O planejamento tático da produção é importante para as organizações pois permite um correto dimensionamento dos recursos produtivos, para garantir um atendimento adequado da demanda, e influencia nas decisões de produção em médio prazo buscando soluções que colaborem positivamente no resultado operacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de um modelo de planejamento agregado da produção para aplicação na indústria da carne suína que contemple simultaneamente as atividades finais da produção agropecuária e o ambiente de produção da indústria frigorífica. O modelo proposto contempla um sistema produtivo em dois estágios onde o primeiro estágio apresenta um fluxo divergente de produção envolvendo coprodução e o segundo estágio consiste em uma linha de montagem. O sistema apresentado é composto por uma sequência de rotinas de programação, utilizadas para a geração dos dados de entrada e um modelo matemático baseado em programação linear inteira mista cuja função objetivo é maximizar a margem global. As rotinas para geração de dados de entradas foram programadas em Visual Basic For Application e chamadas de Programa de Geração de Padrões. O modelo de programação matemática foi implementado no software LINGO e suas interfaces com as planilhas do Microsoft Excel. A aplicação do modelo para verificação utilizou dados adaptados de uma empresa envolvida no setor e os resultados obtidos permitiram testar a consistência do modelo para a situação específica. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que o modelo gera soluções que estão alinhadas com os objetivos da organização e responde adequadamente a variações nos dados de entrada. / The tactical planning activities are very important for an organization since it allows an anticipated administration of production resources in order to meet the demand and also because it suggests medium term production decisions that can contribute positively to the operational results of the company. This work aims to develop an aggregate production planning model for the pork industry which takes into consideration factors in the meat processing plant as well as in the final step of farming activities. The presented model approaches a two stage production system where the first stage is characterized by a divergent production flow involving coproduction and the second stange is an assemblage line. The entire system is composed by a sequence of routines used to generate some parameters and a mathematical formulation based on mixed integer linear programming in which the objective function aims to maximize the global margin of the organization. The routines used to generate the parameters where implemented in Visual Basic for Application and were called Pattern Generation Program and the mathematic programming were implemented in LINGO and its interfaces with worksheets of Microsoft Excel. The verification of the model used adapted data from a real company in this industry and could test its consistency for this specific situation. The analyzed results demonstrated that the model generates good solution that contribute to the global objective of the company and the model results response to the changes in the parameter as expected.

Inledning: Det har blivit allt vanligare att företag driver sin verksamhet i projektform. Projektarbetet har fått större betydelse och är vanligt förekommande inom industri och förvaltning. Studiens fallföretag är Södra Cell Mörrum som är verksamt inom processindustrin. Inom företaget bedrivs projekt på daglig basis med varierande storlek. Södra Cell Mörrum har stött på problem i deras projektstyrning gällande säkerställandet av kunskapsöverföring mellan projekt. Forskningen inom ämnesområdet projektstyrning är utbredd, däremot när den utförs i samband med kunskapsöverföring är den inte lika väldokumenterad. Efter en genomsökning av ämnesområdet har en brist av forskning inom ämnesområdet påträffats relaterad till processindustrin. Syftet: Syftet med studien är att via en genomgång av Södra Cell Mörrums projektstyrning kartlägga projektarbetet i en sammanställning. Ur sammanställningen skall barriärer för kunskapsöverföring mellan projekt identifieras. Vidare är syftet att utföra en jämförelse och analys av Södra Cell Mörrums projektarbete utifrån befintlig litteratur inom ämnesområdet projektstyrning kopplat till kunskapsöverföring för att föreslå en uppdaterad modell som utvecklar kunskapsöverföringen. Metod: Området som har utforskats har varit Södra Cell Mörrums projektstyrning, vilket innebär att detta är en fallstudie och studien har en deduktiv ansats. Utgångspunkten har varit i befintliga teorier som sedan har vävts samman med empiriskt material från semi-strukturerade intervjuer och dokument. En kvalitativ inriktning har valts för studien för att få en tydligare insikt i Södra Cell Mörrums projektarbete. Slutsats: De barriärer i Södra Cell Mörrums projektstyrning som identifierats är tidsbrist samt en avsaknad systematik för dokumentering av lärdomar och misstag. För att säkerställa kunskapsöverföring inom projektstyrningen rekommenderas Södra Cell Mörrum genomföra förändringar i planeringsfasen av projektstyrningen. Det som föreslås är en addering av till två milstolpar i milstolpeplaneringen, vilka är reflektionsmöte och projektrapporter som behandlar ovanstående barriärer. / Introduction: It has become more common for companies to operate their businesses on a project basis. Projects have gained significance and are frequently occurring within the industry and administration. The company at hand for this case study is Södra Cell Mörrum, a company that operates within the processing industry. Projects are conducted on a daily basis with varying sizes at Södra Cell Mörrum. The company has experienced issues in their project management when it comes to ensuring knowledge transfer in between projects. Science within the area of project management is comprehensive, although when conducted in connection with knowledge transfer it is not as extensive. A gap has been found after a thorough search within the area of project management combined with knowledge transfer related to the processing industry. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to map the project management of Södra Cell Mörrum in a compilation. The compilation identifies flaws regarding knowledge transfer in between projects. Furthermore, the project management of Södra Cell Mörrum will be compared and analyzed based on existing theories within the research area of project management related to knowledge transfer in order to suggest a developed model that ensures knowledge transfer. Method: The area of research for this study has been the project management of Södra Cell Mörrum, hence being a case study following a deductive research approach. The premise takes place in existing theories whom have been intertwined with empirical material ranging from semi-structured interviews and documents. A qualitative direction has been chosen for this study to gain an enhanced insight in the project management of Södra Cell Mörrum. Conclusion: The flaws that have been identified within the project management of Södra Cell Mörrum are constituted by a lack of time as well as a deficiency regarding a systematic documentation of mistakes and experiences. In order for the company to secure knowledge transfer within the project management it is recommended that the milestone planning is changed towards including two additional milestones. These milestones consist of reverberation meetings and project reports, both of whom manage the flaws mentioned above.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the conditions under which a company can enter a foreign market. I have chosen the company Ipema, spol. s r. o. for my thesis. The company operates in food processing industry, specifically in the manufacture of bakery, since 1992. The company wants to expand it´s products to the Austrian market. Motivation and the reason for this process is the interest of Austrian customers in bread. To succeed in a foreign market is not easy. It is very important to know all the conditions and obligations which must be realize.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Objective: to associate food consumption with second degree of processing and cardiometabolic risk in young adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study comparing 120 young adults aged 18 to 25 years classified by the presence of cardiometabolic risk. Food consumption was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and classified according to the extent of food processing. Biochemical, clinical, anthropometric, body composition, and lifestyle comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney test; food groups and tertiles of fresh food grams, minimally processed, processed and ultraprocessed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Associations between second grade food consumption and cardiometabolic risk components were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Results: high consumption of ultraprocessed foods was observed among young adults, regardless of whether or not they had cardiometabolic risk, determining the highest consumption of lipids in cardiometabolic risk (p=0.04). The higher consumption of ultraprocessed foods was a risk factor for abdominal obesity regardless of sex, physical activity level and alcoholic beverage (OR = 0.92, CI=0.78-1.08). In natura and minimally processed foods were protective for changes in LDL-C levels (OR=0.70; CI=0.50-0.98). Conclusion: fat from ultraprocessed foods represented a greater caloric contribution to cardiometabolic risk. In addition, ultraprocessed foods were a risk factor for abdominal obesity regardless of gender, physical activity and alcoholic beverage, and in natura and minimally processed foods were protective for changes in LDL-C levels. / Objetivo: associar o consumo de alimentos segundo grau de processamento e o risco cardiometabólico em adultos jovens. Métodos: estudo transversal comparativo com 120 adultos jovens com idade compreendida entre 18 e 25 anos categorizados pela presença do risco cardiometabólico. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado mediante questionário de frequência alimentar semi-quantitativo e classificado segundo extensão do processamento dos alimentos. Comparações bioquímicas, clínicas, antropométricas, de composição corporal e de estilo de vida foram realizadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney; grupos alimentares e tercis dos gramas de alimentos in natura, minimamente processados, processados e ultraprocessados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Associações entre o consumo de alimentos segundo grau de processamento e os componentes do risco cardiometabólico foram avaliadas por regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: foi observado o elevado consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados entre os adultos jovens, independente de ter ou não risco cardiometabólico, determinando o maior consumo de lipídeos no risco cardiometabólico (p=0,04). O maior consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi fator de risco à obesidade abdominal independente de sexo, nível de atividade física e bebida alcoólica (OR=0,92; IC=0,78-1,08). Os alimentos in natura e minimamente processados foram protetores às alterações nas concentrações de LDL-c (OR=0,70; IC=0,50-0,98). Conclusão: gorduras provenientes de alimentos ultraprocessados representaram maior contribuição calórica no risco cardiometabólico. Além disso, alimentos ultraprocessados foram fator de risco à obesidade abdominal independente de sexo, atividade física e bebida alcoólica e, os alimentos in natura e minimamente processados foram protetores à alterações dos níveis de LDL-c. / Aracaju, SE

No description available.

