In 1978, Stanislaus County took a proactive approach to food processing byproduct waste and established the Food Processing Byproduct Use Program. It allows processors to transport byproduct to local producers, where it serves as an alternative input. There is concern that the program negatively impacts local groundwater. The Regional Water Quality Control Board proposed that the County institute water monitoring which would increase program expenses. In response to this proposal, participants investigated the impact of the cost increase and some have concluded that this increase would preclude their continued involvement. They believe the program has allowed them to maintain their competitiveness and has kept them from relocating. This study investigates the economic impact of the food processors leaving the region due to a modification of the current program. Four economic impacts were studied—output, value-added, taxes, and employment. A sensitivity analysis was run to establish a range of possible value and the analysis yielded significantly higher results. It was estimated that program modification would result in significant fiscal and employment effects for Stanislaus and San Joaquin Counties. This study determined that both Stanislaus and San Joaquin Counties have a vested interest in ensuring that the program remains viable for processors.

This thesis is a documented energy audit and long term study of energy and water reduction in a ghee factory. Global production of ghee exceeds 4 million tonnes annually. The factory in this study refines dairy products by non-traditional centrifugal separation and produces 99.9% pure, canned, crystallised Anhydrous Milk Fat (Ghee). Ghee is traditionally made by batch processing methods. The traditional method is less efficient, than centrifugal separation. An in depth systematic investigation was conducted of each item of major equipment including; ammonia refrigeration, a steam boiler, canning equipment, pumps, heat exchangers and compressed air were all fine-tuned. Continuous monitoring of electrical usage showed that not every initiative worked, others had pay back periods of less than a year. In 1994-95 energy consumption was 6,582GJ and in 2003-04 it was 5,552GJ down 16% for a similar output. A significant reduction in water usage was achieved by reducing the airflow in the refrigeration evaporative condensers to match the refrigeration load. Water usage has fallen 68% from18ML in 1994-95 to 5.78ML in 2003-04. The methods reported in this thesis could be applied to other industries, which have similar equipment, and other ghee manufacturers.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006. / The increase in popularity of fish, coupled with technological advances in the fishing industry and changes in the control and management of fishing resources, has led to a significant increase of fish processing workers from 13 million in 1970 to 38 million in 2002. Whereas allergic reactions to fish proteins were previously only documented in consumers, increasing reports of occupational fish allergies of fish processing workers has become evident. In South Africa, the reported prevalence of occupational asthma associated with fish processing workers is 2 - 8%, and the prevalence of occupational protein contact dermatitis 3 - 11%. Pilchard is one of the most consumed fish species in South Africa and the immunological analysis of this species will therefore contribute to the provision of occupational health services in the pilchard processing industry. Proteins extracted from fresh, frozen and canned pilchard (Sardinops sagax), as well as fresh samples of six other processed and consumed South African fish were characterised by denaturing protein electrophoresis and immunoblotted with different monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Sera from sensitised workers were subsequently used to characterise the membrane-bound pilchard proteins and analysed for human Immunoglobulin G (lgG) and Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to determine antigen recognition. A protein of 12 kDa molecular weight was found to be present in all fish protein extracts, however, at various concentrations. With the aid of the monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, the 12 kDa protein was postulated to be parvalbumin, a known allergen in some fish species. Immunoblotting experiments for the identification of workers' IgG- and IgE-reactivities to fresh, frozen and canned pilchard showed a 12 kDa protein as an immunolgically reactive fish protein. This protein was also found to occur in dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric forms, which may have significant implications in the diagnosis and management of occupational sensitisation to pilchard.

