Ziel: Minimalinvasive Techniken, wie die videoassistierte Thoraxchirurgie (VATS), sind heutzutage zur Resektion vor allem peripher gelegener Rundherde Methode der Wahl. Um eine schnelle und sichere intraoperative Lokalisation zu gewährleisten, haben sich diverse Markierungstechniken etabliert. Wir berichten über die Erfahrungen bei 184 Markierungen mittels eines speziellen Lungenmarkierungsdrahts, der CT-gestützt präoperativ an den Herd gebracht wird. Material und Methoden: Bei 184 Patienten (97 m, 87w, mittleres Alter: 58,1 ± 13,7 Jahre) wurde unmittelbar vor der VATS eine CT-gesteuerte Markierung des Rundherds mithilfe eines Spiraldrahts vorgenommen. Evaluiert wurden anschließend die Erfolgsrate, die Sicherheit der Intervention, die Notwendigkeit eines Umstiegs zur Thorakotomie sowie die Histologie der Patienten. Ergebnisse: Der Markierungsdraht konnte in 181 Fällen (98,4 %) erfolgreich platziert werden. Eine Markierung musste aufgrund eines nicht beherrschbaren Pneumothorax abgebrochen werden. Geringgradige, methodisch nicht vermeidbare Komplikationen wie Mantelpneumothoraces (53,3 %) oder perifokale Blutungen (30,4 %) bedurften keiner Therapie. Die makroskopisch vollständige Entfernung der markierten Herde gelang bei 98,4 % der Patienten. Aufgrund intraoperativer Komplikationen (Adhäsionen, Blutungen, Drahtdislokationen) war in 29 Fällen (15,9 %) die Konversion zur Thorakotomie erforderlich. Die Histologie ergab in 96 Fällen (52,5 %) einen benignen Befund, in 87 Fällen (47,5 %) einen malignen, wobei insgesamt lediglich 21 Herde (11,5 %) einem primären Lungenkarzinom entsprachen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Kombination aus CT-gesteuerter Herdfixierung mittels Spiraldraht und die anschließende thorakoskopische Entfernung ist eine effiziente und sichere Methode zur Diagnostik von unklaren intrapulmonalen Rundherden, insbesondere für periphere, subpleural gelegene Herde.

This dissertation investigates how economically-comparable peer firms can be used to obtain inferences about a company’s accounting quality in two different research settings. The first Chapter examines whether auditor industry specialization, measured using auditor market share by industry, improves audit quality. After matching clients of specialist and non-specialist auditors according to industry, size and performance, there are no significant differences in audit quality between these two groups of auditors. In addition, this Chapter uses two analyses that do not rely primarily on matched samples. First, examining a sample of Arthur Andersen clients that switched auditors in 2002, there is no evidence of industry-specialization effects following the auditor change. Second, using a simulation approach, this study shows that client characteristics, and particularly client size, influence the observed association between auditor industry specialization and audit quality. Overall, these findings do not imply that industry knowledge is not important for auditors, but that the methodology used in extant studies examining this issue may not fully parse out the effects of auditor industry expertise from client characteristics. The second Chapter examines whether account-level expectation models for analytical audit procedures can be enhanced by using information from economically-comparable peer firms. This Chapter assesses the effectiveness of three main types of expectation models, with and without including information from peer firms: heuristic, time-series, and industry cross-sectional models. Information from peer firms improves the accuracy of all models and improves the detection power of time-series and industry cross-sectional models. Comparing between models, one-period heuristic models are generally unreliable, and industry cross-sectional models can be more effective than time-series models. These findings may help auditors of public companies and financial analysts in selecting expectation models and finding peer firms to assess the reasonability of a company’s financial information at the account-level.

