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“Cartas al editor” / Revisión por pares

Multiplicity issues arise prevalently in a variety of situations in clinical trials and statistical methods for multiple testing have gradually gained importance with the increasing number of complex clinical trial designs. In general, two types of multiple testing can be performed (Dmitrienko et al., 2009): union-intersection testing (UIT) and intersection-union testing (IUT). The UIT is of the interest in this dissertation. Thus, the familywise error rate (FWER) is required to be controlled in the strong sense. A number of methods have been developed for controlling the FWER, including single-step and stepwise procedures. In single-step approaches, such as the simple Bonferroni method, the rejection decision of a hypothesis does not depend on the decision of any other hypotheses. Single-step approaches can be improved in terms of power through stepwise approaches, while also controlling for the desired error rate. Besides, it is also possible to improve those procedures by a parametric approach. In the first project, we developed a new and powerful single-step progressive parametric multiple (SPPM) testing procedure for correlated normal test statistics. Through simulation studies, we demonstrate that SPPM improves power substantially when the correlation is moderate and/or the magnitude of eect sizes are similar. Group sequential designs (GSD) are clinical trials allowing interim looks with the possibility of early terminations due to ecacy, harm or futility, which can reduce the overall costs and timelines for the development of a new drug. However, repeated looks of data also have multiplicity issues and could inflate the type I error rate. The proper treatments to the error inflation have been discussed widely (Pocock, 1977), (O'Brien and Fleming, 1979), (Wang and Tsiatis, 1987), (Lan and DeMets, 1983). Most literature about GSD focuses on a single endpoint. GSD with multiple endpoints however, has also received considerable attention. The main focus of our second project is a GSD with multiple primary endpoints, in which the trial is to evaluate whether at least one of the endpoints is statistically signicant. In this study design, multiplicity issues arise from repeated interims and multiple endpoints. Therefore, the appropriate adjustments must be made to control the Type I error rate. Our second purpose here is to show that the combination of multiple endpoint and repeated interim analyses can lead to a more powerful design. Via the multivariate normal distribution, a method that allows for simultaneously consideration of interim analyses and all clinical endpoints was proposed. The new approach is derived from the closure principle, thus it can control type I error rate strongly. We evaluate the power under dierent scenarios and show that it compares favorably to other methods when correlation among endpoints is non-zero. In the group sequential design framework, another interesting topic is multiple arm multiple stage design (MAMS), where multiple arms are involved in the trial at the beginning with the flexibility about treatment selection or stopping decisions during the interim analyses. One of major hurdles of MAMS is the computational cost with the increasing number of arms and interim looks. Various designs were implemented to overcome this diculty (Thall et al., 1988; Schaid et al., 1990; Follmann et al., 1994; Stallard and Todd, 2003; Stallard and Friede, 2008; Magirr et al., 2012; Wason et al., 2017), but also control the FWER with the potential inflation from the multiple arm comparisons and multiple interim tests. Here, we consider a more flexible drop-the-loser design allowing the safety information in the treatment selection without a pre-specied dropping-arms mechanism and it still retains reasonable high power. The two dierent types of stopping boundaries are proposed for such a design. A sample size is also adjustable if the winner arm is dropped due to the safety considerations.

Este trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre a memória do processo composicional e uma análise das características apreendidas pela consciência da compositora, através da música. As composições, que são o principal objeto de reflexão neste memorial, tiveram como premissa estética o conceito de sombra, o qual inspirou as tomadas de decisão. O procedimento primordial, para a elaboração das peças, constitui-se a partir da ação, a qual é tomada como ponto de partida para a caracterização e a identidade expressiva da composição, fundamentalmente relacionada à performance. A análise é amparada pela Fenomenologia da Música, em autores como Schutz (1976) e Clifton (1976), e se concentrou nas temporalidades encontradas nas composições, valendo-se das proposições de Kramer (1988), acerca dos tipos de passagem do tempo (Tempo Linear e Tempo Não-Linear). Estes tipos são relacionados aos objetos ideais do pensamento da autora, especialmente aqueles originados na experiência musical. Imagens e sonoridades integram uma moldura de referência que agrupa os conteúdos da memória. Desta forma, sonoridades, ações e memórias, são tomadas como aspectos constituintes do fenômeno musical e composicional. / This paper presents a reflection on the memory of the compositional process and an analysis of the characteristics apprehended from composer’s consciousness, through the music. The compositions, which are the main object of reflection in this memorial, had the concept of shadow as its aesthetic premise, which inspired the decision-making. The fundamental procedure for the preparation of compositions, it constitutes from the action, which is taken as a starting point for characterizing the composition and the musical identity, mainly related to performance. The analysis is supported by Phenomenology of Music, from authors like Schutz (1976) and Clifton (1976), and is focused on temporalities found in music, using the Kramer (1988) propositions about the kinds of time (Linear Time and Nonlinear Time). These kinds are related to ideal objects of autoress’ thought, especially those originated in musical experiences. Images and sonorities are members of a frame of reference that groups the memory contents. Thus, sonorities, memories and actions are taken as aspects that constitute the musical and compositional phenomenon.