The scarcity of feed resources often imposes a major challenge to the development of animal production in the tropics and subtropics. However, by-products have long been recognised in providing cheaper alternative feed ingredients relative to conventional feed ingredients, thus alleviating the challenge. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of three waste products from the subtropical fruit processing industry in animal feeding. The products include avocado meal (AM), macadamia oil cake (MOC) and macadamia chips (MCH). The samples were obtained from the processing plants in Nelspruit of Mpumalanga Province, Makhado (Louis Trichardt) and Tzaneen of Limpompo Province. Eight samples of each waste product were collected, prepared and their chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility and, in situ ruminal dry matter and crude protein (CP) degradability were determined. A broiler growth trial was conducted as well to determine the effect of replacing maize with AM on performance of broilers under commercial production thus establishing the replacement value of avocado meal in broiler feeds. As the products under study were from the oil extraction process of the two fruits, there were high remnants of oil in all three waste products. As a result the ether extract (EE) content of the three waste products was higher compared to any of the commonly used oilseed meals. The MCH had the highest EE concentration, followed by the MOC and the AM had the lowest. However, after defatting the AM had the highest (P<0.05) EE concentration compared to either the MOC or MCH. The CP concentration of the MOC was significantly higher than that of the AM and MCH. There was no significant difference observed between the AM and MCH in CP concentration. A better amino acid profile was observed with the MOC compared to the AM and MCH. None of the products can be regarded as a protein source. The fibre fractions of the MCH were significantly higher than that of AM and MOC, with the exception of the acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentration. The ADL concentration of the AM and MCH did not differ significantly although the MCH concentration was higher. The MOC had the lowest (P<0.05) ADL concentration compared among these waste products. Generally, the fibre concentration in the MOC was lower compared to other waste products but higher compared to the SBM and POCM. The acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) concentration of the AM was significantly higher than that of MOC and MCH. There was no significant difference observed between MOC and MCH. The condensed tannin (CT) concentration of the waste products differed significantly with the AM being the highest and the MOC the lowest. The ADIN concentration of the MOC could be compared to that of the SBM and lower than that of the POCM. There were some significant differences observed in the mineral composition between the waste products under study. The mineral concentrations were below the maximum tolerable levels of animals except for iron (Fe) in AM which can be toxic to sheep as it was above the maximum tolerable level of 500mg/kg. The in vitro dry matter digestibility of the three waste products differed significantly, with the MOC being the highest and the MCH the lowest. Huge variation within waste products was observed and it could be due to the contamination levels of the products with the indigestible portions of the parent fruits. The in situ degradability of dry matter and CP of the AM and MOC differed significantly, with the MOC surpassing the AM in most of the degradability characteristics. The potential degradable fraction (“b”) and the degradation rate of the b fraction (“c”) fractions of the AM and MOC did not differ significantly. The MCH had more indigestible particles of the kernel and as a result it could not be analysed statistically and was therefore omitted. The effect of replacing maize with AM at different inclusion rates led to decreased feed intake and the final mass of the broilers during the trial period. The feed intake of the broilers on commercial diet was significantly higher than that of the broilers on commercial diets with avocado meal, except for the inclusion rate of 10% AM. The final mass, the ADG and the FCE of the broilers on commercial diet were significantly higher compared to the broilers on diet with AM irrespective of the inclusion rate. No mortalities observed during the experimental period. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A virtual monopoly has existed in the mohair processing industry for decades. As a result of 25 years of regulated marketing, producers lack marketing experience. This “monopolistic” situation has led to stagnation in production and eventually to alarming decreases world-wide. The aim of this research report is to provide a business plan for a company (Fibre Traders International (Pty) Ltd) that can capitalise on the opportunities in the market for mohair products in order to secure the funding needed to take advantage of these opportunities in a manner which would eventually also empower suppliers and clients. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bokhaar-bedryf gaan reeds vir dekades gebukkend onder ‘n monopolistiese markomgewing binne die eerste vlakke van verwerking. Hierdie situasie is vererger deur produsente se gebrek aan bemarkingservaring asook 25 jaar se beheerde bemarkingsregulasies. Die gevolg was ‘n konstante afname in bokhaarproduksie oor ‘n tydperk van 20 jaar – en die bedryf verkeer tans op die rand van waarskynlik totale uitwissing. Hierdie situasie het Fibre Traders International Pty Ltd (FTI) laat besef dat daar groot geleenthede in die mark ontstaan het vir bokhaarprodukte en die maatskappy het dit ten doel om hierdie geleenthede op sodanige wyse te benut dat produsente en verbruikers uiteindelik ook voordeel daaruit kan trek. Die doel van hierdie besigheidsplan is dat FTI dit kan gebruik om die nodige kapitaal te genereer om hierdie geleenthede te benut.