This dissertation investigates how economically-comparable peer firms can be used to obtain inferences about a company’s accounting quality in two different research settings. The first Chapter examines whether auditor industry specialization, measured using auditor market share by industry, improves audit quality. After matching clients of specialist and non-specialist auditors according to industry, size and performance, there are no significant differences in audit quality between these two groups of auditors. In addition, this Chapter uses two analyses that do not rely primarily on matched samples. First, examining a sample of Arthur Andersen clients that switched auditors in 2002, there is no evidence of industry-specialization effects following the auditor change. Second, using a simulation approach, this study shows that client characteristics, and particularly client size, influence the observed association between auditor industry specialization and audit quality. Overall, these findings do not imply that industry knowledge is not important for auditors, but that the methodology used in extant studies examining this issue may not fully parse out the effects of auditor industry expertise from client characteristics. The second Chapter examines whether account-level expectation models for analytical audit procedures can be enhanced by using information from economically-comparable peer firms. This Chapter assesses the effectiveness of three main types of expectation models, with and without including information from peer firms: heuristic, time-series, and industry cross-sectional models. Information from peer firms improves the accuracy of all models and improves the detection power of time-series and industry cross-sectional models. Comparing between models, one-period heuristic models are generally unreliable, and industry cross-sectional models can be more effective than time-series models. These findings may help auditors of public companies and financial analysts in selecting expectation models and finding peer firms to assess the reasonability of a company’s financial information at the account-level.

Background: The use of digital marketing channels during the last years has increased significantly, especially the use of marketing on the Internet. Hence the communication chart of marketing has been redrawn. The technological development has had a major impact on the marketing discipline. The integration of information technology and marketing has resulted in the emergence of a new field, namely e-marketing. Hence the need for further research is desirable. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine alternative marketing procedures that a company can apply to increase the digital awareness and manage their customer relationships. Theoretical framework: Theories regarding digital marketing cycle, SEO and customer relationship. Method: This research is based on data collected through a primary semi-structured interview with a company active in the corporate information industry which also provides a RFQ service. We have also conducted ten structured interviews with companies who have used the services provided by the primary company. Furthermore a content analysis regarding SEO has been completed. Conclusions: We have identified several alternative marketing procedures that can increase a company´s digital awareness and enable a successful managing of their customer relationships. These alternative marketing procedures have been concluded by use of the theoretical framework and then adapted toward our empiricism. Furthermore we have constructed distinct guidelines that create favorable conditions for the initiation and completion of the model digital marketing cycle.

Dagkirurgi blir allt vanligare. Då det genomförs under generell anestesi förekommer ofta oro och postoperativa komplikationer som smärta och illamående. Patienters tillfredsställelse med dagkirurgi och anestesi har tidigare studerats, men ofta med enkäter av låg kvalité. Syftet med denna studie var därför att med hjälp av intervjuer studera dagkirurgiska patienters upplevelse av anestesi och kirurgi. Sju patienter intervjuades. Intervjuerna var kvalitativa och analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultatet kan sammanfattas i ett övergripande tema: förberedda patienter ser dagkirurgi som en positiv upplevelse. Domänen före operation beskrevs av kategorierna: viktigt med information, mycket tankar inför operation, smidigt insomnande och vissa obehagliga moment. Domänen efter operation beskrevs av kategorin: lugnt uppvaknande. Domänen total upplevelse beskrevs av kategorierna: kommunikation med personal ger lugn samt dagkirurgi en positiv upplevelse. Patienter som med hjälp av förberedande information och personalens goda bemötande och som genomgår dagkirurgi under generell anestesi, ser upplevelsen som positiv. De kommer in till sjukhuset med mer förhoppningar än oroskänslor. Informationen som ges behöver anpassas individuellt. Förekomsten av smärta och illamående är låg den närmsta tiden efter dagkirurgi. / Day surgery is becoming more common and with general anesthesia, anxiety and postoperative complications such as pain and nausea has been described. Patient satisfaction with day surgery and anesthesia are previously studied, but often with surveys of low quality. The purpose of this study was therefore with interviews study patients’ experience of anesthesia and surgery in day surgery. Seven patients were interviewed. The interviews were qualitative and analyzed using content analysis. The result can be summarized in a theme: prepared patients describe day surgery as a positive experience. The domain before surgery was described by the categories: importance of information, many thoughts before surgery, fell asleep easily and some uncomfortable moments. The domain after surgery was described by the category: peacefully awakening. The domain total experience was described by the categories: communication with nursing staff reduces anxiety and day surgery a positive experience. Patients with the help of preparatory information and good interactions with the nursing staff and who are undergoing day surgery with general anesthesia, describe the experience as positive. They come to the hospital with more hope than anxiety. The information needs to be individually adjusted. The presence of pain and nausea is low immediately after day surgery.