<p>Све обимнија индустријализација која је одговор на захтеве потрошачког друштва, велики је експлоататор ресурса и генератор, поред жељеног производа и великих количина отпадних токова. У највећем број случајева индустријски ефлуенти бивају испуштени у природне реципијенте јер већ њихова примарна обрада изискује додатна улагања. Развојем технике и технологије омогућена је примена биопроцеса у ову сврху, али само искоришћење отпадних вода као сировине за биотехнолошку производњу обећава симултану заштиту животне средине и економску добит, односно представља решење проблема које је одрживо.<br />У оквиру истраживања која су обухваћена овом докторском дисертацијом доказана је могућности примене отпадних вода прехрамбене индустрије као основе култивационог медијума у биотехнолошкој производњи биополимера ксантана. Полазни корак за индустријализацију предложеног поступка је развој симулационог модела који у највећој мери треба да опише реалну ситуацију у материјалном, енергетском, еколошком и економском смислу. Реализација оваквог циља захтева познавање узрочно-последичне везе између метаболичке активности примењеног биокатализатора и процесних услова међу којима је веома значајан састав култивационог медијума.<br />У ту сврху извршена је карактеризација 18 отпадних вода које припадају различитим гранама преграмбене индустрије и потврђена могућност њихове примене као основе култивационог медијума за биотехнолошку производњу ксантана. Експериментално је потврђена могућност производње ксантана на овим ефлуентима применом производног микроорганизма Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 13951, извођењем биопроцеса у биореактору стандардних геометријских односа, запремине 2 l. Оптимизација састава култивационог медијума са отпадним водама одабраних грана прехрамбене индустрије, у погледу најзначајнијих нутријената и са циљем добијања што већег садржаја жељеног производа, изведена је применом методе жељене функције. У наставку истраживања, дефинисана је кинетика биосинтезе ксантана у биореактору запремине 7 l, а добијени кинетички модели за умножавање биомасе (логистичка једначина), настајање производа (Luedeking-Piret-ова једначина) и потрошњу извора угљеника (модификована Luedeking-Piret-ова једначина)) су искоришћени за развој симулационог модела биопроцеса производње ксантана применом ефлуената прехрамбене индустрије.<br />Генерисаним симулационим моделом производње ксантана применом отпадних ефлуената различитих грана прехрамбене индустрије су предвиђени првенствено процесни, а потом и економски показатељи овог биотехнолошког процеса. Са технолошког аспекта, резултати ових истраживања представљају поуздан извор информација за дефинисање идејног решења предложеног биопроцеса који је основа за израду главног технолошког пројекта.</p> / <p>Sve obimnija industrijalizacija koja je odgovor na zahteve potrošačkog društva, veliki je eksploatator resursa i generator, pored željenog proizvoda i velikih količina otpadnih tokova. U najvećem broj slučajeva industrijski efluenti bivaju ispušteni u prirodne recipijente jer već njihova primarna obrada iziskuje dodatna ulaganja. Razvojem tehnike i tehnologije omogućena je primena bioprocesa u ovu svrhu, ali samo iskorišćenje otpadnih voda kao sirovine za biotehnološku proizvodnju obećava simultanu zaštitu životne sredine i ekonomsku dobit, odnosno predstavlja rešenje problema koje je održivo.<br />U okviru istraživanja koja su obuhvaćena ovom doktorskom disertacijom dokazana je mogućnosti primene otpadnih voda prehrambene industrije kao osnove kultivacionog medijuma u biotehnološkoj proizvodnji biopolimera ksantana. Polazni korak za industrijalizaciju predloženog postupka je razvoj simulacionog modela koji u najvećoj meri treba da opiše realnu situaciju u materijalnom, energetskom, ekološkom i ekonomskom smislu. Realizacija ovakvog cilja zahteva poznavanje uzročno-posledične veze između metaboličke aktivnosti primenjenog biokatalizatora i procesnih uslova među kojima je veoma značajan sastav kultivacionog medijuma.<br />U tu svrhu izvršena je karakterizacija 18 otpadnih voda koje pripadaju različitim granama pregrambene industrije i potvrđena mogućnost njihove primene kao osnove kultivacionog medijuma za biotehnološku proizvodnju ksantana. Eksperimentalno je potvrđena mogućnost proizvodnje ksantana na ovim efluentima primenom proizvodnog mikroorganizma Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 13951, izvođenjem bioprocesa u bioreaktoru standardnih geometrijskih odnosa, zapremine 2 l. Optimizacija sastava kultivacionog medijuma sa otpadnim vodama odabranih grana prehrambene industrije, u pogledu najznačajnijih nutrijenata i sa ciljem dobijanja što većeg sadržaja željenog proizvoda, izvedena je primenom metode željene funkcije. U nastavku istraživanja, definisana je kinetika biosinteze ksantana u bioreaktoru zapremine 7 l, a dobijeni kinetički modeli za umnožavanje biomase (logistička jednačina), nastajanje proizvoda (Luedeking-Piret-ova jednačina) i potrošnju izvora ugljenika (modifikovana Luedeking-Piret-ova jednačina)) su iskorišćeni za razvoj simulacionog modela bioprocesa proizvodnje ksantana primenom efluenata prehrambene industrije.