The aim of this thesis is to test the importance and sufficiency of existing constructs of customer service, customer satisfaction and service quality in the logistics function of the UK food processing industry. These activities represent ongoing challenges in the logistics discipline and are under-researched in this industry sector that is affected by primary producer crises, product commoditisation and increasing retailer power. Firms that improve customer service should increase customer satisfaction resulting in better customer-supplier relationships, increased customer loyalty, profitability and a differential competitive advantage. The customer-supplier dyadic exchange between intermediary food processors is the focus of study. There has been little programmatic and integrative study or empirical research of these activities in logistics since work conducted over twenty-five years ago by La Londe and Zinzser. Additionally, some existing studies suffer from a general lack of rigour that pervades the logistics discipline and has prevented meaningful development of research validity and reliability. Finally, existing research into these activities from the marketing discipline is under-utilised in these investigations. Indeed, there has been limited inter-disciplinary research in logistics notwithstanding the genesis of both logistics and marketing as a single discipline at the beginning of the 20th century. This study uses a rigorous two-stage methodology developed for marketing research by Churchill. This methodology comprises generating variables for enquiry from a literature review, collecting and analysing data in a pilot survey to purify variables, and conducting a second survey to assess reliability and validity of pilot study findings. Models used for the study are adapted from existing work in marketing service quality by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry and are supplemented by relationship constructs emerging from the pilot study. A postal survey was administered to 1,215 UK food processors. Respondent data was analysed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling to test variables and constructs. The findings of this study validate constructs of pretransaction, order service and quality and relationship service and quality, thus reaffirming original constructs developed by La Londe and Zinzser. The findings also falsify transaction service quality constructs posited by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry. Issues of price, supplier importance, supplier switching, and relationship power were tested, but did not feature in resultant constructs. These latter issues are discussed in terms of an overarching framework that encompasses the validated constructs and an extended model is hypothesised for future study. The results of this thesis indicate that UK food processors should consider all phases of pre-transaction, transaction and post-transaction events when facilitating operations design and customer service planning.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os sistemas de gestão da segurança de alimentos de indústrias de vegetais minimamente processados (VMP) do Rio Grande do Sul, avaliar a inativação de Salmonella Enteritidis (SE86) em alfaces submetidas aos diferentes métodos de lavagem e desinfecção observados nas indústrias investigadas e, por fim, elaborar uma proposta de regulamento técnico de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) para o setor. Cinco indústrias foram visitadas a fim de investigar os fatores contextuais e os sistemas de segurança de alimentos implementados. Em seguida, os métodos de lavagem e desinfecção observados em cada indústria foram simulados em laboratório e alfaces artificialmente inoculadas com S. Enteritidis SE86 foram submetidas a cada um deles. Com base nessas avaliações e outros documentos técnicos, elaborou-se uma proposta de legislação para indústrias de VMP. Os resultados demonstraram que as indústrias estavam operando em um contexto de alto risco, sem os controles necessários para a redução dos mesmos. Foi demonstrada a necessidade de melhorias em relação aos controles de fornecedores, instalações, design higiênico de equipamentos, programas de manutenção e calibração de equipamentos, programas de higienização, registros, capacitação de funcionários, bem como, na realização de análises microbiológicas do produto final. Nenhuma empresa demonstrou implementação completa das BPF, Procedimentos Operacionais Padronizados (POP) ou implementação de sistema Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC). Os resultados laboratoriais indicaram que as indústrias estavam realizando procedimentos de lavagem e desinfecção capazes de reduzir significativamente contagens de S. Enteritidis SE86, porém, em nível industrial, a concentração de sanificante, o pH, a concentração de matéria orgânica e temperatura de água não estavam sendo controlados, o que sugere alto risco. Em vista dos resultados, recomendações foram realizadas na proposta de legislação de BPF e POP, as quais foram adicionadas a RDC 275/2002 (ANVISA) aplicável às indústrias de alimentos brasileiras. Foi sugerido a inclusão de dois POP, o primeiro referente a seleção dos fornecedores de matéria-prima (frutas e vegetais frescos) e o segundo com relação ao processo de lavagem e desinfecção. Além disso, no corpo da proposta, foi sugerido a adição de monitoramento e verificação das temperaturas das câmaras frias, capacitação adequada e contínua de pessoal sobre higiene e manipulação de alimentos e riscos associados a produção e consumo de frutas e vegetais frescos. Também sugeriu-se a obrigatoriedade de Responsável Técnico comprovadamente capacitado para orientar e controlar a implementação e continuidade dos sistemas de gestão da segurança de alimentos. As