No description available.

Novelis Inc. recently developed and patented a unique Direct Chill (DC) casting process known as Fusion Novelis Technology. In this process a chill bar is inserted into the DC casting mould which permits for the first time the co-casting of laminate of clad ingots. These ingots can then be rolled down into clad sheet and offer distinct advantages over traditional aluminum clad sheet processing routes (i.e. brazing and roll bonding). The research presented in this Master’s Thesis was done as part of a larger collaborative research and development project with Novelis Inc. The main objective of this research was to investigate the Novelis Fusion Technology and understand it from a scientific viewpoint. The research has been multi faceted and has included: the creation of a thermal fluid model using the commercial software package CFD to model the first the DC and then Fusion casting process, as well as the design and testing of an experimental DC and Fusion caster at the Novelis Global Technology Centre (NGTC) in Kingston, Ontario. This MASc research has been focused on performing both traditional DC (for AA6111, AA3004 and AA4045) and novel Fusion (AA3004/AA4045) casting experiments. First the series of DC casting experiments was performed. During the experiments two arrays of 5 thermocouples were embedded in the ingot during the cast to capture the thermal history of the ingot. Melt poisoning with a zinc rich alloy was also performed as an independent method of determining the sump depth and shape. Other temperature measurements during the experiment (i.e. alloy superheat, mould temperature, cooling water temperature) were done to gather meaningful data for model validation. A series of Fusion casting experiments was performed after the DC casting trials. Three successful Fusion casting trials were performed at NGTC using a lab scale caster with a 152 mm × 381 mm rectangular mould divided in half by a water cooled copper chill bar. For the Fusion casting experiments the AA3003-Core/AA4045-Clad alloy system was chosen since this alloy system has already been commercially produced using this novel technology. In addition to embedded thermocouples in the Fusion cast ingot, and other temperature measurements as for the DC casting experiments, temperature measurements of the chill bar were performed to gather information for model validation. The effect of melt poisoning as the interface of the composite ingot forms was unknown, so only the core of one experimental ingot was poisoned; this gave enough information about the depth and asymmetrical shape of the AA3003-Core sump. The Fusion cast ingots were characterized (both optically and using SEM techniques) at four distinct locations across the width of the ingot, consistent with different thermal histories at the interface and regions where good and poor interfaces were found in the solidified ingot. No clear correlation between thermal history and the quality of the interface could be found indicating that the interface formation during Fusion casting is extremely complicated and other factors such as oxide formation and wetting mechanisms of the AA4045 on the AA3004 need to be understood to gain a more in depth understanding of the conditions necessary to form a defect free interface. Comparisons of the measured thermal histories and sump depth and shape measurements to the model predictions were excellent.

This study focuses on the translation from English to Swedish of three political articles published in The Economist. The aim was to analyze problems that can occur, and strategies that can be used when translating cultural aspects in the form of proper nouns and political correctness as well as political terminology. The study began by translating the texts mentioned above. The potential areas of special interest in the analysis were also identified. During the translation process, dictionaries, parallel texts and Statsvetenskapligt Lexikon proved particularly helpful along with various Internet searches. Theoretical strategies were also consulted and Vinay and Darbelnet’s (V & D in Munday 2008) theories and procedures proved useful. The strategies discussed by Ingo (1991 and 2007) were also applied to a great extent. The results showed that Vinay and Darbelnet’s procedure of borrowing along with Ingo’s strategy of adaption were most useful for translating proper nouns and political terminology. To use parallel texts as well as Ingo’s strategy of adaption proved to be the best way to deal with political correctness when translating the particular texts used for this study.