<br />Generisanim simulacionim modelom proizvodnje ksantana primenom otpadnih efluenata različitih grana prehrambene industrije su predviđeni prvenstveno procesni, a potom i ekonomski pokazatelji ovog biotehnološkog procesa. Sa tehnološkog aspekta, rezultati ovih istraživanja predstavljaju pouzdan izvor informacija za definisanje idejnog rešenja predloženog bioprocesa koji je osnova za izradu glavnog tehnološkog projekta.</p> / <p>Increasing industrialization as a response to the demands of the consumer society greatly exploits resources and generates large amounts of waste effluents in addition to the desired product. In most cases industrial effluents are discharged into the natural environment because even their primary processing requires additional investments. The development of biotechnology has enabled bioprocesses to be used for this purpose, and using wastewaters as raw materials for biotechnological production simultaneously provides preservation of the environment and economic benefits which is a sustainable solution to the problem.<br />Within the research covered in this doctoral thesis it was proven it is possible to use food and beverage industry wastewaters as a basis for the cultivation media in the biotechnological production of xanthan. The starting step in industrializing the suggested process is to develop a simulation model which best represents the realistic situation and its material, energy, environmental and economic aspects. Realizing this goal requires the author/researcher to be familiar with the causal link between the metabolic activity of the used biocatalyst and process conditions among which the composition of the cultivation media is very significant.<br />In order to accomplish this goal, 18 wastewaters from different branches of the food and beverage industry were characterized and were confirmed to have the capability to be used as a cultivation media for the biotechnological production of xanthan. Experiments confirmed the possibility of producing xanthan on these effluents using the production microorganism Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 13951 in a 2 liter bioreactor of standard geometric characteristics. Composition of the cultivation media based on the wastewaters of the selected food and beverage industry branches was optimized using the desirability function method, focusing on the most significant nutrients and with the goal of obtaining the maximum amount of the desired product. In further research, the kinetics of xanthan biosynthesis in a 7 liter bioreactor were defined, and the obtained kinetic models for biomass multiplication (logistic equation), product formation (Luedeking-Piret equation) and carbon source consumption (modified Luedeking-Piret equation) were used to develop a simulation model of the xanthan production bioprocess using food and beverage processing industry effluents.<br />The generated simulation model of xanthan production using waste effluents of different branches of the food and beverage industry predicts primarily the process but also the economic indicators of this biotechnological process. From a technological perspective, the results of this research represent a reliable source of information for defining a general design of the suggested bioprocess as a basis for the creation of a major biotechnological project.</p>

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify incentives and discouragements thus providinga better understanding of how metal processing companies could set their Scope 3 boundary. Method: To achieve the purpose of the study, a qualitative case study with an inductive approach was used. The studied company was a global metal processing company that was working towards setting a Scope 3 boundary, and the data consists of semi-structured interviews that were gathered from both internal and external stakeholders. Findings: Firstly, the findings presented, highlight incentives that affected companies in the metal processing industry to pursue setting a Scope 3 boundary, namely incentives that are categorised into 1) Improved corporate environmental reputation, 2) Increased competitive advantage, and 3) Financial gains. The discouragements found were categorised into 1) High uncertainty, 2) Immature industry/technical solutions, and 3) Low influence outside of the organisational boundary. These incentives and discouragements were analysed to show how they affected the Scope 3 