recomendações foram divididas entre aquelas de curto, médio e longo prazo, sendo as de curto prazo a implementação de controles do processo, principalmente nas etapas de lavagem e desinfecção e análises microbiológicas de produto final. As de médio prazo foram a seleção de fornecedores com Boas Práticas Agrículas (BPA) implementadas, bem como a implantação completa de BPF nas indústrias de VMP. Finalmente, a medida a ser implementada a longo prazo foi a implementação de APPCC. A Proposta de Regulamento específico para VMP pode ser discutida com o setor regulado, para em seguida ser encaminhada para consulta pública e possível publicação pela Vigilância Sanitária Estadual. Essas ações são propostas, a fim de melhorar a segurança dos VMP e desenvolver o setor. / The aim of this study was to evaluate Safety Management Systems of minimally processed vegetable industries (VMP) of Rio Grande do Sul, evaluate the inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE86) in lettuces exposed to different washing methods and disinfection observed in the investigated industries and, finally, prepare a draft technical regulation for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for the sector. Five industries were visited to investigate the contextual factors and the implemented food safety systems. Then, the cleaning and disinfecting methods observed in each industry were performedin laboratory, by inoculating S. enteritidis SE86 on lettuces and subjecting to them. Based on these assessments and other technical documents, it was drawn up a proposed for legislation to VMP industries. The results showed that the industries were operating in a high risk environment, without the necessary control to reduce the risk. It has demonstrated the need for improvements in relation to suppliers of controls, facilities, hygienic equipment design, maintenance programs and calibration equipment, hygiene programs, records, employee training, as well as in carrying out microbiological analyzes of the final product. No company demonstrated full implementation of GMP, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) or the implementation of Hazard Analysis System and Critical Control Points (HACCP). The laboratory results indicated that the washing and disinfection procedures performed in industries can significantly reduce S. Enteritidis SE86 counts, however, at the industrial level, the concentration of sanitizing, pH, concentration of organic matter and water temperature were not It is controlled, suggesting a high risk. In view of the results, recommendations were made in the proposed GMP and SOP legislation, which were added to DRC 275/2002 (ANVISA) applicable to Brazilian food industries. The inclusion of two SOP has been suggested, the first relating to the selection of suppliers of raw materials (fruits and vegetables) and the second with respect to the washing and disinfection process. In addition, the body of the proposal, it was suggested the addition of monitoring and checking temperatures of cold rooms, adequate and continuous training of personnel on hygiene and food handling and risks associated with production and consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables. It also suggested to proven capable mandatory technical manager to guide and monitor the implementation and continuity of Food Safety Management Systems. The recommendations were divided into short, medium and long term. Short term was the implementation of process controls, especially in the washing and disinfection steps and microbiological analyzes of the final product. Medium-term was the selection of suppliers with Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) implemented, as well as the full implementation of GMP in the VMP industries. Finally, the measure to be implemented in the long term was the implementation of HACCP. The Proposal for a Regulation specific to VMP can be discussed with the regulated sector, to then be sent for public consultation and possible publication by the State Sanitary Surveillance. These actions are proposed in order to improve the safety of VMP and develop the sector.

From 1990 to 2006, accompanying with the development of mold and tool machine industries, the number of Taiwan heat treatment processing enterprises had increased from around 30 to 364. And the customers of heat treatment prefer to reduce manufacturing cost; they proceed to install heat treatment furnaces and learn the heat treatment technique. Based on above reasons, customers of heat treatment are losing gradually. The above caused price competition in and profit diluting. So, enterprises have to consider how to make use of advantages of material selection and heat treatment to transform the business toward self-brand or high value-added industry. Finally, to get rid of the destiny of traditional processing industry is the main goal of the research. The research tries to find out the key success factors of its transformation. It firstly collected relative document records to find out proper factors. Secondly it consulted 3 specialists and sifted out the first-phase factors. Thirdly it used AHP questionnaire to consult 11 experts and gather second-phase statistics. The purpose of above activities is ordering the priority of importance. The consequence reveals the top ten business transformation key success factors of heat treatment processing industry is listed as following by order:(1)core technique;(2)increased operating profit after allying;(3)skill¡Bexperience¡Badapting capability¡Band company loyalty of employee;(4) scale and future of market;(5)competition of manufacturing cost;(6)managing team capability;(7)support from high level manager;(8)increased industry competition after allying;(9)competition of present competitors;(10)bargaining power of buyers.

