Ett byggprojekt använder idag cirka 21% av den tid som finns tillgänglig och står under den övriga tiden stilla. Samtidigt beräknas ungefär en tredjedel av arbetsdagens timmar försvinna som slöseri. En optimal situation hade inneburit ett 100% nyttjande av den tillgängliga tiden vilket i sig kunnat innebära en ökad effektivitet. Tidsanvändningen inom ett projekt påverkar resursanvändningen, där resursen arbetskraft idag motsvarar mellan 10–60% av den totala projektkostnaden. Planeringen av den tillgängliga tiden görs med hjälp av tidplaner och arbetsplatsens arbetstider blir styrande vid upprättandet av en tidplan. Genom att förändra arbetstiderna så förändras nyttjandegraden av den tillgängliga arbetstiden vilket möjliggör för en ökad effektivitet inom ett byggprojekt. Syftet med den genomförda studien har varit att undersöka vilka hinder och drivkrafter som finns för en förändring av de nuvarande arbetstiderna vid ett byggprojekt. Fokus har varit ett valt ombyggnadsprojekt i Stockholm. Målet med studien var att genom en kartläggning och identifiering av faktorerna bidra till en ökad förståelse och kunskap inom området samt redogöra för de interna förutsättningarna som bör finnas för en förändring av arbetstiderna. För att besvara syftet genomfördes en utforskande abduktiv fallstudie. Genom workshopar och intervjuer inhämtades primärdata direkt från fallprojektet, samtidigt som en litteraturstudie genomfördes med utgångspunkt i vad som framkommit av studiens inledande del. I slutskedet genomfördes en simulering av fallprojektets tidplan för två valda aktiviteter där den ordinarie arbetstiden ersattes av skiftarbete och en utökad arbetstid i form av en 7-dagarsvecka, med syftet att teoretiskt testa en arbetstidsförändring. Förändringen visade på en minskning om 43% respektive 19% av den totala kalendertiden. Resultatet från studien visar att det finns 15 stycken faktorer som påverkar eller påverkas av att arbetstiderna skulle förändras vid byggprojektet. Faktorerna kan ses som antingen drivkrafter eller hinder, där de interna drivkrafterna antingen kan ses som incitament till en förändring eller som resultat av förändringen. De interna drivkrafter som identifieras i studien är kontraktshandlingar, förseningar, arbetsmetoder, projektets utgifter samt produktionstid/tid för färdigställande. Interna hinder som identifieras ses som svårigheter och hindrande faktorer. Dessa faktorer identifieras som projektorganisationen, informationsöverföring, personalutrymmen, säkerhet, administrativa arbetsuppgifter samt arbetsplatslogistik. Som externa hinder identifieras arbetstid och arbetstidslagen, kollektivavtal, lönemodeller och lokala regler inom Stockholm stad. De interna förutsättningarna som bör finnas för en implementering av förändrade arbetstider är en tidig förankring mellan delaktiga parter, att arbetsplatsens kapacitet fastställs med avseende på resurserbehovet samt att implementeringen regelbundet följs upp. Studien indikerar på att man genom dessa tre insatser kan ge ett projekt de rätta förutsättningarna till en framgångsrik implementering av förändrade arbetstider. Slutligen rekommenderas fallföretaget att fortsatt utvärdera behovet av dagens arbetstider samt hur behovet av en arbetstidsförändring ser ut, eftersom studien indikerar på att det finns fördelar för ett projekt med helt eller delvis förändrade arbetstider i produktionen. / A construction project today uses about 21% of the time that is available and stands still for the rest of the time. At the same time, it is estimated that about a third of the working day's hours will disappear as waste. An optimal situation would be a 100% utilization of the available time, which could mean increased efficiency. The use of time within a project affects the use of resources, where the labor costs today corresponds to between 10–60% of the total project cost. The planning of the available time is done with schedules and the workplace's working hours become governing when establishing a schedule. By changing working hours, the utilization rate of the available working hours changes, which enables increased efficiency within a construction project. The purpose of the completed study has been to investigate the obstacles and driving forces that exist for a change in the current working hours of a construction project. The focus has been on a redevelopment project in Stockholm. The aim of the study was to contribute to an increased understanding and knowledge in the area through a mapping and identification of the factors and to account for the internal conditions that should exist for a change in working hours.  To answer the purpose, an exploratory abductive case study was conducted. Through workshops and interviews, primary data were obtained directly from the case project. Meanwhile a literature study was carried out based on the introductory part of the study. In the final phase, a simulation of the case project's schedule was carried out for two selected activities where the regular working hours were replaced by shift work and an extended working hours in the form of a 7-day week, with the aim of theoretically testing a change in working hours. The change resulted in a reduction of 43% and 19% of the total calendar time.  