Purpose: To analyze the strategies that Elizabeth Kenny, an Australian nurse, used when trying to obtain medical endorsement for an innovation that was not based on knowledge of pathology, but was empirically demonstrated. Significance: When faced with the need to "Do the best you can with the symptoms presenting themselves," Kenny used keen observation to develop a new treatment for poliomyelitis in the early 1900s. Her innovation was to use hot packs to relieve muscle spasms in people with early symptoms of poliomyelitis when orthodox medical treatment included use of splints or casts to immobilize affected limbs. Method: Historical case analysis. Findings and Conclusions: Sister Kenny made bold assertions, obtained scientific validation, learned from experience, used publicity, and opposed resistance. Although some strategies were unsuccessful (and Kenny faced many obstacles) medical practice changed in a relatively short time. Immobilization of limbs was largely discontinued in the acute stage of the disease. Kenny persisted in caring for children who otherwise might have sustained deformities.

The seminal article by Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1994/1982; Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 197-209. Reprinted from Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 2, 3-20, 1982) is credited with sparking a resurgence of clinical and research attention to functional assessment and analysis procedures, which have now become an expected professional standard and practice in situations involving problem behaviors. TASH and JASH have played a substantial role over the years in promoting positive behavioral support approaches that include functional assessment as a critical foundational component. To provide a historical context for this special issue, this article briefly describes the prevalence of different types of functional assessment and analysis procedures reported in articles in JASH involving individuals exhibiting problem behaviors. copyright 2000 by The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps.

Experiments on the effects of drugs on behavior maintained by temporal-discrimination procedures have led to discrepant results. Recent experiments suggest that the effects of drugs may differ depending on whether the subject is timing some aspect of its own behavior or some other stimulus. The present experiment used a multiple-schedule procedure composed of a subject-produced and experimenter-imposed component. In the subject-produced component, pigeons categorized the duration of their most recently emitted interresponse time. In the experimenter-imposed component, pigeons categorized the duration of a key light. Morphine generally produced underestimation of time during the subject-produced component, a result in agreement with other recent experiments. Morphine had no systematic effects on accuracy during the experimenter-imposed component. These results are discussed in terms of procedural interactions and a morphine-induced disruption of stimulus control.

This study was an analysis of the hiring procedures and job requirements for beginning clerical workers in selected firms in Belton and Temple, Texas. The study specifically attempted to determine the minimum employment standards for clerical workers and to determine the procedures used in screening applicants for employment.

<p>The long-range aim of this thesis was to further the understanding of the mechanisms involved in virus interference. To this end, biochemical and immunological procedures were used to characterize and define the virus-specific proteins of VSV. Biological studies of homotypic and heterotypic ·interference were also carried out. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

A recent focus of our Program for the Study of Infancy is the extent to which lab assistants retain fidelity when implementing experimental protocols. Dixon et al. showed that experimenters’ implementations of some aspects of standardized protocols can be influenced by infants’ temperaments. Ellefson and Oppenheimer further found that procedural deviations reduce effect sizes and lead to heterogeneity of findings. In this project, we evaluated archival videos involving experimenters’ implementations of two elicited imitation tasks, “Feed Bear” and “Make a Rattle.” In both tasks, experimenters were assumed to adhere to a narrative script and procedure, which included familiarizing infants with experimental stimuli for 60 seconds prior to infants engaging the tasks. Experimenters were also expected to adhere to a standardized narrative script that accompanied the modeling of “feeding the bear” or “making a rattle.” In this study we explored whether they did so, independent of infants' temperament characteristics. Ten experimenters guided sixty-one 15-month-olds through the experimental procedure. We examined two types of dependent measures reflecting 1) whether experimenters adhered to the 60 second familiarization time protocol, and 2) whether experimenters adhered to the standardized scripts. We also tracked experimenter infant-directed speech (IDS) before the model (prologue IDS) and after the model (epilogue IDS), to see if experimenters’ speech was potentially influenced by infant temperament. Infant temperament was measured by parent-report using the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ). For familiarization times in the Feed Bear task, experimenters granted significantly longer times to the infants than they were supposed to [M = 68.72, SD = 17.14; t(28) = 2.74, p = .011]. But there were no differences among the experimenters in familiarization time. For Make a Rattle, experimenters were on-target with their familiarization times (M = 67.64, SD = 21.38). Infant temperament was not associated with familiarization times in either task. In terms of IDS, experimenters used more words in the standardized narratives of both tasks than they were supposed to [M = 123.90, SD = 18.03; t(28) = 7.73, p M = 109.00, SD = 9.52; t(27) = 15.01, p < .001] respectively. There was no association between IDS during the narrative phase and infant temperament. However, there were associations between infant temperament and IDS during the prologue and epilogue phases; namely for effortful control (prologue r = .29, p p < .05), impulsivity (prologue r = .23, p p