Abstract In recent years funding aid operations has dramatically increased, along with the concern about the real impact of its initiatives. Despite considerable amount of money have been invested world widely and a great number of projects already implemented changes have been considered inconsistent. As a result, major donors are pressuring Non governmental organizations (NGO) to evidence their achievements and legitimate their cause. There are several factors which distinguish the NGO as unique within project management environments, such as the social accountability claimed and the nature of the impact aimed. Therefore, traditional project management practices might not be suitable in the case of NGO’s project. This study analysed project methods most applied for NGO’s project and discussed about it accountability challenges related to project management. Willing to further understand how in practice NGO managers are dealing with those challenges, a case study was developed with a NGO that works with environmental issues. As a result, it was evidenced that practical methodologies are applied to embrace the organization own needs. It was apparent that project management methods were adapted to the institutional purpose, even though adjustments might not be completely in accordance with internal procedures. Project management tools are assumed as a semi structure basis and can be adjusted if the work is justified. A flexible approach relies on the trust and expertise of the organization staff. As a conclusion, it was evidenced that NGO’s projects carry particular aspects and expectations over project accountability and management methodologies must be adapted and complementary methodological approaches are being developed.

Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie var att beskriva förberedelser och distraktionsmetoder som sjuksköterskor använder sig av i samband med smärtsamma omvårdnadsprocedurer för att hjälpa barn i åldern 4-6 år samt vilka fördelar detta hade. Metod: En deskriptiv design användes till den kvalitativa studien. Materialet inhämtades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio sjuksköterskor som arbetade på barnkliniker. Det insamlade materialet analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Huvudresultat: Resultatet av berättelserna kunde kategoriseras i ”Sociala och praktiska förberedelser”, ”Ickefarmakologiska distraktionsmetoder”, ”Farmakologiska distraktionsmetoder” samt ”Distraktionen kan hjälpa barnet att främja dess självkänsla”. Att verbalt och praktiskt förbereda barn inför smärtsamma omvårdnadsprocedurer ansågs underlätta barnets besök på kliniken. Både farmakologiska och ickefarmakologiska distraktionsmetoder användes med gott resultat för att distrahera barnets uppmärksamhet från den smärtsamma omvårdnadsproceduren. Distraktionen ansågs även hindra utvecklingen av en långvarig stick- och sjukhusrädsla genom att barnet fick ett positivt minne och en stärkt självkänsla. Slutsats: Verbal och praktisk information till barn och föräldrar var viktiga aspekter i förberedelsen inför den smärtsamma omvårdnadsproceduren. Såväl farmakologiska som ickefarmakologiska distraktionsmetoder användes i stor utsträckning med gott resultat vilket kunde ha många fördelar på både kort och lång sikt. / Aim: The aim of this study was to describe preparations and distraction techniques that nurses use when dealing with painful care procedures to help children aged 4-6 years, and the benefits they have. Methods: A descriptive design was used for the qualitative study. The materials have been collected by semi-structured interviews with nine nurses working in paediatric clinics. The collected data was analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. Results: The results of the interviews were categorized in “Social and practical preparations”, “Non-pharmacological distraction techniques”, “Pharmacological distraction techniques” and “Distractions can help the child promote their self esteem”. To verbally and practically prepare the child for painful procedures was considered to facilitate the child’s visit to the clinic. Both pharmacological and non pharmacological distraction techniques were used successfully to distract the child’s attention from the painful procedure. Distraction could also prevent the development of a long term fear of hospitals and needle related procedures if the child received a positive memory and there by an enhanced self esteem. Conclusion: Verbal and practical information to children and parents were important aspects in the preparation for the painful procedure. Both pharmacological and non pharmacological distraction techniques were used extensively with good results, which could have many benefits, in both short and long term.