod. Av frågestelningen utgörs syftet att utreda vart bevisbördan är placerad på kostnadssidan när det gäller inkomstslaget näringsverksamhet. Som framgår av uppsatsen är bevisbördan generellt placerad på den skattskyldige när det gäller kostnadsavdrag. Att så är fallet framgår av den i doktrinen förda diskussion att placeringen har blivit vedertagen. Vissa undantag finns, ett är då lag stadgar att bevisbördan är placerad på annat vis. Andra fall är vid eftertaxering och påförande av skattetillägg, i båda dessa fall anses det så betungande för den enskilde att bära bevisbördan att den istället placerats på myndigheten. En bevisbördepunkt placeras även ut på sannolikhetsskalan, denna placering utgör det beviskrav som skall vara uppnått för att den bevisskyldige skall få bifall för sitt yrkande. Beviskravet fastställs i de flesta fall av domstolarna då lagen oftast inte ger utryck för vilket krav som ställs. Om bifall kan medges är beroende av den bevisning som läggs fram inför rätten samt vilket värde bevisningen ges. En fri bevisvärdering skall tillämpas där varje enskilt bevis skall bedömas utifrån sitt specifika värde.

<p>The increase in international trade creates a growing number of disputes between parties from different countries. International arbitration is the most preferred mechanism to solve disputes in international trade. If the failing party does not voluntarily comply with the award, the successful party must apply for recognition and enforcement of the award in order to obtain the remedies. Since China is one of the major business markets in the world, several of the companies committed to arbitral procedures are likely to have assets in China. This means that, if a party fails to honour an award, an enforcement procedure may begin within a Chinese court. The enforcement procedures in China are said to be insufficient and not to comply with international standards. International conventions and treaties provide for a high level of security in the recognition and enforcement procedure of the arbitral award. The most used and important instrument for recognition and enforcement is the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, to which China as well as Sweden are Contracting States. According to the Convention, an international arbitral award may only be refused under certain grounds laid down in the Convention. An analysis of the legal situation in China confirms that there are problems associated with the enforcement of arbitral awards. These problems are not, however, connected with the concept of international arbitral awards, but rather with the entire judicial system in China. Even though an enforcing party can do little to overcome these problems, certain measures can be taken in order to ease the enforcement procedure.</p>