In recent years, Americans have seen a plethora of litigation surrounding disputes parents have with school districts involving a wide range of special education issues. The ability to challenge the decisions made by school personnel regarding identification, evaluation, placement, and the provision of free appropriate public education is a cornerstone of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (Opuda, 1997). IDEA requires that states guarantee parents the right to bring complaints to the State Education Agency regarding any of these matters (34 C.F.R. 300.507). The federal government and state legislatures have toiled to develop strategies to work through these challenges by utilizing alternative dispute resolution procedures. Under IDEA, parents are afforded the opportunity to participate in meetings concerning their child or request mediation. If they feel the child has not been provided a free appropriate public education, they can challenge the local education agency, or state education agency. Consistent with federal regulations, all states must have a system to monitor and enforce special education compliance issues. If parents believe there is sufficient proof that their child has not been served in accordance with state and federal guidelines, they may file complaint resolution procedures with their state education agency (20 U.S.C. §1400, et. seq.). This study used a quantitative approach to examine the number of cases where parents filed complaint resolution procedures with the Virginia Department of Education regarding special education compliance issues as well as analyze the frequencies of the complaint resolution procedures over a four year period. The examination of these cases focused on whether or not the effects of the division size, locale (rural, suburban, or city), geographical region, socioeconomic status of the family, and the category of the issue influenced the outcome of the complaint. / Ph. D.

Yes / This chapter reports on a pilot study looking at the progression of academic women at one UK University. The chapter focuses on the promotions process and criteria as one important issue emerging from that research. Earlier research has shown that women are less likely to break into institutional networks which allow them to access information not only on formal and objective promotion criteria but also on hidden criteria and the way the ‘academic game’ is played. One result of this is that some academic women may have an inaccurate view of promotion criteria and processes. At the university studied by the authors, the Human Resources department has sought to make the promotion process more transparent and, officially at least, it no longer depends purely upon research achievements. However, these changes will not necessarily result in easier progression for women academics. The authors’ study confirms that there is still a mismatch between what women think the criteria for promotion are, what the formal criteria are and how those criteria actually operate. Reliance on incomplete or inaccurate information about promotion criteria, coupled other factors, such as women’s reluctance to promote themselves actively and traditional barriers to promotion such as caring responsibilities, puts women at a disadvantage when they attempt to progress into more senior positions within universities. Reform of promotions procedures needs to look beyond re-writing the substantive criteria for promotion and look to improving understanding of what is involved.

This study compares the biomechanics of early cyclic valgus loading of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow repaired by either the Jobe technique or the docking technique. Better understanding of the biomechanical properties of each reconstruction may help surgeons choose the optimal surgical technique, particularly in planning earlier rehabilitation programs. Sixteen fresh frozen cadaver limbs (eight pairs) were randomized to either the Jobe cohort or the docking cohort. First intact UCLs were tested, followed by the repaired constructions. A Bionix MTS apparatus applied a constant valgus load to the elbows at 70o flexion, and valgus displacement was measured and then used to calculate valgus angle displacement. The docking group had significantly less valgus angle displacement than the Jobe group at cycles 100 and 1,000 (p = 0.0189 and 0.0076, respectively). Four of the eight specimens in the Jobe group failed at the tendon-suture interface before reaching 1,000 cycles, at cycles 7, 24, 250, and 362. None of the docking specimens failed before reaching 1,000 cycles. In this cadaveric study, the docking technique resulted in less angulation of the elbow in response to cyclic valgus loading as compared to the Jobe technique. The better response to valgus loading of the docking reconstruction may translate into a better response to early rehabilitation. Further study is needed to determine if this difference translates into improved clinical outcomes.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2001. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.