The results show that there are 15 factors that affect or are affected by the fact that working hours would change during the construction project. The factors are either driving forces or obstacles, where the internal driving forces can either be incentives for a change or as a result of the change. The internal driving forces identified in the study are contract documents, delays, working methods, project expenses and production time/time for completion. Internal barriers that are identified are difficulties and hindering factors. These factors are identified as the project organization, information transfer, staff spaces, security, administrative tasks and workplace logistics. Working hours and the Working Hours Act, collective agreements, wage models and local rules within the City of Stockholm are identified as external obstacles. The internal preconditions that should exist for an implementation of changed working hours are an early anchoring between the parties involved, that the workplace's capacity is determined regarding the need for resources and that the implementation is followed up regularly. The study indicates that through these three initiatives one can give a project the right conditions for a successful implementation of changed working hours.  Finally, the company is recommended to continue evaluating the need for current working hours and what the need for a change in working hours looks like, as the study indicates that there are benefits with completely or partially changed working hours in production.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:05:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Anselmo Neto.pdf: 964186 bytes, checksum: b3efff8fe8d4906b378dc4ae5f762c60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-24 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma metodologia para avaliação do nível de serviço das vias urbanas, de forma complementar ao método de classificação do Manual de Capacidade de Vias - HCM, multifaixas com adição de duas variáveis: emissão de poluentes e custo do tempo de produção perdido. Inicialmente,faz-se revisão bibliográfica sobre perda de tempo no trânsito, consequente poluição gerada e gerenciamento de demanda.Em seguida, discorre-se sobre a análise de vias e medidas de desempenho importantes para manutenção do padrão aceitável de fluidez e, também,sobre o procedimento para análise de capacidade e o cálculo do nível de serviço,usando o HCM. Considerando a importância da preservação do meio ambiente e do valor do tempo para a sociedade, no mundo moderno, propõese uma parte complementar valorizando-se as variáveis adicionadas, submetidas a métodos estatísticos, o que pode implicar num enquadramento variável de nível de serviço,isto é, uma reclassificação que constitui uma inovação da metodologia proposta. A partir de dados coletados em campo em instituições públicas e privadas, ensaiou-se esta metodologia para um dos acessos mais importantes da cidade de Vitória, que é a Ponte Darcy Castelo de Mendonça (3ª Ponte), que liga Vitória e Vila Velha e com capacidade prevista comprometida e alto custo de tempo de produção perdido. Após as análises dos resultados gerados no ensaio, corroborando com o HCM, inferiu-se que há perda de tempo de produção apenas em dois níveis - D,E, assim, decidiu-se calcular o respectivo custo e não considerá-lo estatisticamente na metodologia proposta. Já a emissão de poluentes, no caso do CO, observou-se ser relevante em todos os níveis - A,B,C,D,E, sendo aplicadas técnicas estatísticas multivariadas para proceder-se à reclassificação de 19% dos níveis calculados e julgados como prejudicados. Vale salientar que a metodologia proposta pode ser aplicada a qualquer via urbana / This paper aims to propose a methodology for assessing the level of service of urban roads, in a complementary manner to the method of Classification of the Manual of the routes Capacity - HCM, multitracks with the addition of two variables: the emission of pollutants and cost of lost production time. Initially, it is made a literature review on time loss, pollution generated by traffic and demand management. Then, we talk about the importance of track analysis and performance measures important to keep a track with an acceptable standard of fluidity, and also about the procedure for capacity analysis and the calculation of the level of service, using the HCM. Considering the importance of preserving the environment and the time value to society in the modern world, we propose a complementary part valuing the added variables, subjected to statistical methods, which may involve a background variable service level, ie, a reclassification that is an innovation of the proposed methodology. From the data collected in the field of public and private institutions, it was rehearsed this methodology for one of the most important accesses to the city of Victoria which is the Darcy Castelo de Mendonça Bridge (3ª Bridge) that links up Vitoria and Vila Velha and with compromised planned capacity and high cost of lost production time. After the analysis of the results generated in the test, corroborating with HCM, we inferred that there is loss of production time in two stages - D, E. Thus, it was decided to calculate the cost and not consider it statistically to reclassify the service level. The emission of pollutants - CO - was observed to be relevant at all levels - A, B, C, D, E, and it was applied multivaried statistical techniques to proceed the reclassification of 19% of the level calculated and judged as impaired. It is worth pointing out that the proposed methodology can be applied to any urban road

This thesis focuses on design a new layout of production hall in engineering company PSP Pohony Inc. The company is engaged in manufacturing od industrial gearboxes, clutch and brakes. Based on the analysis of material flow values and spaghetti diagram of current status of the company, is designed a new structure of individual workplaces so as to optimalization material flow in manufacturing and to reduction production time.