A presente pesquisa investigou a composição aditiva e a contagem com crianças surdas. O estudo se justifica pelo baixo desempenho em matemática que as crianças surdas têm apresentado a partir de testes padronizados de avaliação matemática, indicando que possivelmente as crianças surdas, estão em desvantagens em matemática inicial em relação a seus pares ouvintes. O estudo tem como objetivos: analisar o desenvolvimento da composição aditiva em crianças surdas no contexto brasileiro; identificar se há relação entre contagem, princípios da contagem e desenvolvimento da composição aditiva em crianças surdas; verificar variações do desenvolvimento da composição aditiva em criança surda, filha de surdos, e surda, filha de ouvintes; testar a eficácia de uma proposta de intervenção que trabalha com a composição aditiva e procedimentos de contagem. Consistiu em dois Estudos de Caso exploratório, de análise qualitativa. Fundamenta-se na concepção epistemológica cognitivista de Vergnaud, e volta-se para as aprendizagens da composição aditiva e evolução dos procedimentos e estratégias de contagem. Envolveu duas crianças surdas, sendo uma filha de pais surdos e outra filha de pais ouvintes, selecionadas por teste de habilidade cognitiva, idade, ano escolar, perda auditiva, domínio da LIBRAS. Os alunos selecionados participaram de oito encontros de intervenção individual, ao longo do segundo semestre de 2010, sendo submetidos a pré-teste e dois pós-teste. A pesquisa evidenciou um processo de construção da composição aditiva e evolução dos procedimentos de contagem de forma não linear. Também evidenciou uma relação de desenvolvimento paralela entre composição aditiva e avanços na habilidade de procedimentos de contagem. Não houve diferença significativa das aprendizagens entre a criança filha de surdos e a criança surda filha de ouvintes. A proposta de intervenção, através da comparação do préteste e pós-teste se mostrou eficaz. / This study examined the development of additive composition and counting by a school-aged deaf child of hearing parents. The study is justified by the low Math performance by deaf children in math standardized tests, indicating a possible disadvantage regarding their hearing peers. The aims of the research were: examining the development of additive composition by deaf children in the context of Brazil; verifying whether or not there is any relationship between counting, counting principles, and development of additive composition by deaf children; checking for variations in the development of additive composition by a deaf child of deaf parents and a deaf child of hearing parents; testing for the effectiveness of an intervention that works with additive composition and counting procedures. This was an exploratory qualitative study that consisted in a dual case study. It is based on Vergnaud’s (1990) cognitivist epistemological conception and focuses on learning of additive composition and the evolution of counting procedures and strategies. It involved two deaf children of respectively deaf and hearing parents, selected according to cognitive ability testing, age, school level, hearing loss, and command of Brazilian Sign Language LIBRAS. The students selected attended eight meetings for individual intervention during the second half of 2010, and underwent one pretest and two posttests. As a result, the study showed a process of construction of additive composition and nonlinear development of counting procedures. It also showed a parallel relationship in developing additive composition and progress in counting procedures ability. There was no significant difference between learning in a deaf child of deaf parents and in a deaf child of hearing parents. Therefore, by comparing pretest and posttest, the proposal for intervention proved to be effective.

The findings of this investigation support the following conclusions concerning junior high schools. 1. A positive approach to discipline can be expected to have a significant positive impact on students' opinions of school. 2. A positive approach to discipline can be expected to have a significant positive impact on teachers' opinions of school. 3. A positive approach to discipline can be expected to have a significant positive effect on school atmosphere as evidenced by fewer discipline cases and increased student involvement. 4. A positive approach to discipline will result in increased teacher participation in areas such as sponsorship of student clubs, mini-courses and other extracurricular activities. 5. A school-wide positive approach to discipline will result in increased direct teacher involvement with students. 6. A school-wide positive approach to discipline will result in increased parent-school communication. 7. A school-wide positive approach to discipline will result in fewer truancy problems. 8. A school-wide positive approach to discipline will result in fewer serious behavior problems resulting in Reassignment School or suspension.