boundary. This resulted in an industry-specific guideline on how companies in the metal processing industry could set their Scope 3 boundary. Theoretical contribution: The findings prolong earlier research by defining incentives and discouragements in a Scope 3 context. A theoretical contribution from this study was that regulations might inhibit some of the Scope 3 incentives. The findings indicate that drivers to benchmark against other stakeholders, such as differentiating from competitors and improved corporate sustainable reputation. A non-regulatory market environment is, therefore, fostering these incentives, which could be useful to acknowledge in further studies in a Scope 3 context. Practical implications: This study provides an enhanced understanding of how metal processing companies can set their Scope 3 boundary based on what set of incentives or discouragements that drives them. It is also important for companies to understand incentives and discouragements that may change (e.g., regulations towards Scope 3 emissions) in time, which would result in different Scope 3 boundaries. Also, this understanding of what incentives and discouragementsaffecting the boundary-setting could benefit policymakers in their work improving the Scope 3 discouragements.

Introdução - A obesidade é um problema de Saúde Pública no Brasil, onde segundo a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2008-2009 uma em cada três crianças de 5 a 9 anos está acima do peso. No ano de 2010 a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) regulamentou a propaganda de alimentos e criou regras contra abusos nos anúncios para crianças, processo iniciado em 2004 que gerou grande interesse da mídia nacional, especialmente dos jornais impressos. A resolução da ANVISA, no entanto, não está em vigor em razão de ordens judiciais obtidas pelo setor atingido pela regulamentação. Objetivo - Verificar se a regulamentação da propaganda de alimentos ultraprocessados para crianças influenciou os discursos sobre o risco de obesidade infantil veiculados na mídia brasileira, especificamente nos jornais diários. Métodos - Estudo de natureza qualitativa, descritiva e analítica, realizado sob a perspectiva da construção social do risco e por meio de levantamento da cobertura jornalística sobre a regulamentação realizada pelo jornal Folha de S. Paulo, entre os anos de 2004 e 2012. Uma amostra do material coletado foi descrita para análise do enquadramento do tema na mídia e em seguida submetemos à Análise do Discurso Crítica textos publicados anteriormente e posteriormente à regulamentação. Resultados - Foram localizados 184 textos em 143 edições, média de 23 textos por ano, e em 17 editorias. Dos textos, 28% foram publicados como opinião e 55% indicavam posição contrária à regulamentação pelo Estado. O maior número de textos sobre a regulamentação ocorreu após sua publicação e 40% das fontes ouvidas pelo jornal em reportagens tinham ligação com o mercado atingido pela regulamentação estatal e contrário a sua efetivação. Quanto mais perto o País parecia estar de uma regulamentação estatal, mais o enquadramento distanciava-se do olhar da saúde pública e aproximava-se do olhar do mercado. Houve deslocamento dos discursos sobre obesidade infantil do campo de saúde pública para o campo da liberdade de expressão. Conclusão - A regulamentação da propaganda de alimentos infantis ultraprocessados pelo governo brasileiro influenciou os discursos sobre obesidade infantil veiculados na mídia. Houve deslocamento dos discursos sobre obesidade infantil para o campo de discussões sobre a liberdade de expressão na publicidade. / Obesity is a Public Health problem in Brazil, where one in three children are fat according to a national survey. In 2010 the National Agency of Sanitary Security released a regulation on the advertisement of food and created rules to protect children. The whole process started in 2004 with great attention from the press. Nowadays the regulation is not valid because of a decision from the brazilian Justice. We aim to evaluate the construction of the obesity risk in the childhood and changes in the discourse about obesity after this regulation using the framing theory and the Analysis of Critical Discourse in texts about the regulation published in the Folha de S. Paulo newspaper. In 184 texts about the regulations checked, 28% where opinions and 55% of this were against the regulation. The most of the texts were published after 2010 and 40% of the surveys were person from the market who was the regulation\'s target. When the regulation was about to be released the news framing was more favorable to the market. The discourse on child obesity was moved from the Public Health area to the Market area, which main issue is the freedom in the communications of the market.