Denna rapport utreder användningen av prefabricerade takelement i byggbranschen med fokus på hur prefabricering påverkar produktionstid och kvalitet. Studien genomfördes i samarbete med Arcona AB med syfte att utforska deras projekt “Påsen - 1”, där en jämförelse av prefabricerade takelement mot traditionellt platsbyggda tak utfördes. Syftet är att utvärdera hur prefabricering påverkar effektivitet och kvalitet i byggprojekt. Genom litteraturstudier, projektdata och kvalitativa intervjuer undersöktes de potentiella fördelar och utmaningar. Resultaten visar att användningen av prefabricerade takelement ger en betydande tidsbesparing på nästan 60 % jämfört med platsbyggda tak. Undersökningen visar att snabbare montering, överlappande arbetsmoment, bättre arbetsflöde och även bättre kvalitet. Den kontrollerade fabriksmiljön säkerställer den förbättrade kvalitet genom noggranna tester och kontroller, vilket minskar risken för fel vid monteringen. Trots detta förblir hantverksskicklighet en avgörande faktor för slutkvaliteten i både prefabricerade och platsbyggda konstruktioner. Rapporten lyfter fram svårigheterna med att generalisera resultaten eftersom varje projekt har unika förutsättningar och komplexitet bakom sig. Allt från ekonomiska till logistiska överväganden spelar en avgörande roll vid beslutet om användningen av prefabricerade tak. Slutsatsen som rapporten lyfter fram är att prefabricerade takelement erbjuder omfattande fördelar inom produktionstid och kvalitet i tidigt skede innan montage jämfört med traditionellt byggt tak. Däremot krävs det vidare forskning för att förstå de långsiktiga effekterna och praktiska komplikationerna. / This report investigates the use of prefabricated roof elements in the construction industry with a focus on how prefabrication affects production time and quality. The study was carried out in collaboration with Arcona AB with the aim of exploring their project "Påsen - 1", where a comparison of prefabricated roof elements against traditionally site-built roofs was carried out. The purpose is to evaluate how prefabrication affects efficiency and quality in construction projects. Through literature studies, project data, and qualitative interviews, the potential benefits and challenges were studied. The results showed that the use of prefabricated roof elements provides a significant time saving of almost 60% compared to site-built roofs. The survey shows faster assembly, overlapping work steps, better workflow and also better quality. The controlled factory environment ensures improved quality through careful tests and checks, which reduces the risk of errors during assembly. Despite this, craftsmanship remains a critical factor in the final quality of both prefabricated and site-built structures. The report highlights the difficulties in generalizing the results because each project has unique conditions and complexity behind it. Everything from economic to logistical considerations plays a decisive role in the decision on the use of prefabricated roofs. The conclusion that the report highlights is that prefabricated roof elements offer advantages in production time and quality in the early stages before assembly compared to traditionally built roofs. However, further research is required to understand the long-term effects and practical complications.

Translated work is concerned with issue of reduction of production expenses and planning of production process in company for assembly operations of thermoblocks and aquablocks for gas kettles.In this work is wrote about planning of production and bid for a system of observing process of production cycle.