Ambulatory surgery is common and develops alongside surgery and anesthetic methods. Time admitted is short and aftercare takes place in the home environment. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate which symptoms patients experience after ambulatory surgery related to anesthesia. Furthermore how strongly symptoms affect the patient. Symptoms appear as a result of anesthesia and surgery and can therefore be interpreted as nursing induced suffering. Method: Participants were recruited at ambulatory clinics at a Swedish university hospital spring, 2015.  Prior to the study permission was granted from the clinic managers. The study is a quantitative descriptive longitudinal study.  Data collection forms were administered and data collection was performed by phone. Incisional pain, headache, neck pain, hoarseness, postoperative sore throat, nausea, drowsiness, post-discharge urine retention and numbness were requested parameters. Answers were evaluated as; none-existing, mild, moderate and severe. Data was measured at 48 hours and postoperative day seven. Result: The study included 67 participants. The various symptoms were all apparent to some extent by some of the participants at 48 hours. Concerning headache, neck pain, hoarseness, sore throat, nausea, urine retention and numbness most were symptom free. Incisional pain and drowsiness however affected the participants noticeably. Seven days after surgery there was an overall improvement throughout the parameters. Although incisional pain and drowsiness also lessened some participants still evaluated their experience moderate to severe. Conclusion: The majority of the day surgery patients were content with their care, in our study 97% were satisfied. There was an improvement within the experienced symptoms after seven days compared to after 48 hours. There is room for improvement concerning pain management and time for recovery in the home environment as drowsiness was still an evident issue. / Dagkirurgi är vanligt och drivs framåt av utvecklingen inom kirurgi och anestesi. Vårdtiden är kort och mycket av eftervården sker i hemmet. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka vilka symptom patienter upplever efter genomgången dagkirurgi relaterat till anestesi. Vidare undersöks hur starkt olika symptom påverkar patienten. Symptom efter anestesi och kirurgi uppkommer till följd av omvårdnaden och kan därför tolkas som ett vårdlidande. Metod: Deltagare har rekryterats från dagkirurgiska avdelningar vid ett mellansvenskt universitetssjukhus våren 2015. Tillstånd inhämtades före studien från verksamhetschefer. Studien är en beskrivande kvantitativ longitudinell studie och data har samlats in med frågeformulär där svaren delgivits via telefon. Parametrarna smärta i operationsområde, huvudvärk, smärta i nacke, heshet, smärta i svalg, illamående, trötthet, urinretention samt känselbortfall har efterfrågats. Svaren har delgivits på en skala som graderats i nivåer från; inte alls, mild, måttlig och svår.  Mättillfällen var efter 48 timmar samt sju dagar postoperativt. Resultat: Studien har 67 deltagare. Efter 48 timmar upplevdes de olika symptomen alltid av någon deltagare, men vid huvudvärk, smärta i nacke, heshet, smärta i svalg, illamående, urinretention samt känselbortfall var de flesta symptomfria. Smärta i operationsområdet och trötthet påverkade dock patienterna påtagligt. Efter sju dagar upplevdes förbättring i alla parametrar. Smärta i operationsområdet samt trötthet minskade, men upplevdes fortfarande av vissa som måttlig och svår. Slutsats: De flesta dagkirurgiska patienterna är nöjda med sin vård, 97% i vår studie. En förbättring i upplevda symptom finns efter sju dagar jämfört med efter 48 timmar. Förbättringspotential finns inom smärtlindring och vidare bör utrymme för återhämtning finnas då trötthet visat sig vara förekommande

The purpose of this thesis is to look into the difficulty of valuing American options, put as well as call, on an asset that pays continuous dividends. The authors are willing to demonstrate how mentioned above securities can be priced using a simple approximation of the Kim integral equations by quadrature formulas. This approach is compared with closed form American Option price formula proposed by Bjerksund-Stenslands in 2002. The results obtained by Bjerksund-Stenslands method are numerically compared by authors to the Kim’s. In Joon Kim’s approximation seems to be more accurate and closer to the chosen “true” value of an American option, however, Bjerksund-Stenslands model is demonstrating a higher speed in calculations.