Introdução - A obesidade é um problema de Saúde Pública no Brasil, onde segundo a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2008-2009 uma em cada três crianças de 5 a 9 anos está acima do peso. No ano de 2010 a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) regulamentou a propaganda de alimentos e criou regras contra abusos nos anúncios para crianças, processo iniciado em 2004 que gerou grande interesse da mídia nacional, especialmente dos jornais impressos. A resolução da ANVISA, no entanto, não está em vigor em razão de ordens judiciais obtidas pelo setor atingido pela regulamentação. Objetivo - Verificar se a regulamentação da propaganda de alimentos ultraprocessados para crianças influenciou os discursos sobre o risco de obesidade infantil veiculados na mídia brasileira, especificamente nos jornais diários. Métodos - Estudo de natureza qualitativa, descritiva e analítica, realizado sob a perspectiva da construção social do risco e por meio de levantamento da cobertura jornalística sobre a regulamentação realizada pelo jornal Folha de S. Paulo, entre os anos de 2004 e 2012. Uma amostra do material coletado foi descrita para análise do enquadramento do tema na mídia e em seguida submetemos à Análise do Discurso Crítica textos publicados anteriormente e posteriormente à regulamentação. Resultados - Foram localizados 184 textos em 143 edições, média de 23 textos por ano, e em 17 editorias. Dos textos, 28% foram publicados como opinião e 55% indicavam posição contrária à regulamentação pelo Estado. O maior número de textos sobre a regulamentação ocorreu após sua publicação e 40% das fontes ouvidas pelo jornal em reportagens tinham ligação com o mercado atingido pela regulamentação estatal e contrário a sua efetivação. Quanto mais perto o País parecia estar de uma regulamentação estatal, mais o enquadramento distanciava-se do olhar da saúde pública e aproximava-se do olhar do mercado. Houve deslocamento dos discursos sobre obesidade infantil do campo de saúde pública para o campo da liberdade de expressão. Conclusão - A regulamentação da propaganda de alimentos infantis ultraprocessados pelo governo brasileiro influenciou os discursos sobre obesidade infantil veiculados na mídia. Houve deslocamento dos discursos sobre obesidade infantil para o campo de discussões sobre a liberdade de expressão na publicidade. / Obesity is a Public Health problem in Brazil, where one in three children are fat according to a national survey. In 2010 the National Agency of Sanitary Security released a regulation on the advertisement of food and created rules to protect children. The whole process started in 2004 with great attention from the press. Nowadays the regulation is not valid because of a decision from the brazilian Justice. We aim to evaluate the construction of the obesity risk in the childhood and changes in the discourse about obesity after this regulation using the framing theory and the Analysis of Critical Discourse in texts about the regulation published in the Folha de S. Paulo newspaper. In 184 texts about the regulations checked, 28% where opinions and 55% of this were against the regulation. The most of the texts were published after 2010 and 40% of the surveys were person from the market who was the regulation\'s target. When the regulation was about to be released the news framing was more favorable to the market. The discourse on child obesity was moved from the Public Health area to the Market area, which main issue is the freedom in the communications of the market.