Este trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre a memória do processo composicional e uma análise das características apreendidas pela consciência da compositora, através da música. As composições, que são o principal objeto de reflexão neste memorial, tiveram como premissa estética o conceito de sombra, o qual inspirou as tomadas de decisão. O procedimento primordial, para a elaboração das peças, constitui-se a partir da ação, a qual é tomada como ponto de partida para a caracterização e a identidade expressiva da composição, fundamentalmente relacionada à performance. A análise é amparada pela Fenomenologia da Música, em autores como Schutz (1976) e Clifton (1976), e se concentrou nas temporalidades encontradas nas composições, valendo-se das proposições de Kramer (1988), acerca dos tipos de passagem do tempo (Tempo Linear e Tempo Não-Linear). Estes tipos são relacionados aos objetos ideais do pensamento da autora, especialmente aqueles originados na experiência musical. Imagens e sonoridades integram uma moldura de referência que agrupa os conteúdos da memória. Desta forma, sonoridades, ações e memórias, são tomadas como aspectos constituintes do fenômeno musical e composicional. / This paper presents a reflection on the memory of the compositional process and an analysis of the characteristics apprehended from composer’s consciousness, through the music. The compositions, which are the main object of reflection in this memorial, had the concept of shadow as its aesthetic premise, which inspired the decision-making. The fundamental procedure for the preparation of compositions, it constitutes from the action, which is taken as a starting point for characterizing the composition and the musical identity, mainly related to performance. The analysis is supported by Phenomenology of Music, from authors like Schutz (1976) and Clifton (1976), and is focused on temporalities found in music, using the Kramer (1988) propositions about the kinds of time (Linear Time and Nonlinear Time). These kinds are related to ideal objects of autoress’ thought, especially those originated in musical experiences. Images and sonorities are members of a frame of reference that groups the memory contents. Thus, sonorities, memories and actions are taken as aspects that constitute the musical and compositional phenomenon.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kina_j_me_araca.pdf: 1193550 bytes, checksum: d217ade36af8adc9e54b137cf2f19928 (MD5) / Introdução: Para a eficiência da ancoragem, diferentes protocolos são preconizados durante a mecânica ortodôntica, principalmente quando se deseja a retração inicial do canino para o alinhamento e nivelamento anterior sem a mesialização do segmento posterior. Nesse contexto, a utilização dos minimplantes tem sido cada vez mais frequente, pois possuem características desejáveis para essa finalidade como a facilidade operacional de sua instalação, dispensa a colaboração do paciente para o desenvolvimento da mecânica ortodôntica,é favorável na estética e permite um sistema de forças mais previsível. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar quantitativamente por meio de telerradiografias em norma lateral e radiografias panorâmicas, a taxa de retração inicial de caninos (RIC) superiores, utilizando-se dois sistemas distintos de ancoragem. Métodos: Foram selecionados 18 pacientes, formando dois grupos aleatórios de 9 indivíduos (G1 e G2), triados para tratamento ortodôntico na UNESP - Araçatuba. Como ancoragem foi utilizado minimplantes no grupo G1 e botão de Nance no grupo G2. Para todos os pacientes foram realizadas duas telerradiografias em norma lateral (T1 e T2) e duas panorâmicas (P1 e P2). Para comparação entre as fases Início (antes do tratamento) e Após (após a retração inicial de caninos) foi utilizado o teste t pareado. Para a comparação entre os grupos de minimplante e botão de Nance foi utilizado o teste t de Student para medidas independentes. Em todos os testes foi adotado nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: Para a RIC no Grupo G1, obteve-se uma média de 0,63 mm/mês, enquanto para o grupo G2 a média foi de 0,56 mm/mês. Conclusões: A análise das telerradiografias em norma lateral e das radiografias panorâmicas revelou a inexistência de diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos. / Introduction: For efficiency of the anchorage, different protocols are recommended during orthodontic mechanics, especially when clinicians want to retract the initial alignment and leveling without the inclination of the posterior segment. In this context, the use of mini-implants has been frequent. For this purpose it has desirable characteristics, such as the operational facility of installation, the collaboration of the patient, exemption for the development of orthodontic mechanics, it is favorable in appearance and allows more predictable system forces. This study compared, by teleradiographs and panoramic radiographs, the initial rate of retraction of canines (ICR), using two different systems of anchoring. Methods: 18 patients were selected and divided in two random groups of 9 subjects (G1 and G2). They needed and were refered to orthodontic treatment at UNESP - Araçatuba. In G1, mini-implants were used as anchor and G2 used the Nance button appliance. Two teleradiographs (T1 and T2) and two panoramic (P1 and P2) were made for all patients. The paired T test was used for comparison between Initial (before treatment) and After (after the initial retraction of canines) phases. Student's t test for independent measures was used for comparison between groups of mini-implants and the Nance button appliance. A significance level of 5% (p <0.05) was adopted in all tests. Results: For G1, an average of 0.63 mm / month was obtained, while for G2, the average was 0.56 mm / month. Conclusions: The analysis of teleradiographs and panoramic radiographs showed the absence of statistically significant difference between the two groups.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:05/52055-7