In this thesis we address problems related to the verification of software-based systems. We aremostly interested in the (safe) design of decision procedures used in verification. In addition, we alsoconsider a modularity problem for a modeling language used in the Why verification platform.Many verification problems can be reduced to a satisfiability problem modulo theories (SMT). In orderto build satisfiability procedures Armando et al. have proposed in 2001 an approach based on rewriting.This approach uses a general calculus for equational reasoning named paramodulation. In general, afair and exhaustive application of the rules of paramodulation calculus (PC) leads to a semi-decisionprocedure that halts on unsatisfiable inputs (the empty clause is then generated) but may diverge onsatisfiable ones. Fortunately, it may also terminate for some theories of interest in verification, and thusit becomes a decision procedure. To reason on the paramodulation calculus, a schematic paramodulationcalculus (SPC) has been studied, notably to automatically prove decidability of single theories and oftheir combinations. The advantage of SPC is that if it halts for one given abstract input, then PC haltsfor all the corresponding concrete inputs. More generally, SPC is an automated tool to check propertiesof PC like termination, stable infiniteness and deduction completeness.A major contribution of this thesis is a prototyping environment for designing and verifying decisionprocedures. This environment, based on the theoretical studies, is the first implementation of theschematic paramodulation calculus. It has been implemented from scratch on the firm basis provided bythe Maude system based on rewriting logic. We show that this prototype is very useful to derive decidabilityand combinability of theories of practical interest in verification. It helps testing new saturationstrategies and experimenting new extensions of the original (schematic) paramodulation calculus.This environment has been applied for the design of a schematic paramodulation calculus dedicated tothe theory of Integer Offsets. This contribution is the first extension of the notion of schematic paramodulationto a built-in theory. This study has led to new automatic proof techniques that are different fromthose performed manually in the literature. The assumptions to apply our proof techniques are easyto satisfy for equational theories with counting operators. We illustrate our theoretical contribution ontheories representing extensions of classical data structures such as lists and records.We have also addressed the problem of modular specification of generic Java classes and methods.We propose extensions to the Krakatoa Modeling Language, a part of the Why platform for provingthat a Java or C program is a correct implementation of some specification. The key features arethe introduction of parametricity both for types and for theories and an instantiation relation betweentheories. The proposed extensions are illustrated on two significant examples: the specification of thegeneric method for sorting arrays and for generic hash map.Both problems considered in this thesis are related to SMT solvers. Firstly, decision procedures areat the core of SMT solvers. Secondly, the Why platform extracts verification conditions from a sourceprogram annotated by specifications, and then transmits them to SMT solvers or proof assistants to checkthe program correctness.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojamos el. demokratijos priemonių diegimo galimybės, remiantis pasauline patirtimi. Nagrinėti Estijos, Austrijos, Švedijos el. demokratijos priemonių diegimo atvejai, situacija diegiant el. demokratijos priemones Lietuvoje. Atliktas el. demokratijos priemonių diegimo Panevėžio miesto savivaldybėje empirinis tyrimas, susidedantis iš 2 dalių – kiekybinio tyrimo ir kokybinio tyrimo. Empirinio tyrimo objektas – el. demokratijos priemonių technologinis ir procedūrinis aspektai. Tyrimo problema – nėra nustatytas įdiegtų Panevėžio miesto savivaldybėje el. demokratijos priemonių technologinio ir procedūrinio aspektų tinkamumas ir nenumatytos vystymo galimybės siekiant tobulinti el. demokratijos procesą. Tikslas – išanalizavus Panevėžio miesto savivaldybėje įdiegtas el. demokratijos priemones pasiūlyti būdus ir priemones el. demokratijos proceso Panevėžio miesto savivaldybėje tobulinimui. Tyrimo uždaviniai: kiekybinio tyrimo pagalba nustatyti ar įdiegtos el. demokratijos priemonių galimybės naudojamos pagal priemonių diegimo sąlygose numatytą paskirtį; kokybinio tyrimo uždaviniai – el. demokratijos ekspertų nuomonės tyrimo pagalba įvertinti įdiegtas el. demokratijos paslaugas Panevėžyje, nustatyti kokia sukurtų el. demokratijos priemonių technologinio ir procedūrinio aspektų reikšmė el. demokratijos procese, įvertinti įdiegtų el. demokratijos priemonių tinkamumą šiandienos ir artimiausios ateities el. demokratijos procesui. Išanalizavus el... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Master’s thesis analyses the possibilities to implement the tools of E-democracy on the basis of global practice. The cases of implementation of E-democracy tools in Estonia, Austria, Sweden and the situation of implementation of E-democracy tools in Lithuania were investigated. The empiric research of implementation of E-democracy tool in Panevėžys City Municipality was implemented. It consists of 2 parts – qualitative and quantitative research. The object of empiric research is the technological and procedural aspects of E-democracy tools. The problem of the research is that there is no determined suitability of installed technological and procedural aspects of E-democracy tool in Panevėžys City Municipality. The aim is to propose ways and tools for the improvement of E-democracy process in Panevėžys after the analysis of the already installed E-democracy tools. The tasks of the research: by the help of quantitative research to determine if the installed E-democracy tools are used in accordance to the foreseen purposes indicated in the terms of installing; the tasks of qualitative research is by the help of the survey of the opinion of E-democracy experts to evaluate the installed services of E-democracy in Panevėžys and to determine the significance of technological and procedural aspects of implemented E-democracy tools in E-democracy process. The evaluation of suitability of implemented E-democracy tools for nowadays and the nearest future for E-democracy process... [to full text]

Due to the legal obligation to report actual or suspected cases of child sexual abuse and neglect, parents, concerned community members and friends, as well as various professionals like teachers, doctors and psychologists, refer children on a daily basis to social workers in order to initiate an investigation of the allegations. The intake interview is therefore a critical step in the process of child protection and care. In the context of this study, intake interview refers to the initial contact between the social worker and the child in the case of child sexual abuse, where a social worker seeks to establish all objective facts relating to the case so as to make informed decisions and to act accordingly. The Mafikeng Service Point of the Department of Health and Social Development has no standard procedures for social workers in cases of child sexual abuse. It is against this background that a North West based study on the child sexual abuse intake procedures was conducted at Mafikeng Service Point. The study was descriptive and quantitative in nature, with the aim of making a theoretical as well as an empirical study of the intake procedures at the time of the investigation. Data was collected by means of a self–administered questionnaire on the current intake procedures of 30 social workers. Data was triangulated by analysing 15 case files of reported child sexual abuse. It was found that the majority of social workers of the Mafikeng Service Point lack sufficient knowledge and skills regarding interviewing child sexual abuse cases and the legal requirements involved. As a result, they follow diverse and largely inefficient intake interview procedures. The 15 case files that were analysed revealed that social workers do not perform follow–up sessions after the intake and that case files are therefore not officially closed. Recommendations are made to the Mafikeng Service Point with regard to the intake procedures of child sexual abuse cases. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Due to the legal obligation to report actual or suspected cases of child sexual abuse and neglect, parents, concerned community members and friends, as well as various professionals like teachers, doctors and psychologists, refer children on a daily basis to social workers in order to initiate an investigation of the allegations. The intake interview is therefore a critical step in the process of child protection and care. In the context of this study, intake interview refers to the initial contact between the social worker and the child in the case of child sexual abuse, where a social worker seeks to establish all objective facts relating to the case so as to make informed decisions and to act accordingly. The Mafikeng Service Point of the Department of Health and Social Development has no standard procedures for social workers in cases of child sexual abuse. It is against this background that a North West based study on the child sexual abuse intake procedures was conducted at Mafikeng Service Point. The study was descriptive and quantitative in nature, with the aim of making a theoretical as well as an empirical study of the intake procedures at the time of the investigation. Data was collected by means of a self–administered questionnaire on the current intake procedures of 30 social workers. Data was triangulated by analysing 15 case files of reported child sexual abuse. It was found that the majority of social workers of the Mafikeng Service Point lack sufficient knowledge and skills regarding interviewing child sexual abuse cases and the legal requirements involved. As a result, they follow diverse and largely inefficient intake interview procedures. The 15 case files that were analysed revealed that social workers do not perform follow–up sessions after the intake and that case files are therefore not officially closed. Recommendations are made to the Mafikeng Service Point with regard to the intake procedures of child sexual abuse cases. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Background: Vagus nerve stimulation is increasingly applied to treat epilepsy, psychiatric conditions and potentially chronic heart failure. After implanting vagus nerve electrodes to the cervical vagus nerve, side effects such as voice alterations and dyspnea or missing therapeutic effects are observed at different frequencies. Cervical vagus nerve branching might partly be responsible for these effects. However, vagus nerve branching has not yet been described in the context of vagus nerve stimulation. Materials and methods: Branching of the cervical vagus nerve was investigated macroscopically in 35 body donors (66 cervical sides) in the carotid sheath. After X-ray imaging for determining the vertebral levels of cervical vagus nerve branching, samples were removed to confirm histologically the nerve and to calculate cervical vagus nerve diameters and cross-sections. Results: Cervical vagus nerve branching was observed in 29%of all cases (26% unilaterally, 3% bilaterally) and proven histologically in all cases. Right-sided branching (22%) was more common than left-sided branching (12%) and occurred on the level of the fourth and fifth vertebra on the left and on the level of the second to fifth vertebra on the right side. Vagus nerves without branching were significantly larger than vagus nerves with branches, concerning their diameters (4.79mm vs. 3.78mm) and cross-sections (7.24 mm2 vs. 5.28mm2). Discussion: Cervical vagus nerve branching is considerably more frequent than described previously. The side-dependent differences of vagus nerve branching may be linked to the asymmetric effects of the vagus nerve. Cervical vagus nerve branching should be taken into account when identifying main trunk of the vagus nerve for implanting electrodes to minimize potential side effects or lacking therapeutic benefits of vagus nerve stimulation.

This final paper of a Master of Science deals with the insight into the course of procedures of Lithuanian parliament. The beginning was in 1918-1919 in the form of the Council of the State. The action of regulation were the fundamental laws and statutes of the Provisional Constitution of Lithuania. The Council of the State was formed differently. Due to historical circumstances it was formed not by the way of general election and couldn’t be considered as the Seimas. But at that time it was the only institution in power having the function of the parliament and legislature. Thus the starting point of the research into the parliament procedures could be justified. The paper deals only with the main parliamentary procedures: 1) The status of the member of the parliament (the rights, duties and the responsibilities) regulating the legal status, 2) procedures related to the control of the Government and 3) the legislation. The norms of the procedure are brought into action in 2 legal laws. The search was based on two of them: the Constitution and the Statute of the Seimas. The analysis was done applying the historical, comparative, classification and generalization methods and as an auxiliary method a descriptive method enabling to produce the selected data for the analysis because during the period from 1918 to 1940. According to the reflection of parliament procedures and political events of this period, how the State developed its democracy, three courses of parliamentary... [to full text]

Bakgrund: Inom vården förekommer det ofta smärtsamma procedurer i form av behandlingar och undersökningar. Dessa procedurer kan vara obehagliga för barn vilket gör smärtlindring till en viktig del av pediatrisk vård. Lustgas är ett bra alternativ till barn på grund av att den har lugnande effekt, inte kräver någon ytterligare smärtsam procedur som nålstick och har snabb och kortvarig effekt. Lustgasens lämplighet inom pediatrisk vård kan motivera en ökad användning. Syfte: Det huvudsakliga syftet var att undersöka vad sjuksköterskor på Akademiska barnsjukhuset med utbildning i lustgasadministrering ser för möjligheter och hinder i att administrera lustgas till barn (0-18 år) vid smärtsamma procedurer. Ett andra syfte var att undersöka hur dessa uppfattningar skiljer sig mellan avdelningar samt i förhållande till erfarenhet och utbildning. Metod: Studiens design var kvantitativ metod med en enkät-tvärsnittsstudie bestående av 25 frågor. Enkäten besvarades av samtliga 24 tillfrågade sjuksköterskor på Akademiska barnsjukhuset med utbildning i lustgasadministrering. Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna som deltog i studien ansåg att lustgasadministrering är en bra smärtlindringsmetod vid de flesta smärtsamma procedurer och de ansåg att de hade goda förutsättningar att administrera lustgas. Sjuksköterskorna föreslår lustgas generellt cirka 3-4 gånger per månad och de sjuksköterskor med längre erfarenhet ser fler tillfällen till lustgas och föreslår det oftare som smärtlindringsmetod. De uppfattade låg ålder som ett hinder då de ansåg att små barn har svårt att samarbeta vid lustgasadministrering. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna upplever i stort att de har goda möjligheter att administrera lustgas till barn vid smärtsamma procedurer och att de har fått tillräcklig utbildning i ämnet. Sjuksköterskors inställning till lustgas är övervägande positiv och de anser att lustgas är lämpligt till barn över fyra år. / Background: In healthcare, treatments and examinations can often include some level of pain. For children, such painful procedures can be difficult to understand and accept, making pain management a key part of pediatric care. Nitrous oxide is a good option for children since it is inhaled and its effect is transient and rapid. Nurses trained in administration of nitrous oxide to children can safely administer it, allowing for a wider use. The suitability of nitrous oxide in pediatric care can justify an increased usage. Aim: The main purpose was to investigate how nurses at Akademiska Children's Hospital with training in nitrous oxide administration view their possibilities and obstacles in administering nitrous oxide in children (0-18 years) during painful procedures. A second objective was to investigate how these perceptions differ between departments and in relation to experience and training. Method: The study design was a quantitative method with a questionnaire-sectional study consisting of 25 questions. The questionnaire was answered by 24 nurses at Akademiska Children's Hospital with training in nitrous oxide administration. Main results: Nurses at Akademiska Children's Hospital consider nitrous oxide to be a good method of pain relief for most painful procedures and that they had good opportunities to administer nitrous oxide. The nurses suggested nitrous oxide on average about three to four times per month and the nurses with long experience saw more opportunities for nitrous oxide and suggested it more often. Conslusion: The nurses generally felt that they have good opportunities to administer nitrous oxide to children during painful procedures and that they have received adequate training for the task. The nurses have a predominantly positive attitude towards nitrous oxide and they consider nitrous oxide to be suitable for children over four years of age.

Novelis Inc. recently developed and patented a unique Direct Chill (DC) casting process known as Fusion Novelis Technology. In this process a chill bar is inserted into the DC casting mould which permits for the first time the co-casting of laminate of clad ingots. These ingots can then be rolled down into clad sheet and offer distinct advantages over traditional aluminum clad sheet processing routes (i.e. brazing and roll bonding). The research presented in this Master’s Thesis was done as part of a larger collaborative research and development project with Novelis Inc. The main objective of this research was to investigate the Novelis Fusion Technology and understand it from a scientific viewpoint. The research has been multi faceted and has included: the creation of a thermal fluid model using the commercial software package CFD to model the first the DC and then Fusion casting process, as well as the design and testing of an experimental DC and Fusion caster at the Novelis Global Technology Centre (NGTC) in Kingston, Ontario. This MASc research has been focused on performing both traditional DC (for AA6111, AA3004 and AA4045) and novel Fusion (AA3004/AA4045) casting experiments. First the series of DC casting experiments was performed. During the experiments two arrays of 5 thermocouples were embedded in the ingot during the cast to capture the thermal history of the ingot. Melt poisoning with a zinc rich alloy was also performed as an independent method of determining the sump depth and shape. Other temperature measurements during the experiment (i.e. alloy superheat, mould temperature, cooling water temperature) were done to gather meaningful data for model validation. A series of Fusion casting experiments was performed after the DC casting trials. Three successful Fusion casting trials were performed at NGTC using a lab scale caster with a 152 mm × 381 mm rectangular mould divided in half by a water cooled copper chill bar. For the Fusion casting experiments the AA3003-Core/AA4045-Clad alloy system was chosen since this alloy system has already been commercially produced using this novel technology. In addition to embedded thermocouples in the Fusion cast ingot, and other temperature measurements as for the DC casting experiments, temperature measurements of the chill bar were performed to gather information for model validation. The effect of melt poisoning as the interface of the composite ingot forms was unknown, so only the core of one experimental ingot was poisoned; this gave enough information about the depth and asymmetrical shape of the AA3003-Core sump. The Fusion cast ingots were characterized (both optically and using SEM techniques) at four distinct locations across the width of the ingot, consistent with different thermal histories at the interface and regions where good and poor interfaces were found in the solidified ingot. No clear correlation between thermal history and the quality of the interface could be found indicating that the interface formation during Fusion casting is extremely complicated and other factors such as oxide formation and wetting mechanisms of the AA4045 on the AA3004 need to be understood to gain a more in depth understanding of the conditions necessary to form a defect free interface. Comparisons of the measured thermal histories and sump depth and shape measurements to the model predictions were excellent.