Since the early 1980, the economic development of Taiwan has mainly relied on the small and medium-sized businesses that steadily play the important roles in leading the development of globalization of Taiwan industries. However, under the trend of mergers and acquisitions between businesses and grandization of the enterprises, the operation of the small and medium-sized businesses has faced a tough challenge and competition from foreign businesses, especially the traditional metal processing industry, which forces the small and medium-sized businesses have to upgrade and transform themselves. Currently China has already become the global manufacturing plant and the international investment center in Asia. In 2002, Taiwan and China joined WTO at the same time; Taiwan metal processing manufacturing industry faces the serious cost competition from China and pincer attack of American-European brand advantage in global markets. Under this difficult situation, it is very important for Taiwan traditional manufacturing industries to find out the better way to survive in the competitive environment. For example, the metal processing manufacturers in Taiwan are facing tough competitions from foreign businesses in a bidding war for opportunity to do business in China. Is it important for Taiwan's economy that the small and medium-sized businesses can compete against those foreign competitors? The Taiwanese small and medium-sized companies must join force and work together to compete and stay competitive in global industries. Under the new structure of WTO and the agitation for industry globalization, it is important for Taiwan's metal processing industry to do research and come up with a solution to be more competitive in the international market so as to grasp its own transnational competition advantage. The relevant research institutes in Taiwan should make this issue a top priority since Taiwan resources are very limited compared to other countries like Europe, the United States and Japan. They must work together in all aspects of business and share with each other their resources and knowledge to stay competitive in the current situation. This research adopts the theoretical foundation approach and real cases study. Aiming to Taiwan's metal processing industry, I invited two top managers for the metal processing companies in south Taiwan to have deep discussion on the problems they have been facing. Through the interviews with the two managers, I learn their business plans on transnational investments, experiences in tactics planning and transnational management¡Ketc., by which this research will focus on the study of the advantage of transnational investment that would become the core target for the small and medium-sized businesses to create synergy. The points of the main theme include institutional framework, financing, industry development, technological innovation, and competition between China and foreign countries on the study and judgment upon advantage tactics, such as shutting and strategic alliance. Under the changeable situation that several new developing markets are open, and that the newly-developed countries join the global competition, this research consults the transnational enterprises about their overall arrangement of investment and experiences of management to make Taiwan numerous traditional industries and the small and medium-sized business have macroscopically global vision of management tactics. The forming of the market regional economy and trade competition directly influences the future fortune of numerous small and medium-sized enterprises in Taiwan. Taiwan small and medium-sized businesses must gradually adjust themselves to globalization trend and make corresponding strategies for it while Mainland China is positively expanding international trade and improving technology and quality through national economy projects.

Didžiulės elektros energijos vartojimo sąnaudos karkasinių namų gamyboje ganėtinai ženkliai didina gamybos savikainos kaštus, kas tiesiogiai atsiliepia įmonės pelnui. Medienos apdorojimo pramonės produkcijos galima pagaminti gerokai daugiau (arba pagaminant tą patį kiekį suvartoti mažiau elektros energijos), ne vien tik kuriant naujus didesnio našumo medienos apdirbimo įrenginius, bet ir racionaliai naudojant esamus, bei nuolat juos modernizuojant. Šiame darbe tiriamas karkasinius namus gaminančios ir statančios įmonės UAB „Namų statyba“ elektros energijos suvartojimas. Buvo siekiama nustatyti elektros energijos taupymo galimybes, iš įmonės elektros energijos suvartojimo pereiti prie energijos sunaudojimo normos vienam karkasiniam namui pagaminti. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kurioje medienos apdirbimo operacijoje galima būtų sumažinti elektros energijos suvartojimą. Taip pat pateikiami pagrįsti elektros energijos efektyvumo didinimo būdai. / Engineering prime costs increase because of a great consumption input of electricity energy at framework house manufacture, which directly influence company profit. It is possible to produce much more wood processing industry output (or to consume less electricity energy while producing the same quantity), not only by creating new mechanisms of greater wood processing productivity, but also by racionally using the present ones and constantly modernizing them. The consume of electricity energy of the JSC „Namų statyba“ which specializes at manufacturing and building framework houses is being researched at this work. The target was to estimate the saving potencial of electricity energy and to come from company electricity energy consume to the norm of electricity energy that is necessary to build a single framework house. Wood processing operation at which it is possible to reduce electricity energy consumtion was estimated after the research. The reasoned methods how to increase the effectiveness of electricity energy are presented as well.