Le XIXe siècle est en France celui de la bière : production et consommation annuelles passent en l’espace de cent ans de moins de trois à plus de quinze millions d’hectolitres. Profitant de sa position de carrefour commercial et de la qualité de ses eaux, Lyon occupe une place à part dans ce marché de masse en construction. Remettant en question l’hermétisme de supposées frontières alimentaires, la ville se démarque en effet dès les dernières années de l’Ancien Régime par un notable recours à la boisson houblonnée et la fabrication d’un produit aux qualités organoleptiques bien particulières qu’elle exporte en direction d’un large quart Sud-est du pays. Savamment entretenue, cette position originale fait de la cité rhodanienne l’un des principaux centres de production de bière français de la première moitié du siècle. La donne change à compter du Second Empire. Aux évolutions des modes et pratiques alimentaires à l’égard des alcools s’ajoutent décloisonnement des marchés et avancées technologiques affectant de manière irrémédiable l’activité. Le secteur brassicole régional, très largement lyonnais, passe ainsi en quelques décennies d’une structure artisanale voyant coexister une myriade de petits établissements employant quelques individus et produisant chacun annuellement quelques centaines d’hectolitres à une dimension industrielle où un nombre réduit de grandes usines concentrent main-d’œuvre, capitaux et parts de marché. L’encadrement réglementaire lui-même, qu’il s’agisse de législation professionnelle ou de régulation de l’insalubrité, et les politiques fiscales, à l’échelle de la ville comme du pays, participent à cette transition. Alors que la redéfinition des logiques urbaines et commerciales impacte directement les pratiques des brasseurs en les forçant à revoir leurs procédés de fabrication et leurs stratégies de formation, d’approvisionnement et de vente, c’est la progressive structuration d’une filière de la bière qui apparaît en filigrane. Il faut néanmoins se garder de voir ces entrepreneurs comme de simples victimes de mouvements qui leur échappent : plus que spectateurs d’une révolution protéiforme, ils s’en font les acteurs. L’étude prosopographique de 337 parcours considérés dans leurs dimensions individuelles et collectives atteste de la pluralité des destins : quand le modèle de la petite entreprise permet aux artisans les plus audacieux, qu’ils viennent d’un ailleurs professionnel ou géographique (sont notamment mises à jour les origines germaniques et alsaciennes de nombre d’entre eux), de valoriser leur travail et de satisfaire leurs ambitions, celui de l’industrie fait d’une poignée seulement de véritables brasseurs d’affaires. Ce seront les seuls à survivre, la plupart de leurs collègues et concurrents payant à terme les effets conjoints de la conjoncture économique, de la rationalisation du marché et des tragédies familiales. À l’orée du premier conflit mondial, seules six brasseries sont encore opérationnelles : ayant démontré sa précoce capacité d’adaptation en modifiant sa structure afin de donner aux établissements subsistants les moyens d’assimiler la modernisation productiviste, le monde brassicole rhodanien fait figure d’exception parmi les activités pré-industrielles, a fortiori parmi celles relevant du secteur agroalimentaire. / In France, the nineteenth century is the age of beer: in a hundred years, annual production and consumption grow from less than three to more than fifteen million hectolitres. Thanks to its advantageous commercial position and the quality of its waters, Lyon occupies a unique place in this developing mass-market. Calling presumed alimentary boundaries into question, the city distinguishes itself as soon as the end of the Ancien Régime through a wide use of the hoppy beverage and the making of a product with specific organoleptic qualities being exported to the southeast quarter of the country. Skilfully maintained, this original situation turns Lyon into one of the main French beer production centres of the first half of the century. Things change with the advent of the Second Empire. New drinking trends and habits, birth of a European then worldwide consumption market and substantial scientific and technical improvements combine themselves to change the activity into a definite way. Thus, the Rhône brewing sector, leaded by Lyon’s breweries and initially made of numerous and small short-lived handcraft production units selling locally only, becomes in a few decades an industry operating towards foreign markets and formed by a handful of big factories gathering workforce, capitals and market share. Regulatory framework itself (professional legislation or insalubrity control) and fiscal politics on national and municipal scales contribute also to the transition. Since they have to adapt their manufacturing and formation processes, as well as supplying and selling strategies, the redefinition of urban and commercial logics has a direct impact on brewers’ practices: in a wider sense, it is the organization of the beer sector which progressively reveals itself. However, it would be untrue to see these businessmen as powerless victims of an uncontrolled process. More than spectators, they are actors of a protean revolution. The prosopographical study of 337 careers considered in their individual and collective dimensions prove the plurality of fortunes: while the model of the small business allows audacious craftsmen whatever their professional and geographical origins (many of them come from Alsace and Germany) to succeed by highlighting their work and satisfying their ambitions, the industrial model is more selective. In the medium term, only a few businessmen will survive, their smaller colleagues and competitors suffering the joint effects of economic conjuncture, market rationalization and family tragedies. At the edge of World War One, six breweries are still in operation: having proven its early adaptation ability by modifying its structure in order to assimilate the productivist modernization, the Rhône brewing sector can be considered as an exception among the pre-industrial activities, a fortiori among those from the food-processing sector.